COMPUTER

APPLICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY

MIND MAPS
The information in these mind maps is supposed to supplement the textbooks, not
replace it.

Although the author has made every effort to ensure that the information is correct,
the CAPS document must still be consulted as the primary guideline.

Please report any omissions or errors to claire.smuts@gmail.com

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-

ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Compiled by: Claire Smuts

Translated & checked by: Fotiene Avrakotos

QR codes to videos: Fotiene Avrakotos

1
 Input
•give input to the
computer. Without it,
the computer does
not know what to do

Processing
• the internal process
Communication where the computer
•many times you share processes data so that
the output you saved what you requested
with other people can happen (e.g.
through e-mail etc. sorting, searching for
something on the

Information
computer)

Processing
Cycle

Output
Storage • what the computer
• to store the output gives back to you
permanently, you after the processing.
store it on a hard Normally 'soft' output
drive or a flash disk on the screen or 'hard'
output on printout

ICT: Information and Communication Technology

ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications (such as the
Internet, wireless networks, mobile phones and other communication media)

2
 HARDWARE For blind people - braille keyboards, microphone

(peripheral) Accessibility
For visually impaired/motor skills - keyboard with big
buttons
Keyboard (wired
Most common input device on computers, fast way to
& wireless/ Physical keyboard
input large amounts of text
bluetooth)
Advantage: can have a larger screen on device because
keyboard does not take up permanent space.
Touch screen's pop-up keyboard
Disadvantage: sometimes appears on top of content
that you need to select.

Wireless advantages: Cables are not in the way, can

work far from computer
Mouse (wired & wireless) disadvantages: needs batteries, more expensive to buy,
interference of signals, weaker response time (also
Input devices

applicable to keyboard)

Touch pad Touch pad - most common built in pointing device on

Pointing stick laptops. Allows for better movement (don't need a
Stylus desk) but more difficult to use than a mouse.

Pointing devices Graphics tablet/drawing

Almost like a huge touch pad - for artists
tablet/digitizer

Can recognise more than one 'touch' and react - like

Touch screen/multi touch screen pinch/zoom (also applicable to touch pad). For security,
use a screen lock pattern on portable devices.
For motor disabilities -
trackball/footpedal/
suction-blowing device

Joystick, Steering wheel, Often serves as input and has some haptic output
Gaming devices
Controller (Xbox/Playstation) feedback (e.g. feel vibrations)

Microphone (voice recognition,

record music, send voicenotes)

Advantages: Can use for video calls (see expressions),

Video & sound Webcam (video calls / eye cheaper than ditgital camera. Disadvantages: Low
tracking, security / live streams) resolution (measured in MP - megapixels), poor
connection speeds causes video to get stuck

Transfer vid cam data via USB cable, memory card in

Digital video camera
card reader or wirelessly

Problem solving (input devices)

Problem Solution
Keyboard / mouse not working Disconnect and reconnect the device (preferably in another port)
(no lights)
Keyboard numpad not working Switch on (click on) numlock
Mouse suddenly moving erratic Check bottom of mouse (laser) for dust / pet hair
Mouse not working / difficulty moving cursor Change surface – can’t be reflective / glass. Use mousepad / matt book.
Check batteries if wireless.
Touchpad not working Switch back on – usually a keyboard shortcut combination to switch off to prevent accidentally
clicking on it while using external mouse.
Microphone recording sounds bad Environment is too noisy / windy (move to quiet area), may be poor quality microphone.
Microphone not picked up on computer Check that it is selected and enabled as a recording device, check it is plugged into correct port
(pink)
Webcam not working Check that it’s open / switched on (on laptop) or plugged in (on computer), re-install drivers.

3
 HARDWARE
(Peripheral)
Represents numbers/words that can be looked up in a
database. Used in POS system (point of sale) - for
Barcodes (uses light rays/ optics)
improved accuracy and speed (ensure that you can
describe the flow)

Advantages: No line-of-sight needed, can scan multiple

RFID - transfers data wirelessly items at once, RFID tags and be read & written to
(uses radio waves) through a Disadvantages: data on chip can be intercepted
transmitter and reads it with a (security risk), cost of implementation is high,
receiver interference. Examples: Asset management, marathon
Input devices

runners, identification of animals, access control

Relatively safe as devices need to be in very close

NFC - Near Field Communication proximity, however, not all devices have NFC. E.g.
- short distance wireless e.g. tap transfer files & settings, tap to pay. Safer than entering
Scanners to pay your PIN in plain sight. Much faster than traditional
(resolution methods of paying / scanning tickets.
measured in dpi) Cellphone camera reads Quick link to weblink - does not need to type in URL
QR codes manually

Magnetic card readers (bank card) For security - much safer than password (cannot lose /
- OTM / paypoint forget it)

Biometric - Face recognition with

camera, Fingerprint, Iris/Retina Linked to one person's unique biometric features
scanner
Disadvantage - you have to be there in person, can
Office Flatbed (1 at a time) & endanger you
Feeder (pack of paper) scanner

OCR - Optical Character Recognition - software that

Character recognition
converts it to editable text

Problem solving (input devices)

Problem Solution
Barcode scanner not working (no light rays) Check that it is plugged into the computer / switched on
Barcode scanner not able to read the code Possibly holding the object too far away (bring it closer), there may be dirt / residue covering a part of
the barcode (clean the surface) or the code is wrinkled (straighten it out).
Barcode scanner reads the code but doesn’t Faulty code – no entry for that code in the database
get any information on the object
RFID tags not working Tags can be physically damaged (e.g. bent or scrunched), there can be signal interference
NFC not working on a smartphone Check that NFC is turned on in the phone’s settings, if the phone is in a case, take it out of the case
QR codes not working Colours should be very high contrast (if not black & white), make sure it’s not blurry or too small
Biometric fingerprint scanner not working Clean scanner surface / finger, injury to finger will cause it not to work, ensure you are using the right
finger that was added to the database, check that fingerprint scanner has power (plugged in /
switched on), check that person is still on database (not maybe removed – dismissed from post)
Flatbed / Feeder scanner files too large Set resolution lower
Feeder scanner getting stuck Check that paper being scanned doesn’t have folds / staples
Flatbed / Feeder scanner output quality poor Check that scanning surface is clean, check settings e.g. colour depth, resolution.
Flatbed / Feeder scanner not working Check if the scanner is switched on, reinstall device drive, check if scanner’s safety lock is off
Character recognition not working Scan quality may be too poor / original document is unclear / unknown font / original damaged

