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Fundamental of Computer
A computer is a machine which manipulates data according to list of instructions. Depending
on the logic it uses, a computer is generally thought of two types:
➢ Analog Computer
➢ Digital Computer

Analog Computer:-
An analog computer (spelled analogue in British English) is a form of computer that
uses electrical, mechanical or hydraulic phenomena to model the problem being solved. More
generally an analog computer uses one kind of physical quantity to represent the behavior of
another physical system, or mathematical function. Modeling a real physical system in a
computer is called simulation.
Digital Computer:-
Digital computers are high-speed, programmable, electronic devices that perform
mathematical calculations compare values and store the result. They recognize data by count-
ing discrete signals representing either a high (―on‖) or low (―off‖) voltage state of elec-
tricity. Numbers and special symbols can be reduced to representation by 1s (―on‖) and 0s
―off‖).

What is a computer?
Physically
1. VDU (Visual Display Unit) Monitor
2. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
3. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
4. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
5. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
6. ODD (Optical Disk Drive)
7. FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Keyboard
Mouse
Print
Scanner
Speaker
UPS
What is a computer?
Functionally
Computer is an electronic device, which accept data/memory pro-
cess/manipulate them & prompt & meaningful reply information. The computer word is de-
rived from Latin American word computer which means to calculate:-
C = Common
O = Operate
M = Machine
P = Particular
U = Use
T = Trade

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E = Education
R = Research

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Meaning
―Common, Operate, Machine, Particular, Use, Trade, Education, Research is called a
Computer‖.
Characteristics of Computer/Features of Computer
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Reliability
4. High Storage Capacity
5. Multipurpose:
✓ Science & Technology
✓ Music & entertainment
✓ Media & Communication
✓ Education
✓ Business & Banking
✓ Travel & Transportation
✓ Social & Security
✓ Industry & Agriculture etc.
✓ Health
CD - Compact Disk
VCD - Video Compact Disk
DVD - Digital Versatile Disk
Classification of Computer
1. On the basis of size
Micro Computer (Desktop/Personal/Laptop/Palm top)
Mini Computer
Mainframe Computer
Super Computer
2. On the basis of manufacture/production
IBM Computer
IBM compatible Computer Macin-
tosh or Apple computer
3. On the basis of work
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer

Structure of Computer ALU

Input Processin Output

Eg. Keyboard/ Eg.Monitor/ Printer/Plotter

Mouse/ Joystick/Scanner Control Unit

Memory Unit

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

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ROM RAM HDD, FDD,

CD/DVD,
Pen Drive, Magnetic
tap etc.
SD RAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3
PATA

HDD CD R
PATA
SATA CD R/W
CD/DVD ROM
DVD
Combo
SATA
DVD R/W

Input Unit
Input unit consists on input device from which we can input the data into the computer.
Eg:- Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner etc.
Keyboard
Normal Multimedia
Serial PS/2
PS/2 USB
USB
Processing Unit (CPU):
CPU stands for central processing Unit which is known as heart of the computer system.
It is also known as brain of computer system. It has three other sections they are:-
a) ALU
ALU stands for arithmetic logic unit. It operates mathematical & logical factors of
computer.
b) CU:
CU stands for control unit. It control & operate each & every system of computer.
c) MU:
MU stands for memory unit. It can store the data or memory of computer system,
There are especially two types of memory unit.
1. Primary Memory 2. Secondary Memory
1. Primary Memory
Primary memory is a temporary memory of computer system. It can store the memory
of computer system for temporary use. It has two types of other section. They are.
(a) ROM (b) RAM

(a) ROM:-
ROM stands for read only memory. It can read the data or memory or computer system
but cannot write anything into it. It has already written by the programmers during the manu-
facture time. It can read the internal memory of computer system.
(b) RAM:-
RAM stands for random access memory. It can read & write the memory of computer
system. When the computer system is turn on. If the computer is turn off its memory will au-
tomatically erased. So it is also known as the volatile memory.

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2. Secondary Memory
It is permanent storage unit. It can store the data or memory of computer system for fu-
ture use.
Eg:- HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
CD/DVD Rom (Optical Disk Drive)
Magnetic Tape
Pen Drive
Portable Disk Drive
Flash Disk
Output Unit:
Output unit is that from which we can get results. Such as Monitor. Plotter, Printer etc.
Study of Computer

Hardware
Hardware
Computer Hardware

Software Operating System

Application Software
Language Translator
Utility Software
Hardware or Computer Hardware: -
Those things which we can see or touch or fell & related with metal things is called
hardware but computer hardware is that hardware which we can see touch, related with metal
things as well as connected with computer peripherals is called computer hardware.
The physical components or body of computer is called computer hardware. Such as
keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, hard disk, optical disk drives etc.

Software: -
Com puter can’t do anything itself. It wants an instruction. The collection of instruction
is called a program & the collection of programs is called software. There are especially four
types of software.
1. Operating System: (eg. Ms-DOS, PC-DOS, UNIX, Windows, LINUX etc.)
2. Application Software: (eg Ms-Word, Ms-Excel, Ms-PowerPoint, Adobe
PageMaker, Adobe Photoshop, Freehand, Corel Draw, Tally etc.)
3. Utility Software: (eg. Anti-Virus (NOD32, Kaspersky, Avira, Avast etc.)
4. Language Translator: (eg. C, C+, Q Basic, GW Basic, Oracle, Java Language,
Visual Basic etc.)

The End

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Microsoft Windows:
Microsoft Windows is the most popular and advanced operating sys-
tem, which manage and operate the hardware and software of computer
system. It works as a mediator between computer machine and human by
translating the binary language. There are too many types of Microsoft
windows operating system, such as:
These are the versions commonly used by individuals and businesses.
• Windows 1.0 – 3.1 (1985–1992) – Early graphical user interfaces
• Windows 95 (1995) – Introduced the Start menu
• Windows 98 (1998) – Improved Internet and multimedia features
• Windows ME (Millennium Edition) (2000) – Last of the Windows 9x series
• Windows XP (2001) – Very popular, long support life
• Windows Vista (2006) – Improved security, but unpopular
• Windows 7 (2009) – Stable and widely used
• Windows 8 / 8.1 (2012–2013) – Introduced Metro UI, removed Start menu
• Windows 10 (2015) – Unified OS across devices, regular updates
• Windows 11 (2021) – Latest version with modern UI and better performance
• Windows Server 2022 (latest version)

To Open Calculator:
• Click on start > All programs > Accessories Calculator.
or,
• Click on Start > Search programs and files or Run Command (Win
key + R)
• Type Calc into the run or search box.
• Click on ok. Or press enter key.

To set desktop date and time:

• Click on start.
• Click on control panel.

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• Click on date and time.

