INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes,
calculations and operations based on instructions provided
by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to
accept data (input), process it, and then produce outputs.
Inventor of Computer - Charles Babbage
HOW IT WORKS
1. RECEIVING INPUT
Data is fed into computer through various input devices like
keyboard, mouse, digital pens, etc. Input can also be fed
through devices like CD-ROM, pen drive, scanner, etc.
2. PROCESSING THE INFORMATION
Operations on the input data are carried out based on the
instructions provided in the programs.
3. STORING THE INFORMATION
After processing, the information gets stored in the primary
or secondary storage area.
4. PRODUCING OUTPUT
The processed information and other details are
communicated to the outside world through output devices
like monitor, printer, etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Desktop Computer Laptop Computer Tablet Computer
OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• SMART PHONES
• SMART WATCH
• SMART TV
• GAMING CONSOLE
BASIC APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in
homes, business, educational institutions, research
organizations, medical field, government offices,
entertainment, Banking etc.
• Watching Movies, Playing Games, Learning or Teaching
Purpose, paying all types of bills, Accessing social
media.
• Maintaining Database, different test reports and
monitoring patients in medical field.
• Maintaining, Accessing and Reporting of Bank Accounts
in Banking field.
PARTS OF COMPUTER
INPUTS AND OUTPUTS DEVICES
• INPUT DEVICE
An input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment that
gets raw data into the computer to provide data and control signals
to an information system.
Example : Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Scanner, Joy Stick Etc.
• OUTPUT DEVICE
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment
which converts information into a human-readable form. It can
be text, graphics, audio, video etc.
Examples: Monitors, Printers, Speakers, Headphones, Projectors,
GPS devices etc.
CPU – Central Processing Unit
(It is also Called ‘BRAIN’ of the Computer)
The CPU ‘controls’ what the computer does and is responsible for
performing calculations and data processing. It also handles the
movement of data to and from system memory.
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
CPU’s come in a variety of speeds which are known as ‘clock rates’.
Clock rates are measured in ‘Hertz’. Generally, the faster the clock
rate, the faster the performance of the computer.
COMPUTER MEMORY
• PRIMARY MEMORY
This is the main memory of the computer. CPU can directly read or
write on this memory. It is fixed on the motherboard of the
computer.
Types of Primary Memory
1. RAM
2. ROM
RAM – Random Access memory
It is a temporary memory. The information stored in this memory is
lost as the power supply to the computer is turned off. That’s why
it is also called Volatile Memory.
ROM- Read Only Memory
Information stored in ROM is permanent in nature, It holds the
data even if the system is switched off. It holds the starting
instructions for the computer. ROM cannot be overwritten by the
computer. That’s why it is called Non-Volatile Memory.
• SECONDARY MEMORY
The memory is permanent in nature. It is used to store the different
programs and the information permanently (which were
temporarily stored in RAM). It holds the information till we erase it.
Storage Devices of Secondary Memory –
• Hard Disc(HDD)
• SSD
• Compact Disc(CD)
• Digital Video Disc(DVD)
• Pen Drive
• Memory Chip
• Etc.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer.
Any part of a computer system that we can touch is know as
hardware. These are the primary electronic devices used to
build up the computer.
INPUT DEVICE – Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, etc.
OUTPUT DEVICE- Monitor, Printer, Speaker, etc.
STORAGE DEVICE- Pen drive, HDD, SSD, etc.
INTERNAL COMPONENTS- Motherboard, RAM, ROM, etc.
SOFTWARE
Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures,
and routines associated with the operation of a computer
system. and A set of instructions that directs a computer's
hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software
program.
There are two types of Software –
1. System Software
2. Application Software
System Software
System software is a software designed to provide a
platform for other software. And this software control and
manage the operation of computer hardware.
• Operating system - Windows, Unix, Linux, Android, Mac OS
• Utilities - Disk Defragmenter, Disk Cleanup
• Device Drivers – Printer Driver, Sound Driver, Graphic Drivers.
Application Software
Application software is a type of computer program that
performs a specific personal, educational, and business
function.
• MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-PowerPoint.
• Tally, Photoshop, AutoCAD, Mobile apps.
• Web Browsers- Internet Explorer, Firefox,
Google Chrome, etc.
Operating System
An Operating System (OS) is a system
software that manages computer
hardware, software resources, and
provides common services for computer
programs.
USER APPLICATION
OPERATING
SYSTEM HARDWARE
WINDOWS
Windows 1, 1985
Windows 2, 1987
Windows 3, 1990
Windows 3.1, 1991
Windows 95, 1995
Windows 98, 1998
Windows CE, 2000
Windows XP, 2001
Windows Vista, 2006
Windows 7, 2007
Windows 8 2012
Windows 8.1, 2014
Windows 10 2015
Windows 11, 5th October, 2021
STORAGE UNIT
BIT (B) (It is smallest unit, is used for binary digit) 0,1
NIBBLE >> 4BITS = 1 NIBBLE
BYTE (B) >> 8BITS = 1 BYTE
KILOBYTE (KB) >> 1024 BYTES = 1 KB
MEGABYTE (MB) >> 1024KB = 1 MB
GIGABYTE (GB) >> 1024MB = 1 GB
TERABYTE (TB) >> 1024GB = 1 TB
PETABYTE (PB) >> 1024TB = 1 PB
EXABYTE (EB) >> 1024PB = 1 EB
ZETTABYTE (ZB) >> 1024EB = 1 ZB
YOTTABYTE (YB) >> 1024 ZB = 1 YB
*A Terabyte (TB) is a measure of computer storage capacity
and It is used for personal and office use.
*Computer storage available for research organization is
generally available in the EB storage unit, which is used for
large-scale research data records.