4
HARDWARE Circuit board that connects all components and parts of the
computer with each other
(components) Motherboard
Contains a couple of slots for additional cards like sound and
graphics cards

Speed measured in = GHz

Quad core = 4 cores (processing units)

>1 important for multiprocessing (executing multiple programs
simultaneously)
*CPU - does the
processing/thinking
Cache memory - files are kept in super quick memory so that
access to the CPU is faster (than to RAM)

Well-known brands e.g. Intel / AMD

Processing components

Function: loads current programs & documents when it is

processed by the CPU so more RAM = can run more programs
simultaneously
(inside your system unit)

Feature: unstable/volatile: in other words: loses content without

power (temporary)
*RAM
(Primary Memory)
E.g. DIMMS, DDR3/DDR4

Capacity measured in GB
(usually between 4GB and 32GB in computer)

Adding RAM is a good way to upgrade computer & improve

performance

Small chip built-in on the motherboard

Helps computer 'boot' - startup process (e.g. tests if all

ROM components needed is there - Power On Self Test)
(Read only memory)

Software on ROM that contains basic instructions:

* Biggest BIOS - Basic Input Output System
influence on
performance/
speed of Onboard = built-in on motherboard,
Dedicated = separate card (better graphics)
computer

Has its own Video RAM and GPU (Graphics processing unit) thus
Graphics card better performance since the load is taken off the system
CPU & RAM

PSU - Power supply unit

Supplies appropriate voltage to computer
system Well-known brands e.g. NVIDIA GeForce, AMD Radeon, Gigabyte

Heat sink - to keep electronics cool

5
 HARDWARE
Size measured in inch" diagonal over screen e.g 15.6", 19"

Resolution measured in pixels

e.g. 1920 x 1080 (also 720p, 1080p, 2K, 4K)
Problem solving (screens)
Problem Solution Aspect ratio e.g. 4:3, 16:9 (ultra-wide e.g. 21:9)
Colours are vague, too strong or Change the settings (contrast, relationship of length versus width
the image is too bright or faint brightness) on the screen itself.
Image is squary or stretched out. The resolution settings on the Response time e.g. 2ms (milliseconds)
operating system is wrong (too low). how quickly a pixel can change from one shade to another
Image is purple, blue, yellow or Connection is loose or the connection
green. / cable is damaged. Refresh rate e.g. 60Hz (standard) 144Hz (gamer)
No image on the screen. Monitor’s cable is loose, monitor is how many times the screen is 'redrawn' in 1 sec
switched off, signal cable is loose.
Contrast ratio e.g. 1:1000000, number of variations between
light and dark (lower ratio - faded image)
Screen (soft copy - thus
Specifications
electronic on screen) Colour depth e.g. 8-bit, 32-bit
Number of colours that a screen can display
Measures brightness in e.g. 24-bit=16.7 million colours
Projector lumens (needs expensive
bulb with limited hours)
Viewing angle - from how far left/right/above/below you can
Using a projector, an see the image on the screen clearly
instructor can manipulate
Interactive whiteboard elements on the board
Output devices

Nowadays you get curved screens that gives a better

using finger/special pen as a
experience for large and very wide screens - also better for
mouse, directly on screen
posture (ergonomics)
Fax
Use VGA (old), DVI (upgrade HDMI & DisplayPort for
of VGA), HDMI or high resolution and can
For people who are deaf- DisplayPort (new) cables also transfer sound
devices that vibrate
Need an adapter or convertor if your computer doesn't have
the same ports as your screen
Audio output is important
for people who are blind
Sound too soft: if a speaker is USB-powered, the sound will be
much softer than the general AC power. May need an
Speakers & headphones: to amplifier for much louder sound.
share sound output with a
larger audience No sound from computer speakers: ensure the speakers are
plugged in at the power outlet and in the computer itself.
Computer sound should be on (not on mute or soft) and the
correct sound output device should be chosen in the menu.
Problem solving Sound card drivers need to be installed.

Poor quality sound: quality of the device needs to be good,

Audio output Earphones/headphones: speaker can be damaged, file itself can be compressed =
private, doesn't bother leading to low quality sound
other people, can have a
Bluetooth speakers/earphones: Unpair and pair again - check
built-in microphone as
that it's charged - Note: Bluetooth uses more power on a
well - for e.g. cellphone
device than a regular cable
calls or gaming (then called
a headset) Aux (3.5mm)
USB/Mini-USB/USB-C
Cabled
Always better sound - no connection
problems
Specifications (per
NFC, Bluetooth, need WiFi for
connection type)
internet stream services

Problem solving (audio) Advantages: more mobile (take it

Problem Solution Wireless anywhere)
No audio Check if speakers’ volume is on max and check
Disadvantages: requires batteries/to
volume in programme and operating system. be charged, signal/connection
No audio (cable) Check that connections aren’t in the wrong port. problems
No audio (wireless Repair the devices

6
 HARDWARE
Speed: ppm - pages per minute

Resolution: dots per inch (dpi)

(Peripheral)
Workload/duty cycle: how many pages it can print in a month/lifetime

Number of ink colour containers (e.g. CMYK - Cyan, Magenta, Yellow,

BlacK) - important so that you can replace 1 at a time
Specifications
Paper options: size e.g. A2 (NB: A0 largest, A10 smallest) weight gsm -
i.e. thickness (cardboard)

Tray capacity = e.g. 100 / 500 sheets of paper

Connection options e.g. WiFi, NFC

System compatibility - especially an issue with OSS operating systems

like Linux / Ubuntu

Default printer (indicated with ✓) - print to it automatically

General Printing queue - temp storage area where the print jobs wait in line

Spooling - the process of sending print jobs to the queue & the printer

Sent to the wrong printer (e.g. replaced default printer)

Is printer on and connected to the computer?

