Classification of Values

Distinct kinds of values exist, although there is no unanimity so as what they are or how they
are to be classified.

• Spranger observed six types of values

1. Theoretical Values

2. Economic Values

3. Aesthetic Values

4. Social Values

5. Political Values

6. Religious Values

• Broudy found values as

1. Economic Values

2. Health Values

3. Recreational Values

4. Associational Values

5. Aesthetic Values

6. Religious & Moral Values

Classification of Values

Distinct kinds of values exist, although there is no unanimity so as what they are or how they
are to be classified.

• Another Classification

1. Academic Values

2. Moral Values

3. Socio-Political Values

4. Scientific temper Values

5. Global Values

6. Environmental Values

7. Cultural Values

• Classification IV

1. Traditional Values

2. Functional Values

• Classification V

1. Psychological Values

2. Historical Values

3. Axiological Values

Classification of Values

Distinct kinds of values exist, although there is no unanimity so as what they are or how they
are to be classified. Broadly, values can be grouped into following main categories

• Temporal Values

• Universal Values

• Terminal Values

• Cultural Values: Matters of tastes, manners and custom. These are neither
published nor enforced, may even not obeyed.

• Political Values: Span the conservative to liberal spectrum

• Economic Values: Ranges from “always by the best” to “always by the

cheapest”

• Corporate Values: Define relationships with customers, employers and

competitors

• Social Values: Determine whether mixed marriages are accepted, how “well
connected” one is and whether the homeless are helped or merely hidden
from public view.

• Psychological Values: connected” one is and whether the homeless are

helped or merely hidden from public view.

• Historical Values: Groups of values, which have acquired an institutional form

such as economic, moral, cognitive, political, aesthetic and religious

• Axiological Values: Grouped into a trinity : truth, goodness and beauty.

 • Extrinsic Values: are the values, which are desired as instruments or means
to reach or achieve a higher end or value. Money, for example, is an
instrumental value.

• Intrinsic Values: like truth, happiness, love, peace are desired as a goal
states for their own sake, for their intrinsic worth. They are sought as human
perfections or ends which are good in themselves without reference to any
other end.

Urban puts values under three main groups of heads:

1. Bodily values

2. Economic values

3. Recreational values

4. Aesthetic values

5. Intellectual values

6. Religious values

Character values

1. Honesty

2. Freedom

3. Faith

4. Adventure

5. Ambition

UNIVERSAL VALUES

Mahatma Gandhi observed five values which are really universal irrespective of
nation, religion, class, creed and cast.

1. Truth

2. Righteous conduct

3. Peace

4. Love

5. Non-violence

TRUTH

This concept of truth is based on sense perception.

The truth of sense perception varies according to time, location, need etc. it is relative not
absolute.

Our judgement depend upon the quality and property which we assign to it through our
perception and sense.

At a higher level, the truth of inference is arrived at through reasoning, which is not wholly
based on experimental science.
 Synchronisation of our thought, word and deed constitutes truth.

Characterized by truthfulness, quest for knowledge, curiosity, spirit of enquiry,

study of one’s self, discrimination, secularism, respect for all regions, universal
self, existent truth.

Truth could be hierarchical concept because reality is understood at different

levels of perception, inference and absoluteness

Truth is the nature of every being.

Deep within us is the urge to reach the source from where we came and in doing so seek
to promote healthy and joyful life.

Highest human value connected with the intellectual domain of our personality.

Truth is essence of all world religions and the hallmark of glory and grandeur of human
civilization.

Truth is inexpressible, inconceivable, undestroyable, eternal, and unchangeable.

It pervades the whole universe.

It is revealed only by intuition or self-awareness, self-realization.

Truth liberates, truth is power, truth is freedom.

Truth forms the basis of integrity and morality.

Righteousness

Righteousness or the moral law of activity in thinking, speaking and doing so as to

attain the highest truth.

The Goal of Righteousness is self-realization.

Righteousness is “that which sustains, saves and sanctifies”.

It is divine law that is inherent in every structure of the Universe.

It is the foundation for the functioning of the Universe.

It is the foundation of welfare of humanity.