• Click on change date and time.
• Now set the system date and time as required.
• Click on ok.
• Click on apply > ok.
Or,
• Click on date and time of taskbar.
• Click on change date and time setting.
• Click on change date and time.
• Now set the system date and time as required.
• Click on ok.
• Click on apply > ok.
Control Panel
The Control Panel in Windows is a system management tool that allows users
to configure and manage various aspects of their computer. It provides access to
settings related to hardware, software, network, security, and personalization.
Display properties: It is used to change the display items of current desk-
tops.
What Can You Do in Control Panel?
• System & Security – Manage firewall, backup, and system updates
• Network & Internet – Configure Wi-Fi, Internet, and VPN settings
• Hardware & Sound – Adjust printer, sound, and device settings
• Programs – Uninstall or modify installed applications
• User Accounts – Manage users, passwords, and security settings
• Appearance & Personalization – Change themes, fonts, and display settings
• Clock & Region – Set time, date, and language preferences

While Windows 10 and 11 emphasize the Settings app, the Control Panel still offers
advanced options that some users prefer.

To Change Desktop / Background:

• Right click on desktop.
• Click on personalize.
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• Choose and click over on proper theme. Or,

• Click on desktop/background
• Click on proper background picture.
• Click on save changes.
To Change Windows Color
• Right click on desktop.
• Click on personalize.
• Click on windows color.
• Choose proper windows color.
• Click on save changes.
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To Change or apply Screensaver

• Right click on desktop.
• Click on personalize.
• Click on screensaver.
• Choose 3D text from screen saver drop down button.
• Click on settings.
• Enter the text and set their properties.
• Click on Ok
• Click on Apply > Ok.
To Change Desktop Icons (My computer / My documents / Recycle
Bin / My Network Place
• Right click on desktop.
• Click on personalize.
• Click on Change desktop icons.
• Choose proper icon which you want to change.
• Click on change icon.
• Choose proper icon.
• Click on Ok.
• Click on Apply > Ok.
To Show or hide desktop icons:
• Right click on desktop.
• Click on View.
• Click on Show desktop icons.
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To Arrange or sort desktop icons:

• Right click on desktop.

• Click on Sort by or Arrange icons by.
• Choose proper sort option.

MS-paint:
Ms-paint is a simple drawing program. In this program, we can
draw simple drawings.
• Click on Start > All Programs >Accessories > paint.
Or,
• Click on Start > Search programs and files or Run Command (Winkey
+ R)
• Type pbrush into the run or search box.
• Click on ok or press enter key.
To Save Drawings:
• Click on file menu or office button.
• Click on save (Ctrl + S)
• Specify the location and type file name.
• Click on save.
To Create New Document:
• Click on file menu or office button.
• Click on New (Ctrl + N)
To OPen Document:
• Click on file menu or office button.
• Click on Open (Ctrl + O)
• Specify the location and choose proper file name.
• Click on Open.
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To Set As desktop or background

• Draw any drawings and save it.
• Click on File menu or office button.
• Click on set as desktop background.
To Exit Ms-Paint:
• Click on file menu or office button.
• Click on Exit (Alt + F4)
For practice:
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The End
WordPad:
Word pad is a simple word processing package which is developed
by Microsoft Corporation of USA. In this program, we can type, edit and
print our document.
To Open WordPad:
• Click on Start > All programs > Accessories > WordPad.
Or,
• Click on Start > Search programs and files or Run (Windows key + R)
• Type WordPad into the run or search box.
• Click on Ok or Press enter key.
To Save Document:
• Click on file menu or office button.
• Click on save (Ctrl + S)
• Specify the location and type file name.
• Click on save.
To Create New Document:
• Click on file menu or office button.
• Click on New (Ctrl + N)
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To OPen Document:
• Click on file menu or office button.
• Click on Open (Ctrl + O)
• Specify the location and choose proper file name.
• Click on Open.
To edit paragraphs:
• Select the paragraphs.
• Choose proper font (eg. Arial / Arial Black / Times New Roman /
Preeti / Kantipur etc.), Font size, Style (Bold / Italic / Underline),
color, text alignment, bullets and numbering etc from the ribbon.
To Cut or Copy and Paste Paragraphs:
• Select the text.
• Click on Cut (Ctrl + X) or Copy (Ctrl + C)
• Re-again, Click on Paste (Ctrl + V)
To Exit Wordpad:
• Click on File or office button.
• Click on Exit (Alt + F4)

The end
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Notepad:
Notepad is a simple program. It is same as WordPad but it is espe-
cially use to type HTML tags for Webpage designing it is a windows
based application program which is developed by Microsoft Corporation
of USA.
1. To Open Notepad
• Click on start > programs > Accessories > Notepad

Or
• Click on start
• Click on run
• Type Notepad into the run box
• Click on ok
2. To Save Document
• Click on file menu
• Click on save or saves
• Specify the location & type file name
• Click on save
3. To Create New Document
• Click on file menu
• Click on new
4. To open Document
• Click on file menu
• Click on open
• Choose proper file from the specified location
• Click on open
5. To Edit Paragraphs
• Click on format menu
• Click on fonts
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• Choose proper font, font size, & font style from the dialogue box
• Click on ok
6. To Cut, Copy & Paste Paragraphs
• Select the paragraphs
• Click on edit menu
• Click on cut (ctrl + X) or Copy (ctrl + C)

• Re – again click on edit menu

• Click on paste (ctrl + V)

7. To Exit Notepad
• Click on file menu
• Click on exit (Alt + F4)

The End
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File:
File is a collection of related contents or matters.
Folder:
Folder is a cabinet of files where we can store multiple files
1. To Create New Folder into the Desktop
• Right click on desktop
• Click on new
• Click on folder
• Enter the new name of Folder & press enter key
―Or‖
• Double Click the mouse button outside of folder
2. To Create New Folder into the Windows Explore
• Right click on my computer
• Click on open
• Choose & right click on required drive (C:/D:/E) Where you want to
create folder
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• Click on open
• Click on file menu
• Click on new
• Click on folder
―Or‖
• Right click on explore area > new >folder
• Enter the new name of folder & press enter key
3. To Create Sub Folder
• Right click on required folder
• Click on open
• Click on file > new > folder
• Enter the name of folder & press enter key

4. To Rename Folder or File

• Right click on required folder or file
• Click on rename (F2)
• Enter the new name of folder or file & press enter key
5. To Arrange Folder or File
• Right click on desktop or explore area
• Click on arrange icon by
• Choose proper arrange option
6. To Open Folder or File
• Double click on required folder or file
―Or‖
• Right click on required folder or file
• Click on open
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7. To Save File into the Folder