Problem solving Is there enough ink and paper?

(possible faults)
Can possibly have the wrong paper size in the printer tray or a jammed
Output devices

paper

Fault can lie in the printer queue - print tasks that were stopped or
paused

Printer itself is expensive

Printer (hard copy -
printed page) Laser (commonly Print 'powder' is fused onto the paper with heat
used
in businesses) Toner is expensive but cost per page works out cheaper

Quick printing speed

Advantage: saves cost & space because all the devices are in one.
Multifunction (print,
Disadvantage: if 1 breaks and is sent in for repairs, all the other functions
scan, copy, fax, email) are not available

Printer itself is cheap

Liquid ink is placed onto paper

Inkjet (mostly home Ink is relatively cheap but cost per page is expensive
use)
Slow printing speed

New type: inktank printer - now works out much cheaper than
traditional inkjet printers

Prints duplicates
Dotmatrix
(e.g. pharmacists) Low resolution quality - low cost

Prints 3 dimensional solid objects from a digital 3D model (file) by

adding successive layers of material on top of one another.

3D printer Advantages: more cost effective than traditional manufacturing

methods, can quickly make prototypes of products, no operators
needed to be present the whole time.
Braille printer (for Disadvantages: expensive machines to buy, takes a long time to print
people who are blind) objects, exposure to printing particles in the air can be dangerous

7
 Memory cards for
extra storage space Micro SD, Mini SD, SD,
in e.g. smartphone CF, MMC
or digital cameras HARDWARE
(needs card reader Capacity ranges
for copying to between 4GB - 128GB
computer)
Advantages: cheap
storage media (ideal
Capacity: the
for archiving), read-
only maximum
Disadvantages: amount that
Damages easily, slow something
CD, DVD, Blu-Ray
Optical media read/write speed,
Smallest -> Largest capacity
cannot store a lot of can contain
data (small capacity)
Micro-USB's are
USB Hub for Copying contents off a
used for e.g.
additional USB ports protected disc is
smartphones
referred to as "ripping"
Ideal for portable a disc
Flash disks storage - larger
(electronical - flash capacity than
memory) CD/DVD, fast
read/write speed, does
Storage devices

capacity ranges from

2GB - 256GB not damage easily,
physical size is small

Advantages: Faster data

access, does not damage
easily (no movable parts),
generates less heat.
Commonly used to load
operating system to
SSD (Solid state drive) increase performance of
(Flash memory) - used in computer
smartphones
Types
HDD (Hard disk drive) Disadvantages: Much more
expensive per GB than
2.5" Portable (USB HDD, not good for long
powered) or used in term storage (loses charge),
laptops limited write cycles

Kinds 3.5" External (simple

Hard drives power plug in)
(secondary storage) (usually connects with SATA
capacity ranges from Internal
cabels)
500GB to 6TB
Function: Permanent
storage of programs &
data

Characteristic:
Stable/non-volatile: keeps
contents without power

Slower read/write speed

Features than RAM

1 KB = 1024 bytes Can connect multiple

HDD's through a RAID Area on hard drive that servers
system as RAM (when RAM becomes
1 MB = 1024 KB full). Swop files are files that
swop between the HDD &
Measurements of 1 GB = 1024 MB Serves as virtual memory RAM. Thrashing is when the
storage devices HDD is overloaded by the fast
exchange of files between
1 TB = 1024 GB system memory (RAM) and
virtual memory (on the HDD)
1 PB (Petabyte) = 1024 TB
8
 Usually contains SSD

Very high screen resolution

HARDWARE Ultrabook
No optical (DVD) drive
Laptop/Notebook
Thin & light = expensive!
Types of Multi-purpose Devices
Tablet-PC / Laptop and tablet in one (touch screen that can
Hybrid / 2-in-1 be taken off / turned around)

Netbook Small screen (<13"), minimum specs, no optical

Portable (budget laptop) drive
(BYOD policy)
(bring your own
E-reader e.g. Kindle Non-glare screen, lighter than tablet
device)
Tablet Not all types can make calls
Advantages: Cost saving i.t.o. devices and insurance

Screen size between tablet & smartphone, can

and users are more comfortable with their devices

Phablet
Bring Your Own Device refers to a concept where
employees/students can bring and use their own

make calls
portable devices such as smartphones, laptops,

security, extra power points, compatibility with

tablets, etc. to work on and access the network
Technical challenges: security of data, network

Has GPS, camera (that can be used as scanner),

Smartphone gyroscope, accelerometer

Devices word on the human body using

Wearables sensors to collect data e.g. smart watches
different operating systems

Entry level - basic computer with low specs

Mid-range - average, High-end - top specs
Desktop PC
Also get an all-in-one where the system unit is
built into the screen

Provides resources and services to client

Server (in network) computers in a network

Work station (very Used by e.g. scientists / architects / video editors (not
Not portable
strong computer) the same as network workstation)

Super size server - spans many rooms - MAIN computer

Mainframe computer in big organisation - focus on processing LOTS of data
power failures and power peaks with a
UPS – uninterruptable power supply

Pushes the limits what is possible for computers, most

Super computer
Protect desktop computers against

powerful - focus on processing as FAST as possible

Activate alarm / movement

Definition: measures physical location with geographical

coordinates with satellites
Keep computers safe:
Lock room/office
Use cable lock
Dedicated devices

GPS regularly updated

GPS (can also be built

sensor

into smartphone/car) Can plan routes automatically

ATM (handles financial Can share your location with others

•
•
•

tasks)
Can keep your eyes on the road more than you could
with a printed map
Only 1 purpose
Resolution measured in
The higher, the better,
Megapixels (MP)
but takes more space
Note: Mega = million

