A

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

ON

“Evolution of Microprocessor.”
(2023-2024)

SUBMITTED BY

Ashish Mavani. Enrollment No. 2205300293

Mayuri Gaikwad. Enrollment No. 2205300023
Monika Gaikwad. Enrollment No. 2205300024

Project Guided by

Prof. Y.S. KOLHE

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, Mumbai

Mahavir Polytechnic, Nashik. (0530)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)
ENGINEERING

2023-2024

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 MAHAVIR POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro Project Report on "Evolution of Microprocessor "
is satisfactorily completed and submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement
for Subject "Digital Techniques and Microprocessor" in Second Year Information
Technology (IT) Engineering in "Third Semester" Academic Year 2023-2024.

By

Ashish Mavani. Enrollment No. 2205300293

Mayuri Gaikwad. Enrollment No. 2205300023
Monika Gaikwad. Enrollment No. 2205300024

PROF. Y.S. KOLHE PROF. A.D. SONAWANE Dr. S.V. SAGARE

(Project Guide) (H.O.D.) (Principal)

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 ACKOWL E D GE ME NT

I take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed in successful
completion of this Micro Project work. I would like to express my sincere thanks to
my Project Guide PROF. Y.S. KOLHE who has encouraged me to work on this project
and guided me whenever required.

We also would like to express our gratitude to our H.O.D. PROF. A.D. SONAWANE
for giving us opportunities to undertake this project work at Mahavir Polytechnic,
Nashik.

We are extremely grateful to our Principal Dr. S.V. SAGARE for his constant
inspiration and keen interest to make the project and presentation absolutely
flawless. At the last but not the least we would like to thank our Teaching staff
member, Workshop staff member, Friends and family member for their timely co-
operation and help.

Mr. Ashish Mavani.

Enrollment No: - 2205300293.

Ms. Mayuri Gaikwad.

Enrollment No: - 2205300023.

Ms. Monika Gaikwad.

Enrollment No: - 2205300024.

S.Y.I.T
Academic Year 2023-24
Third Semester

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Annexure – I

PART A – Micro-Project Proposal

1.0 Brief Introduction

The evolution of microprocessors began with the Intel 4004 in 1971, a
4-bit processor. It was followed by the 8-bit 8008 and then the
groundbreaking 8080. The 8086 introduced 16-bit architecture, leading to the
creation of the x86 family. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, microprocessors
became faster and more powerful. The introduction of RISC architecture
(Reduced Instruction Set Computing) by companies like MIPS and DEC led to
chips like Intel's Pentium and ARM's designs for mobile devices. The 2000s
saw the rise of multi-core processors for improved parallel processing. Today,
microprocessors continue to advance, with emphasis on energy efficiency,
performance, and integration into various devices.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project

This Micro-Project aims at:
 "Evolution of Microprocessor" is to trace the historical development and
progression of microprocessors from their inception to the present day.
 This involves studying the technological advancements, architectural
changes, and the impact of these changes on computing power, efficiency,
and various applications.
 By examining the evolution of microprocessors, the project aims to provide
insights into the key milestones, innovations, and trends that have shaped
the world of computing and electronics over the years.

3.0 Intended Course Outcomes

1. Historical Awareness: Understand the historical milestones in
microprocessor development and their impact on modern computing.
2. Technical Understanding: Gain insights into microprocessor
architectures, instruction sets, and design principles.
3. Impact Recognition: Recognize how microprocessor advancements have
shaped various industries and applications.
4. Performance Evaluation: Learn techniques to assess microprocessor
performance and efficiency.
5. Future Insight: Explore potential future trends in microprocessor
technology and their implications.
6. Critical Analysis: Develop the ability to analyze trade-offs and challenges
in microprocessor design.
7. Interdisciplinary Appreciation: Understand the interdisciplinary nature of
microprocessor evolution and its connections with other fields.
8. Communication Skills: Effectively convey the evolution and significance of
microprocessors through presentations and discussions.