• Make ready any folder in any drive location
• Open any program (for e.g.: WordPad, Notepad, Ms-Paint etc)
which file you want to save.
• Click on file > save > saves
• Choose proper folder from specified location.
• Click on open.
• Enter the file name & click on save
8. To Cut, Copy & Paste Folder or File
• Choose & Right click on required folder & file
• Click on cut or copy
• Specify the location & right click where you want to paste
• Click on paste
9. To Search Folder or File
• Click on start menu
• Click on search
• Click on for file or folders
• Click on all files & folders
• Specify the location where you want to search & enter name of files
or folders into the search box
• Click on search or find or press enter key
10. To Restore Deleted Folder or File from Recycle Bin
• Right click on recycle bin
• Click on open
• Right click on required folder or file
• Click on restore
11. To play songs or movies from windows media player
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• Click on start menu

• Click on programs
• Click on windows media player
• Click on file
• Click on open
• Choose required file form specified location
• Click on open

Microsoft Office Word 2007

Introduction:
Microsoft Word is the most popular and advanced word processing
package, which is developed by Microsoft Corporation of USA. It is also
known as the text formatting or word perfect or word processor program.
In this program, we can type, edit and print our document in desire way.
Application file name: winword.exe
File Extentsion: .doc / .docx

To Open Microsoft Office Word 2007

• Click on Start > all Programs > Microsoft Office > Microsoft Office
Word 2007.
Or,
• Click on Start > Search programs and files or Run Command
(Windows key + R)
• Type WinWord into the run or search box.
• Press enter key or click on ok.
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Save:-
It is use to save the current document in the specified location.
• Click in office button.
• Click on save (ctrl + s)
• Specified the location and type file name .
• Click on save.
Save As:
It is used to save the current document or same matter document with dif-
ferent file name and location (if necessary).
• Click on office button.
• Click on save as (f12).
• Specified the location and type file name.
• Click on save.
Close:-
It is used to close the current document window.
• Click on office button.
• Click on close (ctrl+w).
Open:-
It is used to open the word document file from specified location.
• Click on office button
• Click on open (ctrl+o)
• Choose proper file from specified location
• Click on open
New:-
It is used to create new document.
• Click on office
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• Click on new (ctrl+N)

• Click on blank document
• Click on create
To format Text:-
• Select the text
• Choose proper font/font size, color, style and other attribute from
the home ribbon
Or,
• Click on file option (ctrl+ D).
• Click on font tab
• Choose proper font, font color, size, style and other effect
• Click on ok
Character spacing:-
It is used to define the space between the character
• Select the text
• Click on font option (ctrl+D)
• Click on character spacing tab
• Define the space between the character
• Click on ok
Change case:-
It is used to change the case of selected sentences into the upper case/
lower case/ toggle case or sentence case
• Select the sentences
• Click on change case drop down button of home menu
• Choose proper case option
To Format paragraphs:-
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• Select the text

• Choose proper text alignment (left/right/center/justify) and line
spacing between the paragraphs from the home ribbon
Or,
• Click on paragraphs option of home ribbon
• Define the alignment, indents tabs and line space between the
paragraphs line.
• Click on ok
To insert Bullets and Numbering: -
• Select the paragraphs
• Click on bullets and numbering drop down button
• Choose proper button and numbering style from the bullets and
numbering drop down button.
To Remove bullet:-
• Select the bulleted or numbering paragraphs
• Click on bullet or numbering drop down button of home menu
• Click on none
Find:-
It is used to find the text string current document
• Click on find (ctrl+ F)
• Enter the finding word into the find what box.
• Click on find or find next
Replace:-
It is used to replace the finding word or text strings of current document.
• At first we have to find the words which we want to find
• Click on replace (ctrl+H) of home menu
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• Enter the replacing word into the replace box

• Click on replace or replace all
• Click on yes
• Click on ok
• Click on close button
Go to:-
It is used to jump the specified page number
• Click on find drop down button of home ribbon
• Click on Go To (ctrl + G)
• Enter the page number onto the go to box
• Click on go to
• Click on close
Undo: It is used to repeat the previous action or activities of current doc-
ument.
• Click on Undo tool of customize quick access toolbar. or
• Press (Ctrl+z)
Redo: It is used to repeat the previous last action or activities of current
document.
• Click on Redo tool of customize quick access toolbar. or
• Press (Ctrl+Y)
Cut or Copy and Paste: It lets you cut or copy and paste the selected text
or objects.
• Select the object or text which you want to cut or copy.
• Click on Cut (Ctrl + X) or Copy (Ctrl + C) of home ribbon.
• Click on Paste (Ctrl +V) of home ribbon.
To Insert Picture from file:
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• Position the cursor at proper place.

• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Picture.
• Choose proper picture from specified location.
• Click on Insert.
To Insert Picture from Clip Art gallery:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Clip Art.
• Enter the name of picture into the search box.
• Click on Go or search or press enter key.
• Now, choose and click over on required picture.
To Edit Picture:
• Select the picture which you want to edit.
• Click on format menu.
• Now, edit the picture by using the properties of format ribbon
option
To Insert Auto shape:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on shapes drop down button and choose required shape.
• Now, draw a shape as you need.
To Insert Cover Page:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on cover page.
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To Insert Blank Page:

• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on blank page.
To Page break:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on page break.
To Insert Smart art or organizaion chart:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on smart art.
• Choose proper smart art.
• Click on ok.
To Insert Text Box:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Text Box drop down button.
• Choose proper text box.
To Insert Word ArtText:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Word art drop down button.
• Choose proper word art text style from the word art gallery.
• Type the text in specified font.
• Click on Insert or ok.
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To Edit Word Art text:

• Select the word art text.
• Click on Format menu.
• Choose proper word art editing tools and edit the text.
To insert Symbol:
• Position the cursor at proper location.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Symbol.
• Click on More symbol
• Choose proper symbol from specified font.
• Click on Insert > Close.
To Insert Microsoft Equation:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Equation.
• Choose proper equation from the ribbon.
To insert Signature line:
• Position the cursor at proper location.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Signature line.
• Click on ok.
• Enter the name of signer, email address and designation.
• Click on ok.
To Insert Date and Time:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Insert menu.
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• Click on Date and Time.

• Choose correct system date and time.
• Click on Ok.

Header & Footer:

Header is a top margin and footer is a bottom margin of current document.
It lets you repeat the same sentences / words / picture etc into the next
page of top or bottom margin automatically.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Header or footer.
• Enter the header or footer text or insert any object.
• Click on close header and footer.