ISO rating - light

sensitivity Optical - better quality -
done with lenses
Digital cameras
Zoom
Digital - done with
Sensor size - larger = software
better quality (e.g. DSLR)

Places GPS coordinates

Geotagging
in photo's metadata

9
 HARDWARE Ergonomics
The design of devices / items
to fit to humans natural form
E.g. Chair with good backrest / table with right
height / vertical mouse / curved keyboard

Get different types e.g.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
RSI - repetitive strain (wrists) or Gamers thumb
injury Use ergonomically designed INPUT devices
Suggestions to prevent:
Take regular breaks

Rather fix/ reuse any devices

Definition: Environmentally
Switch off when not in use or sleep/hibernate
friendly use of computers

Discard responsibly - with supplier

Green computing
Print 2 per page, back to front, check print
Save paper preview, distribute electronically

Save ink Draft/Eco mode (lighter), less pictures

Concepts

Combining multiple devices / E.g. Smartphone/Tablet/

Convergence
technologies into one device Smart TV/Multifunction printer

No piracy, respect privacy, no malware

Ethical use
(right & wrong) Digital divide is when people don't have access to technology due to a lack
in skill/knowledge or finances

Someone who uses computers for personal

Personal user reasons (minimal for work)

SOHO - Small Office Home

Business managed from a house
Office

Anyone using computer devices "on-the-go"

Mobile user thus anyone who owns a smartphone
Types of users

Very skilled user who need the most modern

Power user / Super user hardware & software for their work / hobbies.

An enterprise) is a company which hundreds or

GIGO – Garbage in Garbage Enterprise user thousands of employees - each user in such
Out. If we don’t supply quality company is an enterprise user
data, the information will not
be accurate. More Effective, Accurate & More work in less time, does not make
Reliable than people mistakes, does not get tired, doesn't strike

Communication is so much Always give examples in comparison with

easier & faster traditional / older methods e.g. mail / letters
Reasons for using ICT

Economical Save paper, labour, communication costs etc.

Governments can improve overall service

delivery to their citizens by using e-services,
Government services such as online electricity purchases, online
bookings of driver's licenses, educational
websites

10
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
Using technology to create a simulation of a
Definition 3D-environment that can be interacted with a
person in a seemingly real or physical way.

Using equipment such as helmets with screens

and gloves fitted with sensors, it allows users
How it works & Purpose to be immersed into a virtual world. E.g.
Google Cardboard, Oculus Rift, HTC Vive etc.

Explores places such as travel destinations

(using 360° videos).
Virtual Reality
Virtual reality makes education more engaging
Uses and entertaining.

Used to train employees (example pilots being

trained) without causing damage or risking
lives.
New Tegnologies

Technology is still new so there are technical

limitations such as weak hardware and low
resolution.
Limitations

Moral and ethical concerns

It takes the physical world and adds

Definition (augments) objects such as graphics within the
real world.

Simplest versions use smartphone camers, but

there are technologies such as Microsoft
Hololens that contain software, sensors, a
compass and small digital projectors which
display images onto real world objects.
How it works & Purpose
To enhance our real world for purposes such
Virtual & Augmented as entertainement (e.g. Pokemon Go,
Reality SnapChat filters) or productivity (e.g. Heathrow
Airport Guide that helps you get to the right
gate)

Entertainment and education applications

Artificial Reality include cultural apps with sightseeing and
museum guidance, gaming apps with
traditional games using AR interfaces, and
some smartphone apps that make use of AR
Uses for an entertainment and/or educational
purpose.

AR can be applied so that the surgical team

can see the imaging data in real time while the
procedure is in progress.

Due to the fact that the content is not real, it

may obscure or narrow a user's interests or
tastes

Limitations There are also privacy concerns. Image-

recognition software coupled with AR will,
quite soon, allow us to point our phones at
people, even strangers, and instantly see
information from their Facebook, Twitter,
Amazon, LinkedIn or other online profiles.

11
 SOFTWARE Graphic user interface
(graphical way for people
Menus, Icons, drop down lists
to interact with the
computer)
Control basic security (logins)
Operating system also E.g. Windows 10 (paid)
referred to as 'platform' E.g. Linux (OSS)
E.g. Android (smartphone) File management (folders, file extensions etc.)

Manage integration between software and hardware

Functions

Drivers for devices (manage communication between

device & OS - lets device be controlled)

When device drivers are automatically installed, it is

"Plug and Play"

Good habits: make a copy of data / files on a different

Backup storage device, kept in different physical place
(off site).
System Software

Uninstaller Used to remove programs safely from computer

Like Winzip - makes it smaller & can then email folder.

Compression (.zip / .rar) Can zip or unzip to use again (to edit)

Adds pieces of files that are spread over the whole HDD
together again to improve SPEED.
Not necessary for an SSD.
Utilities
Defragmenter
Can slow down computer speed (performance) while
when it does not come scanning
with the operating
system, it is a Schedule tasks to happen automatically at specific times
third-party utility Scheduler of the day or tasks the user may forget (e.g. updates /
defragmenting)

Search your computer for cached / temporary files or

Disc Cleanup Wizard programs that you no longer use / recycle bin that is full
and gives you the option to delete / remove.

Disc Scanner Scan & fix flash- and Hard drives

Prepares the drive for storing files. Often used in case of

Format corruption/virus contamination because it wipes the
content of the storage medium.

Update, update, update

Examples: Kaspersky, McAfee, Norton EsetNOD32.
virus definitions so that it Free: Windows Defender, AVG Free Edition
can be recognised!

