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RF OSCILLATOR DESIGN LAB REPORT

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 Manuscript submitted to eLife

1 RF OSCILLATOR DESIGN LAB REPORT

2 Bengisu YÜCEL1*
*For correspondence:
c1726083@student.cankaya.edu.tr ( 3
1 Cankaya University
)
4

5 Abstract Oscillators are widely used in systems such as televisions, radios, radios, FM
6 transceivers, and mostly electronic-communication systems and automation systems. In this
7 report, an rf oscillator circuit design and its definition are presented. This experiment is shown in
8 three different ways. This paper explained the materials used for the set of the RF oscillator and
9 frequency analysis.

10

11 Introduction
12 [1]An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic
13 signal, often a sine wave or a square wave, or a triangle wave. Oscillators convert direct current
14 (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC) signal. Generally, Oscillators are named
15 their output signal types. There are three oscillator types.

16 • A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency below

17 approximately 20 Hz
18 • An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz
19 • An RF oscillator produces signals in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz to 100
20 GHz.

21 Besides, the harmonic oscillators produce a sinusoidal output. It has two types.

22 • Feedback oscillator
23 • Negative-resistance oscillator

24 [2]The feedback oscillator is the most com-

25 mon form of a linear oscillator is an electronic
26 amplifier such as a transistor or operational am-
27 plifier connected in a feedback loop with its out-
28 put fed back into its input through a frequency
29 selective electronic filter to provide positive feed-
30 back.
31 The feedback oscillator circuits divided into
32 groups depended on the type of frequency se-
33 lective filter which is used in the feedback loop.
34 We can use the resistance-capacitor filter or
35 inductor-capacitor. If we itemize them.

36 • RC oscillator circuit
37 • LC oscillator circuit

38 The RC oscillator circuit is mostly used for gener-

39 ating lower frequencies. The common types are
Figure 1. The Feedback Network
40 the phase shift oscillator and the Wien bridge os-
41 cillator.

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42 In an LC oscillator circuit, the filter is a tuned

43 circuit also called a tank circuit. [3]Charge flows
44 back and forth between the capacitor’s plates through the inductor, so the tuned circuit can store
45 electrical energy oscillating at its resonant frequency. Typical LC oscillator circuits are the Harley,
46 Colpitts and Clapp circuits. LC oscillator circuits are often used at radio frequencies. The feedback
47 circuit is with R, L, and C components they can be designed as parallel or series they have the
48 same characteristic except, the voltage and current are reversed. When the impedance is zero,
49 this is called resonance.
50 To understand the RF oscillator design, firstly
51 examine the positive feedback, the closed-loop
52 gain is
𝑉𝑜 𝐴
= (1)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1−𝐴×𝐵
53 When |𝐴×𝐵| = 1 the gain becomes infinite. Then,
54 initially, we set |𝐴×𝐵| = 1 to grow them inside the
55 loop, because the initial spike comes from noise.
56 [4]𝑉𝑜 grows inside the loop until the transistors
57 Figure 2. LC Oscillators start to approach. The saturation region is where
58 the gain A is reduced. Thus 𝐴𝐵 = 1 but 𝐴𝐵 < 1
59 and the oscillation is stabilized.

Figure 4. Sustained Oscillations

Figure 3. Exponentially Decaying Oscillations

60 Lab Work
61 PART I
62 The first part of this experiment is on Matsuhama breadboard, the prepared circuit is shown in fig.5
63

64 • transistor (PE135 Model) which impedance

65 is 5.6𝐾𝑜ℎ𝑚,
66 • capacitor which impedance is 0.1𝜇𝐹 ,
67 • Coil
68 We gave the 5Volt DC voltage. The transistor
69 has three outputs, the base, the collector, and
70 the emitter in this figure, the right output is the
71 base part connected to 5.6-kiloohm impedance,
72 the middle part is the collector connected to the
73 coil. The final part is the emit-
74 ter connected to the ground. The capacitor con-
75 nected to the oscilloscope we used in the feed-
76 back capacitor for connected the emitter and col-
77 lector. After connected feedback, the oscillation

Figure 5. Oscillator Design on Breadboard

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Figure 6. Oscillation with One Capacitor Figure 7. Circuit with 2 Parallel Capacitor

78 was starting. The two figure shows us the oscil-

79 lation in the circuit. In fig 6. the frequency value
80 is 213.7 MHz, when we add one more capacitor
81 frequency value are more bigger as shown in fig
82 7. In a nutshell, depending on the feedback ca-
83 pacitor, we can get the value we want, but it’s not stable so try it 2. pass to part.

84 PART II
85 In this part we design circuit on microstrip
86 patch,the electric field does not leak out occa-
87 sionally so it is stable. The feedback capacitor is
88 between the collector tor and the base part. On
89 the right side stay in base output, the middle sec-
90 tion is collector output. As the voltage increases,
91 the nonlinearity increases. If the purpose of the
92 coils which are bottom of the figure is high fre-
93 quency, it prevents it from going into in power
94 supply. It acts as a low pass filter. This part the
95 DC voltage value is determined the frequency.
96 The oscilloscope in fig.9 shown as frequency is
97
Figure 8. Oscillator Design on Microstrip less than fig.10 because of the DC voltage value.
98 We apply 6 V DC voltage on fig.9. The other volt-
age value is 6.7 Volt.

Figure 10. Figure 10

Figure 9. Figure 9
99

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100 PART III

Figure 11. Settled Oscillation

101 This part we have power supply and primed

102 oscillation has setted already.the bnc connector
103 on the exit goes to the oscilloscope. RF osci freq
104 control from 70 MHz to 200MHz is done. By DC
105 volts. This is a Voltage controlled rf oscillator.
106 There are 4 inputs 2 floors, at the rightest two
107 wires are connected to the ground.
108 We measured two values, Firstly at 4.1
109 DC voltage the oscillation frequency value was
110 120.8MHZ, and 𝑉𝑝 𝑝 was 536mV. However, when
111 we applied 10.76 DC voltage the frequency was
112
Figure 12. Settled Oscillator
decreasing to 121.6MHz and peak to peak volt-
113 age was 212mV. In this part, we noticed that it
114 increased a little after a certain value. As the
115 frequency increases, the 𝑉𝑝𝑝 above tends to de-
crease.

Figure 13. Oscillation Graph on 10.76 Volt Figure 14. Oscillation Graph on 4.51 Volt
116

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117 Conclusion
118 In summary, with these experiments, we learned which materials are important for the working
119 principle of the oscillator and learned the oscillation. We completed our experiment with three
120 different materials and proved that the frequency can change depending on the DC voltage or
121 capacitance we apply.

122 References
123 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillator
124 https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2387881
125 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335702839_Design_and_simulation_of_millimeter_wave_reconfigurabl
126 antenna_using_iterative_meandered_RF_MEMS_switch_for_5G_mobile_communications
127 https://www.digikey.at/de/articles/converting-oscillator-phase-noise-to-time-jitter
128 https://www.electronicshub.org/oscillator-basics/

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