To Remove Header and Footer:

• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on header or footer > Remove header or footer.
To Insert Page Number:
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Page Number.
• Choose top/bottom of page and page number alignment option.
• Click on close header and footer.
To Remove Page Number:
• Click no Insert menu.
• Click on Page Number.
• Click on Remove page number.
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Drop Cap: Drop Cap is an initial cap letter. It is used to drops the number
of paragraphs line.
• Select the first letter of the current paragraphs.
• Click on Insert menu.
• Click on Drop Dap drop down button.
• Click drop cap option.
• Click on dropped and define the number of dropping lines.
• Click on Ok.
To Insert Watermark:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Watermark drop down button.
• Choose proper watermark option.
To Insert Page Color:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Page color drop down button.
• Choose proper page color option.
To Insert Borders:
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Page Borders.
• Click on Borders tab.
• Choose proper border box, style, width and color.
• Click on Ok.
To Remove Borders:
• Click on Page Layout menu.
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• Click on Page Borders.

• Click on Borders tab.
• Click on None
• Click on Ok.
To Insert Page Borders:
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Page Borders.
• Click on Page Borders tab.
• Choose proper border box, style, width and color or choose proper
page border color from the art drop down button.
• Click on Ok.
To Remove Page Borders:
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Page Borders.
• Click on Page Borders tab.
• Click on None
• Click on Ok.
To Insert Shading
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Page Borders.
• Click on Shading tab.
• Choose proper shading color.
• Click on Ok.
To Remove Shading:
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Page Borders.
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• Click on shading tab.

• Click on no color.
• Click on Ok.

Page Setup: It lets you define the paper size (A4 / letter/ A3 / B5 etc),
Page orientation (Portrait or Landscape) and page margins (top / bottom /
left and right) of current document.
• Click on page layout menu.
• Click on size drop down button and choose page size.
• Click on margin drop down button and choose or define the page
margins as required.
• Click on page orientation button and choose proper page
orientation.
Or,
• Click on page setup option.
• Click on paper tab and choose page size.
• Click on margin tab and choose page orientation and define the
page margins.
• Click on ok.

Table: Table Consists on number of cells. The Intersection of horizontal

rows and Vertical column is called a cell and the collection of cells it
called a table.
To Insert Table:
• Position the cursor at proper place.
34

• Click on Insert menu.

• Click table drop down button.
• Click on insert table.
• Define the number of rows and columns.
• Click on ok.
To Increase or Decrease Columns Width:
• Position the mouse pointer at vertical column line such that it will
display two header arrow then drag the mouse left or right side by
holding down it’s primary button and release it.
Or,
• Double click the mouse button.
To Increase or Decrease row height:
• Position the mouse pointer at horizontal row line such that it will
display two header arrow then drag the mouse top or bottom side
by holding down its primary button and release it.
To Insert Rows or Columns:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on layout menu.
• Click on rows above or below (to insert rows) or click on insert left
or right (to insert columns)
To Insert Rows at the end of table:
• Position the cursor at the end of table cell.
• Press tab key.
Merge Cells:
It is used to merge or combine the two or more cells.
• Select the two or more cells.
35

• Click on Layout menu.

• Click on merge cells.
Split cells:
It is used to break the cell into two or more cells.
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on layout menu.
• Click on split cells.
• Define the number of rows and columns.
• Click on ok.
Split Table:
It is used to split or break the table.
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on layout menu.
• Click on split table.
To Format Table / cells / columns / rows:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Design menu.
• Choose proper table design.
To Apply Table Border
• Select the table.
• Click on Design menu.
• Click on table border drop down button.
• Choose proper table border option.
To Apply Shading color into the table.
• Select the table.
• Click on Design menu.
36

• Click on table shading drop down button.

• Choose proper table shading color.
To Erase table
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Design menu.
• Click on Eraser.
• Now, eraser the table as you need.
To Draw table
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Design menu.
• Click on Draw table.
• Now, draw a table as you need.
To Select table or rows or cells or columns:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on layout menu.
• Click on select drop down button..
• Choose proper select option.
To show or hide grid lines:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on layout menu.
• Click on show or hide grid lines.

Table Properties:It is used to define the table size, column width , row
height etc of current table.
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on layout menu.
37

• Click on properties.
• Choose and define the required properties of table.
• Click on OK.
To Define Text alignment:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Layout menu.
• Click required alignment option.
To Define Text Direction:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Layout menu.
• Click Text direction.
To Define Cell Margins:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Layout menu.
• Click Cell Margins.
• Define the cell margins.
• Click on Ok.
To Repeat Header Rows:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Layout menu.
• Click repeat header rows.
Sort: It is used to arrange the cell contents in ascending or descending or-
der list.
• Select the cell contents.
• Click on Layout menu.
• Click on Sort.
38

• Choose and define the ascending and descending order list as

required.
• Click on ok.

To Convert to Text:
• Select the table.
• Click on Layout menu.
• Click on Convert to text.
To Apply Formula:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Layout menu.
• Click on Formula.
• Enter the formula as required.
• Click on ok.
To Auto Format table:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on Design menu.
• Choose proper table format.
To apply shading into the table cell:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on design menu.
• Click on shading tab.
• Choose proper shading color.
To apply table border:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on design menu.
39

• Click on border tab.

• Choose proper table border.
To Change table Border Color:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on design menu.
• Click on border color drop down button.
• Choose proper border color.
To Change table border style:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on design menu.
• Click on border style drop down button.
• Choose proper border style.
To Change table border width:
• Position the cursor at proper cell.
• Click on design menu.
• Click on border width drop down button.
• Choose proper border width.

Breakes: It lets you break the page, columns and text wrap of current doc-
ument.
• Position the cursor at proper place.
• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on breaks.
• Choose proper break option.

Line Numbers: It lets you insert the line numbers.

40

• Position the cursor at proper place.

• Click on Page Layout menu.
• Click on Line Numbers.
• Click on continuous.

To Check Spelling & Grammar

• Select the sentence.
• Click on review menu.
• Click on Spelling & Grammar (F7)
• Choose correct spelling & grammar from the suggestion box.
• Click on change
• Click on Yes.
• Click on Ok.
Word count:- It is used to count and display the number of pages, para-
graphs, sentences, lines, characters etc of current document.
• Click on review menu.
• Click on word count. (It will display the results)
• Click on Close.
Thesaurus:- It is used to display the synonyms and antonyms of current
document.
• Select the words.
• Click on review menu.
• Click on Thesaurus (Shift + F7)
Auto Correct options:- It is used to correct the minor mistakes of current
document automatically.
• Click on office button.
41

• Click on Word Options.