Scan internal / external

Can slow down computer speed (performance) while
harddrives / flashsticks for
Antivirus scanning
viruses

Put potentially harmful / Quarantine: Safe area on hard drive where virus cannot
malicious software in harm anything - allows you to choose or remove
quarantine something

System software manages Application software are

resources on computer / allows programs for personal use /
computer to be used tasks
12
 Examples of file extensions

Graphics & Design Photoshop, Paint Jpeg, bmp, png

Purpose of file extension: .docx, .xlsx, .accdx, .pptx

defines type of file & helps Word, Excel, Access,
Application Software
OS associate it with a Powerpoint Share document with formatting = .rtf,
without formatting = .txt, in table
specific program format = .csv (comma separated values)
Advantage of buying an Office
suite instead of stand-along
programme - familiar GUI, easily
Office Suite exchange data between
programs, cheaper than buying
single programs. Other people cannot easily change
content
.PDF (E.g. Adobe Reader -
free)
Can open even if you do not have the
original software
(retains formatting)
Communication Outlook, Skype, WhatsApp

Games
Sound (.mp3, .flac, .wav)

Entertainment Windows Media player, VLC

Videos (.mpg, .mp4, .avi, .wmv, .mov)

Chrome, Firefox, Internet

Explorer, Microsoft Edge,
Safari
Webbrowser
(files .html)
Plug-in!
Flash, Quicktime, Java
(needed for multimedia)
SOFTWARE

Remember metadata?
Free, may share and use freely Information about a file
Freeware
e.g. Adobe Reader
– e.g. author, last
printed, type of camera,
Can be used free for a while
Shareware (trial software music genre etc. Differs
(test period), then pay or lose
also falls under this) (some or all) functionality depending on file type

E.g. Linux, Android, Open Office,

Like freeware, but can change Ubuntu
Free and Open Source
source code and program
Software (FOSS) further Advantage: Many people can work on
code
Types

EULA: End-user license agreement

License Agreement (EULA) Single user

(also for free, share & OSS)
Site License (many computers on one
site for one company)
Proprietary (paid)

When software/anything is shared

Piracy (software piracy) illegally. Fight through: serial key /
online activation

Agree to the licence terms, enter your

unique serial key (if applicable), register
Uses an installation wizard the software
Installation process that guides you step-by-step
through the process Be careful with Freeware not to rush
through the steps and then accidentally
installing unwanted additional softwaer

13
 SOFTWARE Try to prevent bugs
Releases a test version namely 'Beta'
version

Specific problem made in software

when created
Necessary due to software
error / bug or just for
improvements
Bugs can be security gaps which gives
Updates
cybercriminals a 'way in'

Software solution for one specific

Patch
problem

Collection of all previous patches &

Service Pack
new features

If a program does not respond Press CTRL+ALT+DEL / Open

"End task" - Ends the program
/ hangs Task Manager

'Backwards compatibility' - New

program can open old files, old
program can not open new files
A problem between different
Compatibility
versions of the same software
Solve problem by upgrading all
(newest version), to standardize (same
Concepts

version) or to export file to older

version

Just enough so that program can

Minimum specifications
install and work
System requirements - is the
computer hardware sufficient
for the software Enough so that program works fully
Recommended specs
(excellent), smooth output

Computer reads to you what is on the

Text-to-speech
screen
(speech synthesis)
(requires speakers - output)

Computer can respond / type your

Speech-to-text voice commands (requires
microphone - input)
Software Accessibility options
(For people with Magnification
disabilities/disabled))
Black background with white text for
High contrast theme
people who are struggling to see

Help people to press shortcuts etc. 1

Sticky Keys
button at a time

Folders within folders in

logical order
File management
File path e.g. C:\My Step-by-step indication in which
Documents folders a file is stored

14
 NETWORKS
Can share resources like printers and Internet access

Data is kept in 1 central location / central storage

Easy communication between users

Advantages
Share of software and / or updates
Features

Can make backups from 1 central location

Can set user permissions such as access to specific folders or disable

USB ports to prevent theft of data and malware spreading

Viruses spread easily

Must have a lot of knowledge to draw up

Disadvantages

Requires good security (so unauthorised users can not access confidential
information)

Acceptable use policy

Definition: Contract / agreement between user and institution

In school/work environment
Concepts

an AUP is signed
Includes what may and may not be done on the network, forms of online
communication allowed, amount of data that may be used, use of flash sticks,
procedures for problems like identity theft, viruses etc., tips to prevent
copyright infringement and plagiarism.

A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates a safe and

encrypted* connection over a less secure network, such as the Internet

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

The benefit of using a secure VPN is it ensures the appropriate level of security
to the connected systems when the underlying network infrastructure alone
cannot provide it

PAN - Personal area network -

can fit on 1 table Additional advantages:
*Encryption: scrambling data Easily add more computers/devices
Faster to set up because there is no
HAN - Home area network - into an unreadable format. need to lay cables
2 or more rooms Better portability of devices
Types

(no cables)
LAN - Local area network -
WLAN - Wireless LAN
more computers in 1 room Additional disadvantages:
Security risk is extra high for hackers
Can use up internet data if others
WAN - Wide area network -
*Decryption: Reversal of gain access
E.g. Gauteng
above process by person Signals can be disrupted
Can be slower than cabled network
authorized to receive data. due to obstructions like walls
GAN - Global area network -
e.g. Internet world wide

15
 NETWORKS File server Controls which sites may be
visited

Server: Provides services/resources Can monitor usage of

Proxy server (internet server)
to computers in the network individual people
such as printers & Internet.
Special server operating system Does central web storage
E-mail server (web caching) and save data
(e.g. Windows Server 2016)

Controls all the printers in

Print server
the organisation

Must connect to network to

Thin client work - basically just a screen,
keyboard & mouse

Workstation/Client: Uses the Can function as standalone

Fat client
services/resources provided by the server computer
- therefore not as powerful
Network Interface
Card/Controller
Must have a NIC in computer
*Switch: A device that connect devices on To connect 1 device to a
to connect to network network, note: you also get a
the network (internally - many devices to
wireless NIC
Hardware Needed

each other)

Better because it's more

*Modem: Convert digital signals from
stable & faster signal
your devices to signals that
can be sent over your Internet
connection and vice versa
General advantages of cables Less knowledge needed to
above Wi-Fi set up vs. wireless network

Better security (people do

Cables - UTP (common network cable - not hack into it so easily)
cheaper) - uses RJ45 port or FIRE OPTIC
(use light beam = fast data transfer)
'Backbone' = connects two
LANs to each other
*Router: Connect a network to another Fibre obtic usually used as
one - eg. your home to the Internet 'backbone'
Note: Fibre is very expensive,
requires training to install &
breaks very easily
Can "tether" your phone also
use like a USB Dongle
Dongle: Looks like a flash disk in which a
SIM card can be inserted to use cellular
Internet on a computer/laptop Also get a Mobile Wi-Fi
Router - does not connect by
USB (for charging only). Also
known as pocket Wi-Fi
*Wi-Fi access point: A network device
that allows a Wi-Fi device to connect to
a wired network

Wi-Fi Repeater: Used to extend the

coverage area of your WiFi network. It
receives your existing WiFi signal,
amplifies it and then transmits the
boosted signal.