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4.0 Literature Review
 "Evolution of Microprocessor" examines the historical progression of
microprocessors from their earliest forms, like the Intel 4004, to modern
multi-core architectures.
 It investigates the shift from 4-bit to 64-bit architectures, the rise of RISC and
CISC designs, and the impact of Moore's Law on increasing computational
power.
 The review also highlights the move towards energy-efficient design, the
influence of microprocessors on various industries, and the potential future
directions such as quantum and neuromorphic computing.
 This review emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of microprocessor
evolution and its role in shaping technological advancements and societal
changes.

5.0 Proposed Methodology

 Research Objective and Scope: Clearly define the objectives of your study,
such as understanding the key technological advancements, architectural
changes, and performance improvements in microprocessors. Specify the
time period and the types of microprocessors you want to focus on.
 Data Collection: Gather data on various microprocessors from different
generations. This includes information about specifications, architectures,
clock speeds, fabrication technologies, and performance benchmarks.
Resources like manufacturer datasheets, technical documentation, and
online databases will be useful.
 Timeline Construction: Create a chronological timeline of significant
microprocessor releases, highlighting major advancements and innovations
at each stage. This will provide a visual representation of the evolutionary
path.
 Architectural Analysis: Dive deeper into the architectural changes of select
microprocessors from different generations. Compare features such as
instruction set architectures, cache hierarchies, pipelining techniques, and
parallel processing capabilities.
 Technological Trends: Identify overarching trends that drove the evolution of
microprocessors, such as Moore's Law, miniaturization, power efficiency, and
the shift towards multi-core and heterogeneous architectures.
 Case Studies: Select a few significant microprocessors and conduct in-depth
case studies. Examine the design choices, engineering trade-offs, and the
impact they had on the industry.
 Comparison with Other Technologies: Compare the evolution of
microprocessors with advancements in other relevant technologies, such as
memory, storage, and networking, to provide a holistic perspective on
computing progress.

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  Future Prospects: Conclude your study by discussing potential future
directions for microprocessor evolution. Consider emerging technologies like
quantum computing, neuromorphic computing, and AI accelerators.
 Conclusion: Summarize your findings, reiterate the key takeaways from your
study, and reflect on the significance of understanding the evolution of
microprocessors in the broader context of technological progress.

Sr. No. Resources name Qty Specifications

1 Software 1 MS Word, Chrome

2 Ram 1 4GB

3 Hard disk 1 1 TB

4 Operating system 1 Windows 10

5 Processor speed - Intel Core i3

6.0 Resources Required (major resources like raw material, tools, software etc.)
Sr. No. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of Responsible
Start date Finish date Team Members
1 Selection topic

2 Finalizing topic
Ashish Mavani

3 Information search Mayuri Gaikwad

4 Making report Monika Gaikwad

5 Project Submission

7.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activities)

INTODUCTION

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 A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic
and control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of ICs.
The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to
perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). The IC is
capable of interpreting and executing program instructions and performing
arithmetic operations. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-
based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results (also in binary
form) as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential
digital logic, and operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary
number system.
The integration of a whole CPU onto a single or a few integrated circuits
using Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) greatly reduced the cost of processing
power. Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers by highly
automated metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) fabrication processes, resulting in a
relatively low unit price. Single-chip processors increase reliability because there are
fewer electrical connections that could fail. As microprocessor designs improve, the
cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a semiconductor
chip the same size) generally stays the same according to Rock's law.
Before microprocessors, small computers had been built using racks of circuit
boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits, typically of TTL type.
Microprocessors combined this into one or a few large-scale ICs. While there is
disagreement over who deserves credit for the invention of the microprocessor, the
first commercially available microprocessor was the Intel 4004, designed by Federico
Faggin and introduced in 1971.
Continued increases in microprocessor capacity have since rendered other
forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see history of computing
hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in everything from the
smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the
largest mainframes and supercomputers.