• Click on proofing.
• Click on auto correct options.
• Enable or Disable the required options of auto correct.
• Click on Ok.
To Assign Password into the word document file:
• Click on Office button.
• Click on Save or Save As.
• Specify the location and type file name.
• Click on Tools drop down button.
• Click on General options.
• Enter the password and click on ok.
• Re-again type confirm password and click on ok.
• Click on Save.
Zoom:- It is used to zoom in or zoom out the current document.
• Click on View menu.
• Click on Zoom.
• Choose or define the zoom percentage.
• Click on Ok.
To Show or Hide Page Ruler:
• Click on View menu.
• Click on Ruler check box of ribbon.
To Show or Hide Grid:
• Click on View menu.
• Click on grid check box of ribbon.
42
43

वि.सं. २००७ सालमा दे शमा प्रजातन्त्रको स्थापनासँगै ननजामती कममचारीको ननयुक्तत छुट्टै र स्ितन्त्र
ननकायबाट गने उद्दे श्यले वि.सं. २००८ साल असार १ गते (तदनस
ु ार १५ जन
ु १९५१ ई.स.) लोक सेिा
आयोगको स्थापना भएको हो । स्थापना कालदे खि यस आयोगले ननजामती सेिाका पदमा उपयत
ु त
उम्मेदिार छनौट गने कायम गदै आइरहे को छ । नेपालको संविधानमा ननजामती सेिा, नेपाली
सेना, नेपाल प्रहरी, सशस्र प्रहरी बल, नेपाल र अन्त्य संघीय सरकारी सेिाको पदमा पदपूनतमका लागग
ललइने ललखित परीक्षा लोक सेिा आयोगले सञ्चालन गने गरी व्यिस्था गररएको छ । नेपालको
संविधानको भाग २३ मा लोक सेिा आयोग सम्बन्त्धी व्यिस्था गररएको छ ।

गठन

नेपालको संविधानको भाग २३ को धारा २४२ को उपधारा (१) मा भएको लोक सेिा आयोगको

गठनसम्बन्त्धी व्यिस्था अनस

ु ार आयोगमा अध्यक्ष र अन्त्य चारजना सदस्यहरू रहने प्रािधान छ ।
राष्ट्रपनतले संिैधाननक पररषद्को लसफाररसमा लोक सेिा आयोगका अध्यक्ष र सदस्यको ननयक्ु तत गने

र यसरी ननयक्ु तत गदाम आयोगका सदस्यहरूमध्ये कम्तीमा पचास प्रनतशत सदस्य बीस िषम िा सो

भन्त्दा बढी अिगधसम्म कुनै सरकारी सेिामा रहे का व्यक्ततहरू मध्येबाट र बाँकी सदस्यहरू विज्ञान,

प्रविगध, कला, साहहत्य, कानन

ू , जनप्रशासन, समाजशास्र िा राक्ष्ट्रय जीिनका अन्त्य क्षेरमा शोध,
अनस
ु न्त्धान, अध्यापन िा अन्त्य कुनै महत्िपर्
ू म कायम गरी ख्यानत प्राप्त गरे का व्यक्ततहरू मध्येबाट
ननयुतत हुने व्यिस्था छ । यसरी ननयुक्तत हुनु अनघ सङ्घीय संसदका दब
ु ै सदनका सदस्यहरू रहने
गरी सङ्घीय कानून बमोक्जम पन्त्र सदस्यीय संयुतत सलमनत माफमत संसदीय सुनुिाई हुने प्रािधान

छ।

संविधानको प्रािधान अनुसार अध्यक्ष समेत गरी ५ जना मार पदागधकारी रहने व्यिस्था भएकोमा यो
संविधान लागू हुनप
ु ि
ू म आयोगमा सो भन्त्दा बढी संख्यामा पदागधकारीहरू कायमरत रहे को हुँदा साबबकका
सात जना पदागधकारीहरूको ननयक्ु ततलाई नेपालको संविधानको धारा ३०१ को उपधारा (३) ले
ननरन्त्तरता हदने व्यिस्था गरे को छ ।
44
45

FIRST NAME LAST NAME

Address · Phone
Email · LinkedIn Profile · Twitter/Blog/Portfolio

To replace this text with your own, just click it and start typing. Briefly state your career objective, or summa-
rize what makes you stand out. Use language from the job description as keywords.

Experience
Dates From – To

Job Title, COMPANY

Describe your responsibilities and achievements in terms of impact and results. Use examples, but keep it
short.

Dates From – To
Job Title, COMPANY
Describe your responsibilities and achievements in terms of impact and results. Use examples, but
keep it short.

Education
Month Year
Degree Title, SCHOOL
It’s okay to brag about your GPA, awards, and honors. Feel free to summarize your coursework too.

Month Year
Degree Title, SCHOOL
It’s okay to brag about your GPA, awards, and honors. Feel free to summarize your coursework too.

Skills
• List your strengths relevant for the role you’re ap- • List one of your strengths
plying for • List one of your strengths
• List one of your strengths • List one of your strengths

Activities
Use this section to highlight your relevant passions, activities, and how you like to give back. It’s good to in-
clude Leadership and volunteer experiences here. Or show off important extras like publications, certifications,
languages and more.
46
47

Video provides a powerful way

TO HELP YOU PROVE YOUR POINT. WHEN YOU CLICK ONLINE VIDEO, YOU CAN
PASTE IN THE EMBED CODE FOR THE VIDEO YOU WANT TO ADD. YOU CAN ALSO
TYPE A KEYWORD TO SEARCH ONLINE FOR THE VIDEO THAT BEST FITS YOUR
DOCUMENT.

• To make your document look professionally produced,

1. designs that complement each other.

D
A 2. footer, cover page, and text box e
s s
c 3. For example, you can add a matching c
e
n 4. cover page, header, and sidebar. e
d n
i 5. Click Insert and then choose the elements you d
n i
g 6. want from the different galleries. n
7. Word provides header, g
48
49
 50

27 the plus sign.

1 Themes and styles also 14 Save time in Word
2 help keep your docu- 15 with new buttons that 28 Reading is easier, too,
3 ment coordinated. 16 show up where you 29 in the new Reading
4 When you click Design 17 need them. To change 30 view. You can collapse
5 and choose a new 18 the way a picture fits 31 parts of the document
6 Theme, the pictures, 19 in your document, 32 and focus on the text
7 charts, and SmartArt 20 click it and a button 33 you want. If you need
8 graphics change to 21 for layout options ap- 34 to stop reading before
9 match your new 22 pears next to it. When 35 you reach the end,
10 theme. When you ap- 23 you work on a table, 36 Word remembers
11 ply styles, your head- 24 click where you want 37 where you left off -
12 ings change to match 25 to add a row or a col- 38 even on another de-
13 the new theme. 26 umn, and then click 39 vice.
51

button, 45 Design, 45
buttons, 45 document, 45
change, 45 options, 45
column,, 45 theme., 45

Watermelon, Strawberry, Pineapple, Papaya, Orange, Mango, Kiwi, Blueberry,

central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), motherboard,
computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case

pencils, pens, erasers, sharpeners, scales, paper clips, staplers, scissors, and
highlighters
52

"The End"
53

Microsoft Office Excel 2007

To Delete Worksheet

Introduction:
Microsoft excel is the most popular advanced spreadsheet package, which is developed
by Microsoft corporation of USA. In this program we can calculate and manage the numeri-
cal values in desire way. There are 16,384 columns and 1,048576 rows in a worksheet. The
intersection of horizontal row and vertical column is called a cell and the collection of cells is
called a worksheet and the collection of worksheet is called workbook.
Application File name: Excel.exe
File Extension: .xls or .xlsx
To Open Microsoft Excel:
• Click on Start > All Programs > Microsoft Office > Microsoft Office Excel 2007
Or,
• Click on Start > Search programs and files or run command (Windows key + R)
• Type Excel into the run or search box.
• Click on Ok.
Merge Cells:
• Select the two or more cells.
• Click on Merge and center button of home ribbon.

