Signal Processing
(CSCI472 Signal Processing)
Prof. Walid Al-Atabany
Professor at the ITCS School
Nile University
w.al-atabany@nu.edu.eg
Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals
• Energy: accumulation of absolute of the signal
• Power: average of absolute of the signal
Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals
• Two important (sub)classes of signals
1. Finite total energy (and therefore zero average power)
2. Finite average power (and therefore infinite total energy)
• Energy signals have values only in the limited time duration, a signal having
only one square pulse is energy signal, A signal that decays exponentially
has finite energy, so, it is also an energy signal, The power of an energy
signal is zero, because of dividing finite energy by infinite time. the power
signal is not limited in time, the energy of a power signal is infinite Thus, we
use power (energy per given time) for power signal. in simple words energy
is work and power is work per time.
Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals
• Let us consider a periodic signal 𝑥(𝑡) with period 𝑇𝑜 . The signal energy
in one period is
• and energy in n periods is
• The power of this signal over all periods is given by
• If the signal energy over one period is larger than zero but finite, then
the total energy is infinite and the signal power is finite. Therefore, the
signal is a power signal.
Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals
• Find the measures of Energy and Power
(a) Since signal amplitude 0 as | t | . , Choose Energy
(b) Since amplitude does not 0 as | t | . However, it is
periodic, and therefore its power exists. periodic signal repeats
regularly each period (2 seconds in this case).
Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals
Energy and Power Signals
•An energy signal has zero average power, whereas a power
signal has infinite energy.
•Periodic signals and random signals are usually viewed as
power signals, whereas signals that are both deterministic and
non-periodic are energy signals.
Representation Using Basic Signals
• A fundamental idea in signal processing is to attempt to
represent signals in terms of basic signals, which we know how
to process
▫ Impulse
▫ Unit-step
▫ Ramp
▫ Sinusoids
▫ Complex exponentials
Unit Impulse
• The delta function or Dirac distribution is defined by:
• The value of 𝛿(0) is not defined, in particular 𝛿(0) ≠ ∞
Which is a step,
small width ….
Unit Step
• Continuous Unit Step
• Continuous Shifted Unit Step
• Impulse signal (t) and unit step signal u(t) are related by:
Unit Step
• Properties of discrete Unit Impulse functions:
Signal = Impulse at
each time step k
Ramp Signal
Sinusoids Signal
• Sinusoids are in the general form
Review of Complex Numbers
• A complex number z represents any point (x, y):
z = x + j y,
▫ x =Re[z] (real part of z)
▫ y =Im[z] (imaginary part of z)
▫ j =Sqrt(-1)
• Mathematical representations:
▫ Rectangular or polar form
▫ Magnitude and Phase
• Conjugate
Complex Exponentials
Complex Exponentials
Complex Exponentials
• Depending on the values of A and a, several signals can be
obtained from the complex exponential
Signal composition
Sifting Property
• Property of the impulse function
signal sampling
Basic Signal Operations—Time Scaling,
Frequency Shifting, and Windowing
• Problems from Oppenheim
- P1.3 (Just finite/infinite energy and power)
- P1.4, P1.9, P1.10, P1.16, P1.19, P1.21, P1.25, P1.28
Systems
• A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into
another signal
= S[X(t)]
• In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the
ratio of the output signal over the input signal
– That way, when we “multiply” the system by the input
signal, we get the output signal
– This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks
Systems Classifications
• Linear and nonlinear systems;
• Constant-parameter and time-varying-parameter systems;
(note constant = time invariant)
• Instantaneous (memoryless) and dynamic (with memory)
systems;
• Causal and non-causal systems;
• Continuous-time and discrete-time systems;
LTI Continuous-Time Systems
• A continuous-time system is a system in which the signals at
its input and output are continuous-time signals
Linearity
• A linear system is a system in which the superposition holds
Scaling
o T[k x(t)] = k T[x(t)]
o k is a scalar constant and x(t) is an input
Additivity
o T[x1(t) + x2(t)] = T[x1(t)] + T[x2(t)]
o x1(t) and x2(t) are two inputs
o x1(t) + x2(t) is a superposition (addition) of inputs
Linearity
Examples:
• y(x)= a x Linear
• y(x)= a x + b Nonlinear
Whenever the explicit relation between the input and the output of a
system is represented by a nonlinear expression the system is nonlinear
Linearity
• Transcendental system y(t )=cos(x(t ))
Answer: Nonlinear (in fact, fails both tests)
• Squarer y(t )=x² (t )
Answer: Nonlinear (in fact, fails both tests)
• Differentiation is linear
Homogeneity test:
Additivity test:
Linearity
• Integration
Homogeneity test
Additivity test
Answer: Linear
• Human hearing
Responds to intensity on a logarithmic scale
Answer: Nonlinear (in fact, fails both tests)
Time Invariance
• System S does not change with time
• A system is said to be time invariant if, for any input x(t) and
any time t1, the response to the shifted input x(t – t1) is equal
to y(t – t1) where y(t) is the response to x(t) with zero initial
energy
• A system that is not time invariant is said to be time varying
or time variant
Time Invariance
• A shift in the input produces a shift in the output by the same
amount
If T[x(t)] = y(t), then
T[x(t -t)] = y(t -t) for all real-valued time shifts t
Time Varying Systems
• Amplifier with Time-Varying Gain y(t) = tx(t)
• First-Order System 𝑦(𝑡)+ a(t) y(t) = bx(t)
Time Invariance
• Identity system y(t ) = x(t )
– Step 1: compute yshifted(t) = x(t – t0)
– Step 2: does yshifted(t) = y(t – t0) ? YES.
• Answer: Time-invariant
• Tapped Delay Line
• Answer: Time-invariant
Memoryless and Causality
• A system is memoryless if the output at time n depends only
on the input at that same time
• A continuous-time system S is called causal if:
▫ Whenever the input x(t)=0 and there are no initial
conditions, the output is y(t)=0
▫ The output y(t) does not depend on future inputs
Memoryless and Causality
• A causal system that is not memoryless is said to have
memory. A system has memory if the output at time t1
depends in general on the past values of the input x(t) for
some range of values of t up to t = t1
• y(t) = y(t - 1) + x(t) + 2 x(t -1) is causal
• y(t) = y(t +1) + x(t +1) - 2 x(t -100) is NOT causal
Memoryless and Causality
• A non-causal system and its realization by a delayed
causal system.
y(t) = f(t − 2) + f(t + 2)
• Starts even before the input is applied.
– If we are operating the system in real time at t, we do not
know what the value of the input will be two seconds later. Thus
it is impossible to implement this system in real time.
• Must delay to make causal
Bounded-Input Bounded-Output Stability (BIBO)
• Informally, a stable system is one in which small input signals lead to
responses that do not diverge
• If an input signal is bounded, then the output signal must also be
bounded, if the system is stable
x : x U y V
• To show a system is stable we have to do it for all input signals. To
show instability, we just have to find one counterexample
• E.g. Consider the DT system of the bank account
y[n] = x[n] 1.01y[n 1]
• when x[n] = [n], y[0] = 1
• This grows without bound, due to 1.01 multiplier. This system is
unstable.
Bounded-Input Bounded-Output Stability (BIBO)
• For a bounded (i.e., well-behaved) input x(t), the output of a
BIBO stable system y(t) is also bounded
• All inputs cause system not to diverge (Bounded)
Stable
Unstable
Systems Classification : Ex
Are the following systems
1. Memoryless, 2 Time-invariant, 3. Linear, 4. Causal, 5. Stable?
• Problems from Oppenheim
- P1.27, P1.28 and P1.31
Thanks
Questions
