REPORT

ON
SMART HOME AND AUTOMATION: PRESENT, PAST AND
FUTURE

EEN-391: TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

Submitted by:
GURMANNAT SOHAL (Enroll No. 21112051)
HARDIK (Enroll No. 21115056)
HARDIK SAHNI (Enroll No. 21115057)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE-247667, UK (INDIA)
Autumn,2023-2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Abstract 4
1. Introduction 5
2. Historical Evolution of Smart Homes 6
2.1 Early Automation, Home Computing and Integration 6
2.2 The Rise of Home Automation Systems & IoT 6
2.3 Present: Comprehensive Integration and Accessibility 6
2.4 Future: Anticipating Advanced Automation 6
3. Present State of Smart Homes 7
3.1 Connectivity and Control Interface 7
3.2 Energy Efficiency and Security 7
3.3 Entertainment and Convenience 7
3.4 Health Monitoring and Personalization 7
3.5 Industry Growth and Data Security 7
4. Components of Smart Homes 8
4.1 Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Appliances 8
4.2 Smart Lighting and Thermostats 8
4.3 Security, Entertainment, and Voice Assistants 8
4.4 Home Automation Controllers, Connectivity, and Interfaces 8
4.5 Data Management and Energy Optimization 8
5. Benefits of Smart Homes 9
5.1 Convenience, Energy Efficiency, and Security 9
5.2 Remote Control, Customization, and Accessibility 9
5.3 Entertainment, Home Value, and Health 9
5.4 Environmental Impact, Data Insights, and Aging in Place 9
6. Challenges and Limitations 10
6.1 Interoperability Challenges 10
6.2 Complex Setup and Understanding 10
6.3 Privacy and Security Concerns 10
6.4 Technical Hurdles and Maintenance 10
7. Future trends and Innovations 11
7.1 AI-Driven Automation and Energy Efficiency 11
7.2 Integration of Renewable Energy and Energy Management 11
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 7.3 Advanced Control Interfaces and Health Monitoring 11
7.4 Robotics, Security, and Connectivity 11
7.5 Immersive Technologies and Sustainable Living 11
8. Role of electrical engineering in smart homes 12
8.1 Power Management, Circuits, and Communication 12
8.2 Sensor Technology and IoT Integration 12
8.3 Automation, Control, and Energy Efficiency 12
8.4 Security, Troubleshooting, and Future Innovations 12
9. Case Studies 13
9.1 Amazon Echo and Alexa 13
9.2 Nest Thermostat 13
9.3 Ring Video Doorbell 13
9.4 Philips Hue Smart Lighting 13
9.5 Samsung SmartThings Hub 14
9.6 Tesla Powerwall 14
10. Conclusion 15

References 16

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 Abstract
In our modern world, smart homes have become a significant part of how we live,
connecting technology with our daily lives for greater convenience. This report explores the
journey of smart homes from their beginnings to their current state and envisions their
potential future. We will discover how electrical engineering, which deals with using
electricity to make things work, plays a crucial role in shaping these smart homes.
A smart home isn't just about gadgets; it's about making our homes work better for us. This
report will help us understand how technology connects different devices, allowing them to
learn from us and help us with our routines. We'll learn about the history of smart homes
and how they have evolved over time.
The report also delves into what smart homes are like today, looking at devices like
thermostats, doorbell cameras, and voice assistants that make our lives easier. We'll explore
the benefits of smart homes, such as saving energy and adding convenience, but we'll also
address challenges like devices not communicating well or concerns about privacy.
Looking ahead, we'll consider the exciting possibilities for smart homes, including
predictive houses and helpful robots, all made possible with the help of electrical
engineering. Throughout the report, we'll see how smart homes and electrical engineering
are closely connected, working together to create homes that are more intelligent, safer, and
more comfortable.
In the following pages, we'll embark on a journey to understand the evolution of smart
homes, their impact on our lives, and the essential role that electrical engineering plays in
this fascinating field.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