To Insert Rows / Columns

• Select the rows / columns.
• Click on Home Tab.
• Click on Insert drop down button.
• Click on Insert Sheet Rows / Columns.

To Insert Rows / Columns

• Select the required worksheet.
• Click on Home Tab.
• Click on Insert drop down button.
• Click on Insert Sheet.

To Delete Rows / Columns

• Select the rows / columns.
• Click on Home Tab.
• Click on Delete drop down button.
• Click on Delete Sheet Rows / Columns.
54

• Select the rows / columns.

• Click on Home Tab.
• Click on Delete drop down button.
• Click on Delete Sheet.

To Rename worksheet.
• Select the rows / columns.
• Click on Home Tab.
• Click on Format drop down button.
• Click on Rename.
• Enter the new name of worksheet and press enter key.
55

(Excel Problem)
Problem No. 1

Input given are serial no, Particulars, Qty (Quantity) & Rate (Per goods). Find total
Amount.

1 Sima Stationary & Communication

2 Motichowk, Dhangadhi, Kailali
Ph:- ……………
3 Sales Report of ........................... months
4 S.N Particular Qty. Rate Total Amount
5 1 Pen 25 12
6 2 Book 20 75
7 3 Copy 30 15
8 4 Ink 40 35
Formula:-
To find total amount
=Qty*Rate

Problem No. 2
Input given serial No, Particulars, Quantity and Rate. Find Total Amount, Discount
and Net Amount.
Given,
Discount = 10% of total amount.

1 Sima stationary& communication Center

2 Motichowk, Dhangadhi, Kailali
3 Ph:- …………..
4 Sales Report of ……… Months
5 S.N. Particular Qty Rate Total Discount Net
Amount Amount
6 1 Pen 10 45
7 2 Book 12 225
8 3 Copy 15 25
9 4 Ink 5 15
Formula:-
To find total amount
=Qty*rate (Enter)
To find discount
=total amount*10% (Enter)
To find net amount
=total amount – Discount (Enter)
56

Problem No:- 3
Input given S.N., Particular, Qty & Rate Find total amount, discount & net amount.
Given
,
If qty > = 12 then discount=10% of total amount.
If qty < 12 then discount = 0, (No discount)

1 Sima stationary& communication Center

2 Motichowk, Dhangadhi, Kailali
3 Ph:- …………..
4 Sales Report of ……… Months
5 S.N. Particular Qty Rate Total Discount Net
Amount Amount
6 1 Pen 10 45 ? ? ?
7 2 Book 12 225 ? ? ?
8 3 Copy 15 25 ? ? ?
9 4 Ink 5 15 ? ? ?
Formula:-
To find total amount
=qty*rate (Enter)
To find discount
=if (qty>=12, total amount*12%, 0)
To find net amount.
=Total amount – discount.

Problem No: - 4
Input given, S.N., Telephone No, Name, previous call and current call. Find total
call, excess call, sub-total, telecom tax, vat & grand total.
Given,
Minimum call = 100 Mini-
mum charge = Rs. 180/- Ex-
cess call charge = Rs. 1.80/-
Telecom Tax = 10% of Subtotal and VAT
Vat = 13%
57

1 Nepal Telecommunication corporation Dhan-

2 gadhi, Kailali
3 Ph:- …………….
4 Telephone Bill of................ months
5 S.N. T.P.N Name P. C.call T.call E. call Sub-T T.T Vat G.T
call
6 1 525240 Ram 200 300
7 2 525241 Gita 251 400
8 3 525245 Sita 318 515
Formula:-
To find total call
=current call – previous call
To find excess call
=if(total call>minimum call, total call – minimum call,0)
To find sub-total
=minimum charge + excess call * excess call charge
To find telecom tax
=sub total * 10%
To find vat
=(sub total + telecom tax)*13%
To find grand total
=sub total + telecom tax + vat

Problem No:- 5
Input given, S.N., Name, Date of Birth. Find Age and Remarks.
Given,
Age Remarks
4 to 12 years old Child
13 to 19 years old Teenage
20 to 45 years old Young
46 to 65 years old Adult
Above 65 years old Old

1 Age grouping list of Dhangadhi

2 Ph:- …………….
3 S.N. Name Date of Birth Age Remarks
4 1 Ram 09/12/1995
5 2 Sita 10/15/2000
6 3 Gita 12/25/1920
7 4 Sapana 01/02/1998
8 5 Sima 02/04/1999
Formula:-
To find age
=int((now()-date of birth)/total number of days in a year)
To find remarks
=if(age<=12, ―child‖, if(age<=19, ―teenage‖, if(age<=45, ―young‖, if(age<=65, ―adult‖,
―old‖))))

Problem No:- 6
Input given S.N., Name & education code find Remarks.
58

Given,
Education Code Remarks
1 Master
2 Diploma
3 Certificate
4 S.L.C
5 Literate

1 Education Report of
2 Dhangadhi, Kailali
3 S.N. Name Education Code Remarks
4 1 Sapana 2
5 2 Yasuda 3
6 3 Rita 1
7 4 Rani 5
8 5 yani 4

Formula:-
To find Remarks
=if(education code=1, ―master‖, if(education code=2, ― Diploma‖, if(education code=3,
― Certificate‖, if(education code=4, ― SLC‖, if(education code=5, ― Literate‖, ― Illiterate‖)))))

Problem No:- 7
Input given S.N., Name, M-status code, M-status
Given,
M-status code M-status
1 Married
2 Unmarried

1 M-status Report of
2 Dhangadhi, Kailali
3 Ph:- ………..
4 S.N. Name M-status code M-status
5 1 Ram 1
6 2 Shyam 2
7 3 Hari 2
8 4 Gita 1
Formula:-
To find M-status
=if(m-status code=1,‖married‖,‖unmarred‖)

Problem No:- 8
Input given S.N., Name, Address, Date of Birth, Age, Remarks. Giv-
en,
If age > = 18,‖Voter‖

If age < = 18, ―underage‖

1
59

2
3
4 S.N. Name Address Date of Birth Age Remarks
5 1 Ram Hasnpur 10/12/1905
6 2 Jaanki Fulwori 05/05/2015
7 3 Rampati Dhangadhi 12/25/2001
Formula:-
To find Age
=int((now()-Date of Birth)/total number of days in a year)
To find Remarks
=if(age > =18, ―Voter‖, ―underage‖)

Problem No:- 9
Input given Roll No, Name, Class, Subject (English, Math, Science, Nepali, Social,
Health, Opt I & Opt II). Find Total Marks, Percentage & Division.