* In a standard home Router, these

*Firewall: Hardware/system software
that prevents unauthorized access to the five devices/features are merged
network from the internet

16
INTERNET Can it use it anywhere you go BROADBAND =
Cellular (any connection 3G (older, between 1 - 8Mbps) High speed data transfer
using a SIM card) 4G / LTE (newer, between 10 - 50Mbps)
Technologies 5G (newest, between 50 - 500Mbps)

Cheap for low quantities of data (buy data bundles)

Fixed connection at home

ADSL - transmits Cheaper than cellular only if data usage is high

electricity via copper
cables (up to 10Mpbs) More stable connection than cellular (using copper telephone line)

Asymetrical = Download speed high, upload speed slower

Highest (possible) data transfer speed (depends on ISP package)

Fibre - transmits light Strongest signal (little interference)

via fibre optic glass
cables (up to Low latency - can travel far without signal degrading
200Mpbs)
Not easily damaged by lightning, however very fragile (glass)

ISP - internet service

How much data you may use
provider = connect you Every ISP has an AUP (Acceptable
(even though you are uncapped)
to Internet (e.g. Mweb / Usage Policy) / FUP (Fair Usage Policy) without them throttling you
Vodacom)

The amount of data that can be sent/received in a certain time. Upload

(data sent) vs download (data is received) speeds often differ
Bandwidth
Cellular packages has a bundle that can be monthly, weekly or even daily.
You buy data in bundles and when it runs out most ISPs charge you
exhorbitant out-of-bundle rates e.g. R2/MB
Specifications

Capped / uncapped Amount of data that you can upload and download in a specific period
data (ADSL & Fibre = monthly packages)

Companies can prioritise which services can get full speed according to
their own needs

Home use (ISP) Full speed all day: (low

E-mail, regular browsing
data usage services)
Shaped / unshaped
"Streaming" video (video that will
Low speed by day (services that have never be stored on your computer)
high data usage), usually full speed
night hours e.g.:
Gaming / Torrents / VoIP

Use so much data that they drastically

Throttling lower your overall Letter after 802.11 refers to
speed (penalty) speed e.g. b/g/n

Can use any of the technologies

listed above
Cabled (ADSL/Fibre)
Affected by walls /
Wifi (802.11) - Wireless technology blockages

WiFi hotspot - area with

Type of connections Bluetooth - short distances - WiFi coverage
pair devices
NFC - near field communication like file
WiMAX - tower that broadcasts
transfer between mobile phones / Wi-Fi to a large area (few kms)
payments with NFC bank cards - just
tap

17
 INTERNET Cheaper than regular calls (only uses
data)

INTERNET is a global network that is Can do video conference instead of

publicly available travelling - saving companies money

INTRANET is shared content that is Can make calls wherever Internet access
only accessible to members of a single is available
VoIP = Voice over Internet
organisation. Protocol e.g. Skype
(can send video & audio) Available on different devices like
EXTRANET is a private network that computers & smartphones
uses Internet technology and the Instant messaging (WhatsApp,
Facebook Messenger, Video usage can use a lot of data
public telecommunication system to
Hangouts, Skype chat) (especially with a high resolution
securely share part of a business's webcam)
information or operations with
suppliers, vendors, partners, Fax to email Disrupting if poor internet connection
causes call to pause / disconnect
customers, or other businesses. An
extranet can be viewed as part of a
Grid computing: Using multiple Use of programs through a web browser
company's intranet that is extended to - runs and is installed on Internet servers
computers' processing
users outside the company. power to solve 1 problem instead of on own local computer
(as if it were 1) e.g. SETI
Saas - Software as a Service - where you
pay a monthly/annual fee and receive
FTP = File transfer protocol - the software as a service on the web
share of large files over a long
distance through the Internet
No installation/updates required

Services: Cloud computing

Your own computer does not have to be
Internet

(web based applications)

so powerful because it works from the
Internet server
Netiquette = Good manners
on the Internet
A lot of people can easily work together
Do not type in capital letters
on a document
(shout)
Good spelling
Do not send large email Disadvantages: Internet access required,
attachments programs usually contain less features
versus "desktop version", many types
are SaaS (need to pay) only some free

Storing information/files on Internet

servers

Can get information anywhere if you

have Internet access

Can serve as a "Backup" for your data

Cloud storage Synchronises devices with the same

The INTERNET is a global network content
of computers
Disadvantages: requires internet
connection for access to data, you only
The WWW is only one of the get a small amount of space for free
services on the Internet that (need to pay after that), up and
downloading data costs money, no
displays web pages control over backup and security

18
 To: to whom the e-mail is addressed
INTERNET
CC: other people who are being copied to take note - everyone can see each other's email
addresses

BCC: people who are copied but cannot see each other's addresses (Netiquette - BCC people
when emailing a group)

RE: an email reply automatically gets this prefix in front of the subject

FW: an email sent to someone else automatically gets this in front

of the subject

E-mail Subject line: the subject of the email

Reply to all: when there is more than 1 person in the To or CC field

you can "reply to all" and send a message to the same big audience
(use with consideration!)

Attachment: attach a file to email

(size limited to a certain number of MB)

Mail rule: automatic actions in an e-mail program

according to rules you specify

Flags/Tasks: you can add emails (or your own items) to a task list in the email software, specifying
due date and even set reminders
Internet Services

Registrations for new sites / services are usually done with an email address or Social network
Registration account. A CAPTCHA is then also asked to verify that it is a human attempting the registration,
and not a computer (which would probably be a DDoS attack).