Basics of Microprocessor: -
A Microprocessor takes a bunch of instructions in machine language and
executes them, telling the processor what it has to do. Microprocessor performs
three basic things while executing the instruction: -
1. It performs some basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and some logical operations using its Arithmetic and Logical Unit
(ALU). New Microprocessors also perform operations on floating-point
numbers also.

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 2. Data in microprocessors can move from one location to another.
3. It has a Program Counter (PC) register that stores the address of the next
instruction based on the value of the PC, Microprocessor jumps from one
location to another and takes decisions.

Types of Processor:
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC): -
CISC or Complex Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where
instructions are such that a single instruction can execute multiple low-level
operations like loading from memory, storing into memory, or an arithmetic
operation, etc. It has multiple addressing nodes within a single instruction. CISC
makes use of very few registers.
Example: Intel 386, Intel 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III,
Motorola 68000, Motorola 68020, Motorola 68040, etc.
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) –
RISC or Reduced Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where
instruction is simple and designed to get executed quickly. Instructions get
completed in one clock cycle this is because of the optimization of instructions and
pipelining (a technique that allows for simultaneous execution of parts, or stages, of
instructions more efficiently process instructions). RISC makes use of multiple
registers to avoid large interactions with memory. It has few addressing nodes.
Example: IBM RS6000 MC88100, DEC Alpha 21064, DEC Alpha 21164, DEC Alpha
21264
 Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) –
EPIC or Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing permits computers to execute
instructions parallel using compilers. It allows complex instructions execution
without using higher clock frequencies. EPIC encodes its instruction into 128-bit
bundles. each bundle contains three instructions which are encoded in 41 bits each
and a 5-bit template field (contains information about types of instructions in a
bundle and which instructions can be executed in parallel).
Example: IA-64 (Intel Architecture-64)

First Microprocessor: -

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 The first microprocessor in history was the Intel 4004, a groundbreaking
achievement in the world of computing. It was introduced by Intel Corporation in
1971 and represented a significant leap forward in miniaturizing and centralizing
computing power. The Intel 4004 laid the foundation for modern microprocessors
and revolutionized the way we process information and control electronic devices.

Key features of the Intel 4004: -

1. 4-bit Processor: The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit microprocessor, which means it can
process data in 4-bit chunks at a time. This limited its computational power
compared to modern processors, which are typically 32-bit or 64-bit.
2. Clock Speed: The original 4004 processor had a clock speed of 740 kHz. It
executed roughly 60,000 instructions per second.
3. Instruction Set: The 4004 had a limited instruction set consisting of 46
instructions. It was designed primarily for simple data manipulation tasks.
4. 2,300 Transistors: The 4004 was fabricated using early PMOS (p-channel metal-
oxide-semiconductor) technology and contained around 2,300 transistors.
5. Memory Addressing: The 4004 could address up to 4,096 (4K) 8-bit words of
memory. It used a 12-bit address bus to access memory locations.
6. On-Chip Clock Generator: The 4004 included an on-chip clock generator,
simplifying the clock signal generation for the system.
7. Power Consumption: It consumed relatively low power for its time, with a power
dissipation of around 1 watt.
8. 16-Pin DIP Package: The 4004 was housed in a 16-pin Dual In-Line Package (DIP),
making it easy to integrate into electronic systems.
9. Limited Use: The 4004 was primarily used in calculators and other specialized
devices, and it was not a general-purpose microprocessor like modern CPUs. It
was often used in conjunction with other chips to create a complete system.
10. Historic Significance: The Intel 4004 is considered the first microprocessor, paving
the way for the development of more powerful and versatile microprocessors
that would become the heart of modern computers and electronics.

The Intel 4004's success paved the way for a series of microprocessor
innovations, including the x86 architecture, RISC processors, and the ever-increasing
power and miniaturization of modern microprocessors. Its legacy can be seen in the
vast array of electronic devices and technology that rely on microprocessors today.