Given:

FM: 100 PM: 40

Percentage >= 80 then, Distinction

Percentage >= 60 & Percentage <80 then 1st division
Percentage >= 45 & Percentage <60 then 2n division
Percentage >= 40 & Percentage <45 then 3rd division otherwise fail.

Formula:-
To find total marks
=English+maths+science+Nepali+social+health+opt.I+opt.II
To find Result
=if(and(English>=40,math>=40,science>=40,nepali>=40,social>=40,health>=40,op
t I>=40, opt.II>=40),‖passed‖, ―failed‖)
To find division
=if(and(result=‖passed‖,percentage>=80),‖distinction‖,if(and(result=‖passed‖,perce
ntage>=60),‖1stdivision‖,if(and(result=‖passed‖,percentage>=45),‖2nd divi-
sion‖,if(and(result=‖passed‖,percentage<45),‖3rd division‖,‖fail‖))))

Problem no :10
Input are given S.n, Name, Post, and Basic salary (Basal) Find HRA,TA,DA,MA, Total and
PF(provident fund) , NS(Net salary)
Given are:-
HRA=(House Rent Allowance) 10% of basic salary
TA=(Travel Allowance) 7% of basic salary
60

DA=(Daily Allowance) 2% of basic salary

MA=(Medical Allowance) 5%
PF=(Provident Fund) 3% of basic salary

Seti Zonal Hospital

Dhangadhi,kailali,Nepal
(Salary sheet ).of ................................Moth
S.n Name Post Basal HRA TA DA MA Total PF Net salary
1 Ramesha Doctor 50000
2 Gita Nurse 25000
3 Hari Grad 23000
4 Laxman Helper 15000
To Find HRA=Basal*10%
To Find TA=Basal*7%
To Find DA=Basal*2%
To Find MA=Basal*5%
To Find Total=Basal+HRA+TA+DA+MA
To Find PF=Basal*3%
To Find Net Salary(NS)=Total-PF

Problem no 11
Input are Given S.n, Name, Date of join, Post, Basal, Service pried,
HRA,TA,DA,MA, Total, PF,IT, Net Salary
To Find Service pried=Int(now()-Date of join)/Number of Days
To Find IT=if(Basic Salary>=15000,Basic Salary*4%,0)
To Find Total=Basic Salary +Service pried+HRA+TA+DA+MA
To Find Net Salary=Total-PF-IT

Problem no 12
Result of S.L.C Report Diagram in Every years Reparations
Name of the School 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068
Dhangadhi H.S 40% 60% 80% 77% 65%
Aristo Boarding S 50% 55% 77% 80% 66%
Sherr Laxmi H.S 45% 57% 77% 81% 87%
Kailali Model H.S 51% 52% 88% 66% 82%
Jamec Boarding 55% 66% 70% 88% 44%
H.S
• Select the data single
• Click on Insert >Chart
• Choose Standard or Custom Chart Type.
• Click on Select
• Choose rows on Column
• Click on Next
• Define the Char Title ,axes Gridlines legend, Data Range.
• Click on Next >Finish
#Sort
It is Used to arrange the cell Constance in ascending or descending order list
• Select the data
• Click on Data Menu
• Click on Short
61

• Choose ascending or descending order list

# Filter:-
It is used to filter and display the selected items only
• Select the data
• Click on data menu
• Click on filter
• Now Click on dropdown button of filter and choose required items
# To Remove Filter
• Click on data menu
• Click on Filter
• Click on auto filter
# Cells:-
It is Used to format the cells or cells contents
• Select the cells or cells contents
• Click on format menu>cells
• Choose proper cells. tab and set their properties.
• Click on ok
# Auto Format
It used to format the cells contents automatically
• Select the cells or cells contents
• Click on format menu
• Click on auto format
• Choose proper format
• Click on ok
62

Ctrl+E
63
64
65
66

"The End"
67

Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007

Introduction:
Microsoft PowerPoint is the most popular and ad-
vanced presentation program, which is developed by Mi-
crosoft Corporation of USA. In this program, we can cre-
ate an animated presentation.
Application File Name: - powerpnt.exe
File Extension: - .ppt or .pptx
To Open Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007
• Click on Start menu.
• Click on all programs > Microsoft office > Microsoft
office PowerPoint 2007.
Or,
• Click on Start menu.
• Click on search programs & files or run command
( Windows key + R)
• Type Powerpnt into the run box.
• Press enter key or click on ok.
To Save Presentation:
• Click on office button.
• Click on save or save as (Ctrl + S) / (F12)
• Specify the location and type file name.
• Click on save.
68

To Create New Presentation:

• Click on office button.
• Click on New (Ctrl + N)
• Click on blank presentation.
• Click on create.
To Open Presentation:
• Click on office button.
• Click on Open (Ctrl + O)
• Choose proper file from specified location.
• Click on open.
To Close Presentation:
• Click on office button.
• Click on Close (Ctrl + W)
Slide:- Slide is a white blank space, which is just like a
word document page.
To Insert New Slide:
• Click on home menu.
• Click New slide drop down button. (Ctrl+M)
• Choose proper slide.
To Delete Slide:
• Select the slide which you want to delete.
• Click on home menu.
• Click on delete or press delete key.

To Change slide layout:

• Select the slide which you want to change.
• Click on home menu.
69

• Click on layout drop down button.

• Choose proper slide layout.
To Change slide design:
• Select the slide which design you want to change.
• Click on design menu.
• Choose proper slide design.
Animation:
Animation is an effect. It lets you create motion effect into
the selected slides.
To Apply Transition Effect:
• Select the text slide.
• Click on Animation menu.
• Choose proper transition effect, sound effect and set
the play time.
• Press F5 key to view the presentation in full screen.
To Apply Custom Animation Effect:
• Select the text slide.
• Click on Animation menu.
• Click on Custom animation.
• Click on Add effect.
• Choose proper custom animation effect.
• Press F5 key to view the presentation in full screen.
Rehearse Timing: It is used to set the play time of
animated presentation.
• Make ready an animated presentation with multiple
slides.
• Click on Slide show menu.
70

• Click on Rehearse Timings.