Righteousness is featured by
It is the divine justice that upholds truth and order in the universe.

It is the principle of morality enacted in all its phases that can give mankind real
peace and prosperity, health and happiness and bliss beyond this life of earthly
sojourn.

Righteousness is featured by regularity, punctuality, obedience, loyalty, respect

for others, self-reliance, reverence, simple living, honesty, duty, prudence, self-
support, service to others, self-confidence, cleanliness, proper utilization of time

• Regularity
• Punctuality
• Obedience
• Loyalty
• Respect for others
• Self-reliance
• Reverence
• Proper utilization of time
• Simple living
• Honesty
• Duty
• Prudence
• Self-support
• Service to others
• Faithfullness
• Self-confidence
• Cleanliness
• Hygienic living
• Initiative
• Resourcefullness
• Courage
• Leadership
Atma Dharma: The Great motive force behind the knowing, willing and acting.
Vritti Dharma: The moral code which regulates and sublimates man’s
profession.
Varna Dharma: Prescribes regulations to channelize man’s impulses and
institutes into fields that are special to his place in society.
Ashram Dharma: Prescribes discipline for blossoming of spiritual consciousness
during the four stages of life.
Samanya Dharma: Code of conduct of man as a man towards other man
Where there is Righteousness in the heart of man there will be beauty of character in the
individual, harmony in the home, order in society, solidarity in the nation and peace in the
world.
Righteous conduct covers all spheres of one’s living and is conducive to the well-being of
one’s own self and all others.
Everyone in this universe is a link in the chain of creation and just as each link
should be fit for smooth functioning of the chain, so also each one’s conduct
should be perfect for orderly functioning of the Universe.
PEACE
Peace is a state of bliss, mental equipoise, and tensionlessness.
It is the condition of unwavering mind.
It is a state of stillness of thought, a controlled state of all the fluctuations of the mind.
Peace connotes; absence of desire, anger, speed, greed and hatred.
Peace is the awareness of the beauty, majesty and omnipresence of God.
Peace is Characterized by abstinence, discipline, purity, endurance, integrity, self-
control, self-discipline, self-respect, self-awareness, dignity of individual, and
meditation, etc.
Real peace can only be attained in the depth of the spirit, in the discipline of the mind, in
the faith of one base of all this seeming multiplicity.
LOVE
Truth leads to righteousness, which unfolds in peace and blossoms into love.
Love is the expression of the individual divine within and is the power of soul.
It is the mightiest of forces in the world and is truly representative of human nature.
Truth leads to righteousness, which unfolds in peace and blossoms into love.
Love is the expression of the individual divine within and is the power of soul.
It is the mightiest of forces in the world and is truly representative of human nature.
It is a form of energy which everyone transmits and receives every moment.
It is in nature of righteous action and results in peace.
Love is characterized by sincerity, sympathy, patriotism, friendship, devotion,
tolerance and humanism etc.
Without loving or being loved no man can exist on the earth.
NON-VIOLENCE
Non-violence basically means non-hurting, amity, harmony and understanding.
Non-violence is the zenith of human achievement and perfection.
It is the spiritual domain of existence.
Direct Violence: Directly responsible for cause pain to somebody.
Indirect Violence: Unknowingly harming the feeling or interests of others.
Non-violence is a positive principle rehabilitating the natural power of love in the human
beings in all the working institutions of the socio-economic structure.
Non-violence is characterized by Common good, national property, national unity,
equality, social service, social justice, solidarity, citizenship, democratic,
universal awareness, responsibility, appreciating others, compassion,
consideration for others etc.

Terminal Values
Happiness, Satisfaction in life.
Knowledge and wisdom.
Peace and harmony in the world.
Pride in accomplishment
Prosperity, wealth.
Lasting Friendship
Recognition from Peers.
Salvation, finding eternal life.
Security, freedom from threat

Instrumental Values
Assertiveness, standing up for yourself
Being helpful or caring toward others
Dependability being counted upon by others.
Education and intellectual pursuits
Hard work and achievement
Obedience, following the wishes for others.
Open mindedness, receptivity to new ideas.
Self-sufficiency, independence
Truthfulness, honesty