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First 8 Bit Microprocessor: -
The world's first 8-bit microprocessor is the Intel 8008, which was introduced
in April 1972. The 8008 was a significant milestone in the history of microprocessors
and played a key role in the development of early microcomputer systems. It had an
8-bit data bus and could address 14 bits of memory, allowing it to address a total of
16,384 memory locations. The 8008 was used in a variety of applications, including
calculators and early microcomputers, and it paved the way for the microprocessor
revolution that followed.

Key features of the Intel 8008: -

1. Architecture: The 8008 had an 8-bit data bus, which means it could process data
in 8-bit chunks. It could perform a wide range of arithmetic and logic operations
on 8-bit data.
2. Memory: The 8008 could address up to 14 bits of memory, which allowed it to
access a total of 16,384 memory locations (2^14). The memory address range
was from 0000 to 3FFF in hexadecimal.
3. Clock Speed: The original 8008 microprocessor ran at a clock speed of 0.5 MHz
(500 kHz), which was considered reasonably fast for its time.
4. Instructions: It had a limited instruction set with only 46 instructions, making it
less powerful than modern microprocessors, but it was still a significant
improvement over its predecessors. These instructions allowed it to perform
basic arithmetic, logic, and control operations.
5. Limitations: Despite its importance, the 8008 had some limitations. It lacked
hardware support for interrupts, which made it less suitable for multitasking and
real-time applications. Additionally, its limited instruction set made it less
versatile compared to later microprocessors.
6. Successor: The Intel 8008 was succeeded by the Intel 8080, which was a more
powerful and widely used 8-bit microprocessor. The 8080 had a larger instruction
set and was a crucial component in the development of early personal
computers, including the Altair 8800.

The Intel 8008 laid the foundation for subsequent microprocessor

development and was a key milestone in the evolution of computing technology, as
it made it more accessible for a wide range of applications.

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First 16 Bit Microprocessor: -
The Intel 8086, released in 1978, was the first 16-bit microprocessor. It was a
significant advancement in the world of microprocessors and laid the foundation for
the x86 architecture, which remains one of the most widely used CPU architectures
in personal computers and servers today.

Key features of the Intel 8086: -

1. 16-bit Processor: The Intel 8086 was a 16-bit microprocessor, which means it
could handle data in 16-bit chunks. This provided a significant increase in data
processing capabilities compared to its 8-bit predecessors.
2. 16-Bit Registers: The 8086 featured 16-bit general-purpose registers, making it
more capable of handling larger data values and improving performance.
3. 1 MHz Clock Speed: The original 8086 microprocessor had a clock speed of 5
MHz, while later versions reached speeds of up to 10 MHz. This increased clock
speed contributed to its processing power.
4. Segmented Memory Model: The 8086 used a segmented memory model, where
memory addresses were composed of a 16-bit segment address and a 16-bit
offset. This allowed it to access up to 1 MB of memory.
5. Instruction Set: The 8086 had a more extensive and powerful instruction set
compared to its predecessors, which made it suitable for a wide range of
applications, including personal computers.
6. 29,000 Transistors: The 8086 was fabricated using NMOS (n-channel metal-
oxide-semiconductor) technology and contained approximately 29,000
transistors.
7. Support for External Hardware: The 8086 could easily interface with a wide
range of external hardware and peripherals, making it suitable for use in
personal computers and industrial applications.
8. Backward Compatibility: The 8086 was designed to be backward compatible
with the earlier Intel 8080 and 8085 processors, which facilitated the transition
for existing systems.
9. Packaging: The 8086 was initially available in a 40-pin dual in-line package (DIP),
and later versions were available in other packages.

The Intel 8086 was a significant milestone in the development of microprocessors

and had a profound impact on the computer industry. It set the stage for the x86
architecture, which continued to evolve with processors like the 80286, 80386, and
subsequent generations, becoming the foundation for the majority of personal
computers and servers.

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First 32 Bit Microprocessor: -
The Intel 80386, also known as the Intel 386, released in 1985, was the first 32-bit
microprocessor. It marked a significant advancement in microprocessor technology,
introducing 32-bit data and address buses and expanding the capabilities of personal
computers and other computing devices.