• Set the play time by clicking your mouse button.
• Click on Yes.
• Press F5 key to view the presentation in full screen.
Setup Show: It is used to play an animated presentation
continuously.
• Make ready an animated presentation with multiple
slides.
• Click on Slide show menu.
• Click on Rehearse Timings.
• Set the play time by clicking your mouse button.
• Click on Yes.
• Click on Set up Show.
• Click on Loop Continuously until ‘Esc’.
• Click on ok.
• Press F5 key to view the presentation in full screen.
71

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• Kn]6kmd{x¿nfO{ hgfpF5 h;n] OG6/g]6 dfkm{t kx'Fr of]Uo t'Nofpg'sf ;fy}
• cGt/lqmofTds agfpFb5 . o;n] kf7s, bz{s / ;|f]tfn] cfkm'n] x]g{ ;'Gg jf
x]g{ rfx] cg';f/sf] ;fdflu|
• rogdf d2t ub{5 . gofF ldl8of eGg] ljTtLs} k'/fgf cyjf hf] o;eGbf
cufl8 cl:tTjdf 5g\ ltgLx?sf]
• ljsNk eGg vf]h]sf] xf] .

ldl8of eGg] ljTtLs}kqsfl/tf

• rnlrq, klAn l:ksLa / cGo k|rf/sf ;fwgnfO{ a'lemGYof] . To;sf]
ljsNksf
• ?kdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] gofF ldl8of k|rngdf cfP . o;sf] cy{ k'/fgfsf]
ljsNksf ?kdf j]a;fO6, Anux¿,
• kf]8sf:6x¿, cgnfOg lel8of]x¿ / l:6«lda ;]jfx¿ cfP . h;n] k'/fgf
ldl8ofsf :j?knfO{ sdhf]/ dfq
• agfP/ pgLx?sf] cl:tTjaf/] ;d]t ;f]Rg' kg]{ eof] .

gofF ldl8ofsf] ;'?jft

• slxn] / s;n] uof]{ eGg] 7\ofSs} eGg sl7g 5 t/ klg o;sf nflu
;~rf/sf
• ljb\jfgx?n] ;g\!(^) sf] bzsb]lv ;f]Rg ;'? u/]sf x'g\. df;{n
DofSn'xfgsf] Understanding media :
• the extendsion of man k':tsaf6 pgn] Medium is the mes-
sage -ldl8od Oh bL Dof;]h_ eGg]
• 6dL{gf]nhL rrf{df cfP;Fu ldl8ofsf] cWoog ;'? ePsf] xf] . o;Fu} pgsf]
of] 6d{n] ;~rf/n] ;dfhnfO{ s;/L
72

―The End‖
73

Internet & E- mail

Internet:
The internet is a globally connected network system that uses TCP/IP to transmit data
via various types of media. The internet is a network of global exchanges – including private,
public, business, academic and government networks – connected by guided, wireless and fi-
ber-optic technologies.

The terms internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably, but they are not ex-
actly the same thing; the internet refers to the global communication system, including hard-
ware and infrastructure, while the web is one of the services communicated over the internet.

The internet is the most cost-effective communications method in the world, in which the fol-
lowing services are instantly available:

• E-mail
• Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services
• Online movies and gaming
• Data transfer/file-sharing, often through File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Instant messaging
• Internet forums
• Social networking
• Online shopping
• Financial services

www:

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in HTML and
accessed via HTTP. The term refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed
over the Internet. The World Wide Web was originally designed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee
while he was a contractor at CERN.

The World Wide Web is most often referred to simply as "the Web."

Browser:
A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the infor-
mation on the World Wide Web. The word "browser" seems to have originated prior to
74

the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse (navigate through and
read) text files online. Eg.
• Internet Explore
• Mozilla Firefox
• Opera
• Baidu
• Google Chrome
• Apple Safari
• Netscape navigator etc.

Website:
Website is the location of web pages created by any organizations, universities, and
government agencies to provide information regarding them like: www.nepalnews.com,
www.onlinekhabar.com, www.setopati.com, www.nagariknews.com, www.ntc.net.np,
www.see.ntc.net.np, www.educationsansar.com etc. Each and every website has its own ad-
dress, is called internet address. After connecting to the internet. We have to search any in-
formation by using related website address.
Webpage:
Webpage is the collection of information that is stored in the website. The www con-
sists of a huge collection of documents with related website called webpage. Webpage pro-
vides vast amount of information of related websites.
Web Server:
A computer that is maintained by a system administrator or internet service provider
(ISP) and that responds to requests from a user’s browser. A web server is a site on which the
Webpages are kept. It is a program that responds to requests from web browsers to retrieve
resources.
Home Page:
The Homepage is the first hypertext document regarding the web address displayed
when a user connects to any web server.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
URL is a web-addressing scheme that spells our exact location of an internet resource.
ISP (Internet Service Provider):
To access the internet, you need a computer equipped with a modem and web
browser, but you’ll also need an ISP.
75

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are companies that provide access to the internet
and the World Wide Web (WWW).

Search Engine:
A search engine is a piece of software that looks up information on the internet for
you just like a librarian would help you locate books in a library. Eg. www.google.com,
www.bings.com, www.yahoo.com
ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)
E-mail is the most widely used on the internet. You can exchange any message with
people around the world by using E-mail. Even with the multimedia excitement of the web,
electronic mail (email) is the most frequently used application of the internet. Many people
who have access to the internet at school, home, and work, use the internet for no other pur-
pose than to send and receive E-mail.

To create an Gmail account:

1. Go to www.gmail.com.
2. Click Create account.

3. The sign-up form will appear. Follow the directions by entering the required
information.

4. Next, enter your phone number to verify your account. Google uses a two-
step verification process for your security.
76

00
5. You will receive a text message from Google with a verification code. Enter
the code to complete the account verification.

6. Next, you will see a form to enter some of your personal information, like
your name and birthday.

7. Review Google's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, then click I agree.
77

8. Your account will be created.

Just like with any online service, it's important to choose a strongpassword—in other words,
one that is difficult for someone else to guess. For more information, review our lesson
on creating strong passwords.

Signing in to your account

When you first create your account, you will be automatically signed in. Most of the time,
however, you'll need to sign in to your account and sign out when you're done with it.
Signing out is especially important if you're using a shared computer (for example, at
a library or office) because it prevents others from viewing your emails.

To sign in:
1. Go to www.gmail.com.
2. Type your user name (your email address) and password, then click Next.
78

To sign out:

In the top-right corner of the page, locate the circle that has your first initial (if you've already
selected an avatar image, it will show the image instead). To sign out, click the circle and se-
lect Sign out.
79

Document printing

Ctrl+P (print command)

Windows:
1. Open the Document – Open the file (Word, PDF, etc.) you want to print.
2. Press Ctrl + P – This opens the print dialog.
3. Select Printer – Choose your printer from the list.
4. Adjust Settings – Set the number of copies, pages, color, orientation, etc.
5. Click "Print" – Your document will be sent to the printer.

Mac:
1. Open the document.
2. Press Command + P.
3. Select the printer and adjust settings.
4. Click "Print."

000