Definition: Online service or technology that allows people with similar interests to communicate
with each other regardless of time or distance

E.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. Often use a URL-shortener service to shorten URL's before
posting to social media (no problems with character limitations and just looks neater)

Benefits: Allow groups to create virtual communities or pages for businesses/famous people, etc.
Huge audiences to share your life with
Can inform family members/friends about your life
Social Businesses can place cheap and targeted ads and
networks interact with their customers

Disadvantages: Thinking that friends on social media are real friends

Danger of Cyber stalking/Cyberbullying
Danger of online predator/pedophiles
Someone who does not know you, may monitor your online habits to take advantage of it
(to your detriment)
May be addicted to social networks

Protect yourself/your business:

Do not publish offensive content
Do not accept friend requests if you do not know the person

Audio file downloaded from the Internet that can be played on computers or devices such as
Podcast
smartphones e.g. with radio programs/training etc. (Vodcast - when it includes video)

Interactive meeting or seminar. The content is usually education-based. The audience is usually
Webinar
smaller and takes part in the conversation through surveys, Q & A etc.

19
 INTERNET Encripted connection is
indicated with https - don't do
www.[websitename].
transactions on public
Web address = URL [organisation].[location]
computers
E.g. www.hsrandburg.co.za
Research seller's reputation
Portal - access point to looking at gradings and
many at www reviews before first purchase

Advantages: available any time

Services e.g. e-banking, of day from the comfort of
e-commerce your own home, can do better
comparisons (price, variety
etc.)
Wiki - website where
people work TOGETHER to Disadvantages: can fall victim
create and edit it to scams if user doesn't do
sufficient research
Content aggregator: Gather
Types of websites information from many Online transactions are verified
websites - like RSS feeds
World Wide Web

using a OTP (one-time

password) on your cell

Crowd funding platform (website): a process where a single idea

or business practice is funded by multiple small donations from
volunteer contributors, usually before the business venture is
started. The contributors will then receive the product when it is
finally put into production

Good blog habits: Update

Blog (like a online diary, regularly, use pictures/videos,
chronological) respond to readers'
(Vlog = video blog) comments. Create using
Wordpress, Tumblr etc.

Effective searching on WWW:

Home button (page on which
• Add more key words your browser opens
• Use advanced search or you can go back to)
like -word to exclude terms
Back / Forward
• Use filters e.g. when it was
posted / type of source Search techniques Favourite / Bookmark - save
(news/ image etc.) the link to the website for
future use

Features History - return to

chronological history of
Browser plug ins: To see previously visited addresses
multimedia e.g. Flash Player,
Quicktime. Address bar - where the URL
Program = web browser, of the website shows (also
eg. Chrome, Firefox. search bar)
Use Search engine = e.g.
The program/application
Google, Bing, Yahoo! Tabbed browsing - so that
used to visit/view web
Software that allows a user many web pages can be open
pages to search for information on at once
the www using keywords
(like a library assistant)
Webpages that have
previously been visited are
Webcaching =
stored on the "local pc" (faster
access in future & saves data)

20
 INTERNET Definition
Very large structured (clean data) and unstructured (e.g. free text
tweets/reviews) data sets that are analysed using computers to reveal trends.

Purpose Reveals patterns and trends relating to human behaviour and interactions

To optimize and improve lives. E.g. shopping habits, health risks and indicators
Big data Uses
of serious illnessess.

Massive skill shortage on interpreting big data.

Required hardware and software is extremely expensive.

Limitations
Shortage of space to store all the data

Privacy concerns

New Trends The trend whereby all sorts of objects and devices are increasingly being
Definition connected to one another via the Internet, communicating independent of
human interaction.

Sensors in devices produce data (see big data) that can be used for diagnostics
Purpose
and running systems more efficiently.
Internet
New Trends

of
Devices can communicate without human intervention to automate and
Things Uses improve processes and reporting, e.g. heartrate monitor in smartwatch triggers
alarm when your sleep cycle is at its lightest

Internet connection required

Limitations
Privacy concerns about data being gathered about your behaviour

A form of virtual, digital currency. Most well-known example of a

Definition
cryptocurrency.

Send money anywhere in the world at any time - no limits. Decentralised from
Purpose
banks and governments so no interference and minimal 'bank' charges.

Bitcoin Bitcoins can be exchanged for other currencies, products, and services. They
have caused concern in that they are often used for payment in criminal
Uses
activities such as ransomware demands. However, more and more legitimate
companies are accepting them as a means of payment.

Not very widely accepted yet. Bitcoin wallets can be lost. Currency is extremely
Limitations
volatile.

A process in which broadcasting services using traditional analogue

technology are replaced with digital technology. This provides better quality
Digital migration
pictures and sound as well as electronic programming guide. However, there
will be more costs for the user.

A form of education and training delivered and conducted via the Internet
using mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones. It is designed to be
Mobile or M-learning
flexible, allowing learners/workers/students access to education anywhere,
anytime.

21
 Use headings, short paragraphs,
INTERNET columns

Bullets / numbered lists works well

Group information that belongs

together logically
Readability
Background should be easy on the
eyes (not too bright)

Use standard capital and lowercase

letters - ALL CAPS is difficult to read

Fonttype, size and colour should be

readable

Links should be easy to find,

especially main menu
(home/contact us etc.)