Key features of the Intel 80386:

1. 32-bit Processor: The Intel 80386 was a true 32-bit microprocessor, which means
it could handle data in 32-bit chunks. This significantly increased its
computational power and memory addressability.
2. 32-Bit Registers: The 80386 featured 32-bit general-purpose registers, allowing
for more extensive data manipulation and addressing capabilities.
3. Protected Mode: The 80386 introduced a protected mode of operation that
provided memory protection, privilege levels, and multitasking support, making it
suitable for use in operating systems like Microsoft Windows.
4. Virtual Memory Support: The 80386 supported virtual memory, allowing
applications to use more memory than physically available and managing
memory efficiently.
5. Larger Addressable Memory: With its 32-bit address bus, the 80386 could
address up to 4 GB (4 gigabytes) of memory, which was a substantial increase
compared to its predecessors.
6. Enhanced Instruction Set: The 80386 had an expanded instruction set, including
additional addressing modes and new instructions, which improved its
computational abilities.
7. 275,000 Transistors: The 80386 was fabricated using HMOS (high-performance
metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology and contained approximately 275,000
transistors.
8. Clock Speed: The original 80386 processors had clock speeds ranging from 12
MHz to 33 MHz, depending on the model and version.
9. Backward Compatibility: The 80386 was designed to be backward compatible
with the 16-bit Intel 8086 and 80286 processors, ensuring a smooth transition for
existing software and hardware.

The Intel 80386 was a groundbreaking microprocessor that significantly

influenced the development of personal computers and server systems. It was
instrumental in the growth of the x86 architecture and laid the foundation for
modern 32-bit and 64-bit computing. The 80386's architecture is still present in its
modern descendants, making it an essential part of the history of computing.

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First 64 Bit Microprocessor: -
The first 64-bit microprocessor is the Intel Itanium (formerly known as Merced). It
was jointly developed by Intel and Hewlett-Packard (HP) and released in the early
2000s.

Key features of the Intel Itanium:

1. 64-bit Processor: The Intel Itanium was the first commercially available 64-bit
microprocessor, which means it could process data in 64-bit chunks, providing
significantly larger memory addressability and computational capabilities.
2. Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC): The Itanium architecture used
EPIC, a design that emphasized parallel processing, which aimed to improve
performance on a wide range of applications.
3. VLIW Architecture: Itanium processors used a VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word)
architecture, which required software compilers to schedule instructions for
parallel execution.
4. Instruction Set: The Itanium instruction set was quite different from the x86
architecture used in Intel's earlier processors, which required the development
of new software for the architecture.
5. Large Address Space: With its 64-bit architecture, the Itanium could theoretically
address an extremely large amount of memory, well beyond what most practical
computing needs demanded at the time.
6. Clock Speed and Performance: The initial Itanium processors had clock speeds
ranging from 733 MHz to 800 MHz. While the Itanium was designed for high-
performance computing and server environments, it faced some challenges in
terms of software compatibility and was not as widely adopted as Intel's x86
processors.

The Intel Itanium series, despite being the first 64-bit microprocessor, faced
some limitations and did not achieve the widespread popularity of its 32-bit x86
counterparts. Ultimately, 64-bit computing in the consumer and enterprise spaces
became more prevalent with the introduction of the x86-64 architecture (also known
as AMD64 or Intel 64), which was introduced by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) with
their Opteron processors and later adopted by Intel with their Xeon processors. The
x86-64 architecture became the dominant standard for 64-bit computing and is
widely used in modern PCs and servers.