In today's tech-driven world, the idea of a "smart home" has changed the way we live. A
smart home uses technology to make life easier by connecting devices and making them
smart enough to understand and assist us. This report takes a closer look at how smart
homes have evolved over time, where they are right now, and what exciting things could
come in the future. We'll also see how electrical engineering, which is all about
understanding and using electricity to make things work, plays a big role in making these
smart homes possible.
A smart home isn't just about having cool gadgets; it's about making our homes work better
for us. Imagine your home being able to learn when you wake up, what temperature you
like, and when you like the lights on or off. All of this is possible because of technology
that connects different devices in your home and makes them work together. This report
will take us on a journey to discover how this technology started and grew over the years.
We'll explore what smart homes are like today. This means looking at all the smart devices
we use, like thermostats that control the temperature, doorbell cameras that let us see who's
at the door, and voice assistants that answer our questions. We'll also talk about the good
things that smart homes bring, like saving energy and making our lives more convenient.
But it's not all easy sailing. There are challenges that come with making homes smart.
Some devices might not talk to each other, and there are concerns about privacy and
security. We'll dig into these issues too.
As we move forward, we'll peek into the future of smart homes. We'll think about things
like houses that can predict what we need, robots that help us with chores, and even houses
that make their own energy. And guess what? Electrical engineering, which is like the
science of making electricity do amazing things, is a big part of making these ideas real.
In the pages that follow, we're going to explore how smart homes have gone from being just
an idea to becoming a part of our lives. We'll see how smart homes and electrical
engineering are like best friends, working together to make our homes smarter, safer, and
more comfortable.[1][2]

Fig 1.1 Different possibilities and current scenerio of technology in Smart Homes. [3]

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 CHAPTER 2
Historical Evolution of Smart Homes

The concept of smart homes traces its roots back to the early 20th century, when the vision
of a more automated and convenient living environment began to take shape. While the
technologies of the time were limited, the idea of using electricity to enhance household
tasks was the starting point.
2.1 Early Automation, Home Computing and Integration (1930s-1950s & 1960s-1970s)
The first signs of automation appeared with the introduction of simple devices like
automated dishwashers and washing machines. These appliances eased daily chores,
introducing the notion that technology could be integrated into homes to improve
efficiency.
With the advent of home computing systems, ideas about linking various household tasks
gained traction. The ECHO IV, introduced in the 1960s, offered voice control for home
appliances. The concept of "home automation" began to emerge, albeit in a more basic
form.
2.2 The Rise of Home Automation Systems & IoT (1980s-1990s & 2000s)
The 1980s saw the introduction of X10, a protocol that allowed devices to communicate
over power lines. This marked a significant step towards creating interconnected systems
within homes. Home automation systems started to include features like programmable
thermostats and remote-controlled lighting.
The 21st century ushered in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), where devices could
communicate with each other through the internet. This connectivity enabled more
advanced smart home systems. The introduction of smartphones and mobile apps also
empowered homeowners to control devices remotely.
2.3 Present: Comprehensive Integration and Accessibility
Today's smart homes encompass a wide range of devices, from smart thermostats and
security cameras to voice assistants and wearable technology. These devices work together
seamlessly, offering homeowners unprecedented control over their environment. Artificial
intelligence and machine learning have further enhanced the capabilities of smart homes,
allowing for predictive actions based on user behavior.
2.4 Future: Anticipating Advanced Automation
Looking ahead, the future of smart homes holds promise for even greater integration and
automation. Homes could become truly adaptive, learning from residents' preferences and
needs to provide a personalized living experience. Advanced sensors and AI-driven systems
may enable homes to manage energy consumption, enhance security, and even provide
healthcare assistance.