Links should be short and

understandable
Navigation
All hyperlinks should work

Links should all look the same

Usability of websites
- basic principles Same basic layout for all webpages
in the website
Consistency
(the same everywhere)
Use the same colour / font types /
World Wide Web

theme

Has to be suitable for target market

(website for young kids would look
different than one for teenagers)

Layout
Text and graphics should fit on a
How different elements standard screen
are placed

Websites should load quickly (not

too much multimedia)

Needs to be easy to read

Needs to match content (can't use a

Typography funny font for serious content)
The placement and
formatting of text Use general font types so that it's
available on all computers
Websites specifically
Mobile websites designed for
Not to many font types on one
smartphones/tablets website

22
NETWORKS / INTERNET

URL starts with https (means connection is encrypted)

Features of secure
Address bar turns green
websites
Lock icon shows
Critical to update
your antivirus, Unexpected pop-ups (don't click on it)
operating system Unknown attachments / programs
& browser
Spam: unwanted or intrusive advertising on the Internet

Hoax: something distributed with the intention to deceive - usually false, sometimes
Safe usage

ridiculous information/stories (fake news)

Scam: a misleading, dishonest offer/action e.g. a false online shop that steals your
money and doesn't send you the product

Phishing: a scam where an Internet user is tricked (e.g. by deceptive email message)
Be aware of: into revealing confidential info (usually on a fake website looking like the organisation's)
which the scammer can use for identity theft or fraud etc.

Spoofing: faking an email header to look like it came from someone else. Often used in
phishing & spam to get people to trust the origin.

Pharming: a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a PC/server,

misdirecting users to fraudulent websites even if they type the correct URL.
Similar to Phishing but without a lure.

Click-jacking: a scam in which a disguised link (which cannot be seen or detected) is

inserted above a legitimate link. Users think they are clicking on a link/image but they
actually click on an invisible link above it which can contain a malicious program.

Capital and lowercase letters, numbers, symbols, no patterns (passphrase - longer

Good passwords
phrase is much safer - not with words from dictionary). Use a Password Manager.

Unauthorized duplication of copyrighted content that is then sold at substantially lower

Piracy
prices in the 'grey' market

Identify security gaps in an ICT system (also get ethical hackers - they get hired to test
Hacker (white hat)
security systems)
Criminal

Cracker (black hat) Identify security gaps and use it for criminal purposes

Many connected "bots" that include worms, trojans, spam, etc. Spread with other
people's infected computers (single: bot/zombie) over the Internet without them being
aware of their computers being used
Botnet
Commonly used for a DDoS attack where masses of useless data or requests are sent to
a network or computer. This can reduce the speed drastically or crash the entire network.

The illegal use of someone else's personal information (such as ID number) especially in
Identity Theft
order to obtain money or credit

23
NETWORKS / INTERNET

Adware: a software application where adverteising banners are

displayed while the program is running

Back door: a means of access to a computer system that bypasses

security mechanisms

Keylogger: a type of spyware that records a user's keystrokes

invisibly and sends it to the attacker
Spread through emails,
(any malicious software)
Malware

internet, flash discs, Ransomware: a type of malware designed to encrypt or block

pirated software etc. access to your computer system and files until you pay a sum of
money (‘ransom’)
Protect yourself: make regular backups that are not connected to
Prevent through antivirus
the internet or your computer.
software

Types Rootkit: a collection of tools (programs) that enable

administrator-level access to a computer or computer network

Spyware: program in someone's computer to secretly gather

information about the user and send it to advertisers or others

Sniffer attack: small program that can read data packets over a
network

Trojan: a seemingly useful computer program that contains

hidden instructions which when activated by the user, perform a
malicious action (such as destroying data files)

Worm: a program that duplicates itself without the action of a

user and destroys data and files on a computer

24
 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Is the author / organisation reliable

Date of creation / update of

information (NB because it could
have changed in the meantime)

Evaluate reliability Does it match other sources?

Is this objective?
Printed media e.g. books

Good language / no spelling mistakes

Already electronic / less typing time

Research (published
information on internet &
More sources available
books / newspapers, Electronic sources eg. Internet
interviews) articles, e-encyclopedias
Easier to search content

More up to date
Gather data

A legal right / ownership of your own

Copyright intellectual material

To present someone's work /

intellectual material as your own
Plagiarism (copy a source's information just like
that) without acknowledging them

E.g. Questionnaires, surveys,

interviews, votes
Faster to complete

Closed questions: limited, Less errors when data is being

possible answers captured

Opinion polls (to get people's Easier to analyse / compare

Open questions: unlimited information
opinions)
number of answers/opinions

Online - Greater audience / more

variety of people

Distributed easier / easier to get back

Advantages of electronic /
online questionnaire (vs printed
Data refers to raw facts in questionnaire)
Data validation can be done
itself is not useful

Information is data that is Already electronic - No need to

retype
useful / processed

25
INFORMATION Made for / focuses on
calculations / functions /
MANAGEMENT numerical data
Types: pie (to compare parts of a
whole),
Spreadsheet Large variety of graphs column (compare things between
(note Access also has graphs) different groups),
bar (when labels are long)
line (track changes over time)
Research / Data presentation / analysis

Pivot Tables - to automatically

summarize data quickly

Import refers to Data validation (also in Excel) -

specify rules for data using criteria
READING a file that is in a
format different from the
format the application Input masks - to enforce a pattern
e.g. number plate
creates on its own.
Default values - where a common
Export refers to SAVING / value repeats often e.g. Gender,
converting a file into Techniques like Home Language. Saves user time
to not enter the same value
another format than the repeatedly.

one it is currently in.

Primary key - unique field to
identify table records (compulsory
and must be unique)

Lookup wizard / dropdown list

(also in Excel) - to avoid mistakes
& make data input easier
Suitable for large data sets on
Database which to perform actions such
as queries, forms (adding new
Query - to extract specific
content) or neatly formatted
information
reports

Has objects like Queries, Forms Report - to create neat reports

and Reports with grouping

Presentation of data better Form - easy format for people to

than Excel: especially Report enter data

Styles - can then create an

automatic table of contents

Citations e.g. (Wikipedia, 2015) -

shortened version of source
Footnote1 - to give more inserted at the place where
information about something information was used

References: Automatic bibliography - full list of

Word processing sources and all their information

Index - an alphabetical list of

words/conceptsand the pages on
which they appear (for ease of
reference)

Easier than comments because

Can work together on suggested changes can be
documents with Track Changes implemented by just accepting
(instead of retyping)

26