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 EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS

 Size of the microprocessor – 4 bit

 Size of the microprocessor – 8 bit

 Size of the microprocessor – 16 bit

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 Size of the microprocessor – 32 bit

 Size of the microprocessor – 64 bit

Generations of microprocessors: -
1. First-generation –
From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which brought
microprocessors like INTEL 4004 Rockwell international PPS-4 INTEL 8008 etc.
2. Second generation –
The second generation marked the development of 8-bit microprocessors from
1973 to 1978. Processors like INTEL 8085 Motorola 6800 and 6801 etc. came into
existence.
3. Third generation –
The third generation brought forward the 16-bit processors like INTEL
8086/80186/80286 Motorola 68000 68010 etc. From 1979 to 1980 this
generation used the HMOS technology.
4. Fourth generation –
The fourth-generation came into existence from 1981 to 1995. The 32-bit
processors using HMOS fabrication came into existence. INTEL 80386 and
Motorola 68020 are some of the popular processors of this generation.

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5. Fifth-generation –
From 1995 till now we are in the fifth generation. 64-bit processors like
PENTIUM, Celeron, dual, quad, and octa-core processors came into existence.

Types of microprocessors: -
 Complex instruction set microprocessor –
The processors are designed to minimize the number of instructions per
program and ignore the number of cycles per instruction. The compiler is used
to translate a high-level language to assembly-level language because the
length of code is relatively short and an extra RAM is used to store the
instructions. These processors can do tasks like downloading, uploading, and
recalling data from memory. Apart from these tasks, this microprocessor can
perform complex mathematical calculations in a single command.
Example: IBM 370/168, VAX 11/780

 Reduced instruction set microprocessor –

These processors are made according to function. They are designed to reduce
the execution time by using the simplified instruction set. They can carry out
small things in specific commands. These processors complete commands at a
faster rate. They require only one clock cycle to implement a result at uniform
execution time. There is a number of registers and less number of transistors.
To access the memory location LOAD and STORE instructions are used.
Example: Power PC 601, 604, 615, 620

 Superscalar microprocessor –
These processors can perform many tasks at a time. They can be used for ALUs
and multiplier-like arrays. They have multiple operation units and perform tasks
by executing multiple commands.

 Application-specific integrated circuit –

These processors are application-specific like personal digital assistant
computers. They are designed according to proper specifications.

 Digital signal multiprocessor –

These processors are used to convert signals like analog to digital or digital to
analog. The chips of these processors are used in many devices such as RADAR
SONAR home theatres etc.

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Features: -

 Clock speed: One of the earliest features of microprocessors was the clock
speed, which refers to the speed at which the processor can execute
instructions. Over time, clock speeds have increased, with modern processors
capable of speeds in the billions of cycles per second (GHz).
 Instruction set architecture: Microprocessors have evolved to support different
instruction set architectures, including CISC (complex instruction set computer)
and RISC (reduced instruction set computer), which affect the efficiency and
complexity of processing.
 Cache memory: Microprocessors now include a cache memory, which is a small
amount of high-speed memory that stores frequently used data for quicker
access.
 Multi-core processors: Modern microprocessors have multiple cores, allowing
for multiple tasks to be executed simultaneously, increasing performance and
multitasking capabilities.
 Virtualization: Microprocessors now support virtualization, which enables
multiple operating systems to run on the same physical hardware.
 Power management: Modern processors include power management features,
which reduce power consumption and improve energy efficiency.
 Graphics processing: Many modern microprocessors include integrated graphics
processing units (GPUs), which allow for faster and more efficient handling of
graphics-intensive tasks.
 Security features: Microprocessors now include security features, such as
hardware-level encryption and secure boot, to protect against malware and
hacking.
 Internet connectivity: Microprocessors now include built-in networking
capabilities, such as Wi-Fi and Ethernet, which allow for seamless internet
connectivity.
 Machine learning capabilities: Some modern microprocessors include specialize
processing units for machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks, allowing for
faster and more efficient processing of these tasks.

