Electromagnetic Induction
1. Magnetic Flux (Φ)
Φ = B · A = BA cos θ
2. Faraday’s Laws of Induction
• First Law: If the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes over time, an EMF is induced across the
coil.
• Second Law: The magnitude of the induced EMF (ε) is directly proportional to the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with the coil:
dΦ
ε=−
dt
• For a coil with N turns, the formula becomes:
dΦ
ε = −N
dt
3. Methods of Generating EMF
• If B varies as a function of time:
dB
ε = −N A cos(ωt)
dt
• If A varies as a function of time:
dA
ε = NB sin(ωt)
dt
• Motional EMF:
ε = Blv sin θ
• General Formula:
ε = (v × B) · l
4. Rotational EMF
ε = BωR2
1
5. Energy Conservation
• Induced Current:
ε
I=
R
• Force:
F = IBl
• Power:
B 2 l2 v 2
P =F ·v =
R
• Power dissipated as Joule heat:
B 2 l2 v 2
P = I 2R =
R
6. Inductance
• Self-Inductance (L):
dI
ε = −L
dt
• Mutual Inductance (M ) between two coils:
dI2 dI1
ε1 = −M and ε2 = −M
dt dt
7. Energy Stored in an Inductor
1 2
E= LI
2
8. AC Generator
• Output voltage:
E = N BAω sin(ωt)
• Where E0 = N BAω is the peak voltage.