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 ADVANTAGES
1. High processing speed
2. Compact size
3. Easy maintenance
4. Can perform complex mathematics
5. Flexible
6. Can be improved according to a requirement

DISADVANTAGES
1. Overheating occurs due to overuse
2. Performance depends on the size of the data
3. Large board size than microcontrollers
4. Most microprocessors do not support floating-point operations

18
 ANNEXURE-II
PART B
Evolution of Microprocessor
1.0 Brief Description

The evolution of microprocessors represents a journey from the

introduction of the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 in 1971, to the highly
advanced processors we use today. This progression has been characterized
by relentless miniaturization, architectural diversification, the shift to
multicore designs, and a significant impact on various industries. The future
holds the promise of even more advanced technologies, such as
neuromorphic and quantum computing, which will continue to shape the role
of microprocessors in our lives.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project

The aim of the project "Evolution of Microprocessors" is to investigate

the historical development, key advancements, and architectural changes in
microprocessor technology. It seeks to highlight the impact on various
industries, educate, and provide insights into future trends, all within a
concise framework.

3.0 Course Outcomes Integrated

• Understand historical context and key events.

• Recognize significant milestones in microprocessor development.
• Grasp technological advancements and innovations.
• Analyze various microprocessor architectures.
• Assess the impact of microprocessors across industries.
• Identify emerging trends in microprocessor technology.
• Develop effective communication and presentation skills.
• Enhance critical thinking and evaluation abilities.
• Gain proficiency in research methods.
• Appreciate the educational value of microprocessor history and trends.

4.0 Actual Procedure Followed

• First we gather basic and General information about Microprocessor and also
its types.
• Then we find out which was the first microprocessor what are its features.
• After that we researched about our main topic (i.e. Evolution of
Microprocessor) and write about it.
• At last we write its feature, advantages, disadvantages, etc.
• And then ended over project by Conclusion and References.

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5.0 Actual Resources Used

S. No. Name of Specifications Qty Remarks

Resource/material
1. Software MS Word, Chrome 1 -
2. RAM 4 GB 1 -
3. Hard Disk 1 TB 1 -
4. Processor Intel Core i3 1 -
5. Operating System Windows 10 1 -

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project

The output of the micro project on the "Evolution of Microprocessors"

includes a detailed report, a presentation, visual aids, a data repository,
feedback from peers and instructors, and educational materials. These
elements collectively communicate the historical development and
significance of microprocessors.

7.0 Skill Developed / Learning Out of this Micro-Project

Engaging in the "Evolution of Microprocessors" micro-project fosters

research, analytical, and communication skills. It also hones critical thinking,
presentation, and problem-solving abilities, while encouraging time
management and peer collaboration. Furthermore, it enhances technical
knowledge and emphasizes the educational value of the subject matter.

20
 Annexure – III
Teacher Evaluation Sheet
Name of Student: Mavani Ashish Shantilal. Enrollment No:2205300293.
Name of Programme: IT Engineering. Semester: Third Semester.
Course Title: Digital Techniques and Microprocessor.
Code: 22323.

Title of the Micro-Project: Evolution of Microprocessor.

Course Outcomes Achieved:

• Understand historical context and key events.
• Recognize significant milestones in microprocessor development.
• Analyze various microprocessor architectures.
• Appreciate the educational value of microprocessor history and trends.

Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

 (Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)
S. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No. to be ( Marks ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
assessed 1-3 ) 10 )
1 Relevance to
the course
2 Literature
Survey
/information
collection
3 Completion of
the Target as
per project
proposal
4 Analysis of
Data and
representatio
n
5 Quality of
Prototype/M
odel

6 Report
Preparation
7 Presentation

21
 S. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No. to be ( Marks ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
assessed 1-3 ) 10 )
8 Any other
(depending
upon nature
of project:
please write
indicators by
pen)
9 Defense

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Part A - Project Part B - Project individual Mark
Project Methodology Report/Working Presentation/Viv s
Proposal (2 marks) Model a 10
(2 marks) (2 marks) (4 marks)

Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution for each group
of students in first 3 columns as per rubrics & individual evaluation in 4TH column for
each group of students as per rubrics based on viva.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal

communication (if any)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..…………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Any Other Comment:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

Name and designation of the Faculty Member……………………………………………

22
Signature……………………………………………………………………………………………

Annexure – III
Teacher Evaluation Sheet
Name of Student: Mayuri Santosh Gaikwad. Enrollment No:2205300023.
Name of Programme: IT Engineering. Semester: Third Semester.
Course Title: Digital Techniques and Microprocessor.
Code: 22323.

Title of the Micro-Project: Evolution of Microprocessor.

Course Outcomes Achieved:

• Understand historical context and key events.
• Recognize significant milestones in microprocessor development.
• Analyze various microprocessor architectures.
• Appreciate the educational value of microprocessor history and trends.

Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

 (Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)
S. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No. to be ( Marks ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
assessed 1-3 ) 10 )
1 Relevance to
the course
2 Literature
Survey
/information
collection
3 Completion of
the Target as
per project
proposal
4 Analysis of
Data and
representatio
n
5 Quality of
Prototype/M
odel

6 Report
Preparation
7 Presentation
23
 S. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No. to be ( Marks ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
assessed 1-3 ) 10 )

8 Any other
(depending
upon nature
of project:
please write
indicators by
pen)
9 Defense

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Part A - Project Part B - Project individual Mark
Project Methodology Report/Working Presentation/Viv s
Proposal (2 marks) Model a 10
(2 marks) (2 marks) (4 marks)

Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution for each group
of students in first 3 columns as per rubrics & individual evaluation in 4TH column for
each group of students as per rubrics based on viva.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal

communication (if any)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..…………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Any Other Comment:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

24
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

Name and designation of the Faculty Member……………………………………………

Signature……………………………………………………………………………………………

Annexure – III
Teacher Evaluation Sheet
Name of Student: Monika Santosh Gaikwad. Enrollment No:2205300024.
Name of Programme: IT Engineering. Semester: Third Semester.
Course Title: Digital Techniques and Microprocessor.
Code: 22323.

Title of the Micro-Project: Evolution of Microprocessor.

Course Outcomes Achieved:

• Understand historical context and key events.
• Recognize significant milestones in microprocessor development.
• Analyze various microprocessor architectures.
• Appreciate the educational value of microprocessor history and trends.

Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

 (Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)
S. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No. to be ( Marks ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
assessed 1-3 ) 10 )
1 Relevance to
the course
2 Literature
Survey
/information
collection
3 Completion of
the Target as
per project
proposal
4 Analysis of
Data and
representatio
n
5 Quality of
Prototype/M
odel

25
 S. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No. to be ( Marks ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
assessed 1-3 ) 10 )

6 Report
Preparation
7 Presentation

8 Any other
(depending
upon nature
of project:
please write
indicators by
pen)
9 Defense

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Part A - Project Part B - Project individual Mark
Project Methodology Report/Working Presentation/Viv s
Proposal (2 marks) Model a 10
(2 marks) (2 marks) (4 marks)

Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution for each group
of students in first 3 columns as per rubrics & individual evaluation in 4TH column for
each group of students as per rubrics based on viva.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal

communication (if any)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..…………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Any Other Comment:

26
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

Name and designation of the Faculty Member……………………………………………

Signature……………………………………………………………………………………………

1.0 Fibonacci numbers have been studied in many different forms for centuries
and the lit-
2.0 erasure on the subject is, consequently, incredibly vast. One of the amazing
qualities of
3.0 these numbers are the variety of mathematical models where they play some
sort of role
4.0 and where their properties are of importance in elucidating the ability of the
model un-
5.0 der discussion to explain whatever implications are inherent in it.
6.0 ibonacci numbers have been studied in many different forms for centuries
and the lit-
7.0 erature on the subject is, consequently, incredibly vast. One of the amazing
qualities of
8.0 these numbers is the variety of mathematical models where they play some
sort of role
9.0 and where their properties are of importance in elucidating the ability of the
model un-
10.0 der discussion to explain whatever implications are inherent in it.
11.0 ibonacci numbers have been studied in many different forms for centuries
and the lit-
12.0 erature on the subject is, consequently, incredibly vast. One of the amazing
qualities of
13.0 these numbers is the variety of mathematical models where they play some
sort of role
14.0 and where their properties are ofREQUIREMENT ANAL

27