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The historical evolution of smart homes has been a journey from basic automated
appliances to interconnected, intelligent systems that shape our living spaces today. As
technology continues to advance, the synergy between smart homes and electrical
engineering will continue to push the boundaries of what's possible, reshaping the way we
interact with our living environments. [1] [3] [4]

CHAPTER 3
Present State of Smart Homes
The present era is characterized by the widespread integration of technology into our
homes, giving rise to smart homes that offer an array of convenience, comfort, and
efficiency. The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), advanced sensors, artificial
intelligence (AI), and wireless connectivity has transformed the way we interact with our
living spaces.
3.1 Connectivity and Control Interface
Smart homes feature interconnected devices that collaborate seamlessly. These devices,
such as thermostats, lights, and cameras, communicate using sensors and processors. Voice
assistants like Alexa and Siri allow users to control devices via voice commands, enhancing
convenience.
3.2 Energy Efficiency and Security
Smart homes prioritize energy conservation through smart thermostats and energy
management systems. These systems learn user preferences and offer real-time insights into
energy usage. Security is enhanced with surveillance cameras, smart locks, and motion
sensors that provide remote monitoring and alerts.
3.3 Entertainment and Convenience
Smart homes offer immersive entertainment with integrated audio-video systems. Smart
TVs and streaming devices can be controlled through smartphones or voice commands,
providing personalized content and seamless control.
3.4 Health Monitoring and Personalization
Smart homes contribute to health and wellness with wearable devices syncing data to home
systems. Users can track fitness progress and well-being. Additionally, smart homes allow
customization of settings, from lighting ambiance to automated routines.
3.5 Industry Growth and Data Security
The smart home industry is rapidly expanding with innovative products. Efforts towards
standardization ensure devices and platforms communicate smoothly. Data privacy and
security measures are being strengthened to protect sensitive user information. [4] [5] [6]

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 Fig 3.1 Graph showing the forecast of worldwide smart home device shipments. [5]

CHAPTER 4
Components of Smart Homes
Smart homes are composed of a variety of interconnected components and devices that
work together to create an intelligent and automated living environment. These components
leverage technology to enhance convenience, efficiency, and security within the home.
4.1 Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Appliances
Sensors are pivotal in smart homes, detecting environmental changes and gathering data.
They encompass motion, temperature, and light sensors. Actuators, in contrast, execute
actions based on sensor data. For example, motion sensors trigger lights when someone
enters a room. Common household appliances, like washing machines and ovens, can be
integrated into smart networks. They offer remote control and energy monitoring features.
4.2 Smart Lighting and Thermostats
Smart lighting empowers users to regulate brightness, color, and schedules for energy
efficiency and ambiance. This control can be exercised via mobile apps or voice assistants.
Smart thermostats adapt to user behaviors, optimizing energy use. They can be remotely
managed and employ features like geofencing to adjust settings-based n occupants'
locations.
4.3 Security, Entertainment, and Voice Assistants
Security systems comprise cameras, motion sensors, and smart locks, providing real-time
monitoring and remote access. Entertainment systems, including smart TVs and audio
devices, can be integrated for personalized control. Voice assistants act as central hubs,
responding to voice commands, managing tasks, and controlling various devices.
4.4 Home Automation Controllers, Connectivity, and Interfaces
Home automation controllers or smart hubs function as the central brain, enabling seamless
communication among devices. Connectivity protocols like Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Z-Wave, and
Bluetooth facilitate device interaction. Mobile apps offer remote device control and
monitoring, while intuitive interfaces simplify settings adjustment and task scheduling.
4.5 Data Management and Energy Optimization

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Data from smart devices is stored in the cloud, granting historical insights and facilitating
learning for devices. Energy management systems monitor and optimize energy
consumption, providing data-driven suggestions for energy conservation. [2],[3],[6]

Fig 4.1 Links between Smart Technology and Cloud. [5]

CHAPTER 5
Benefits of Smart Homes
Smart homes offer a range of advantages that improve convenience, comfort, energy
efficiency, and security. The integration of technology into daily living spaces enhances
various aspects of life, making homes more responsive and adaptable to the needs of
residents.
5.1 Convenience, Energy Efficiency, and Security
Smart homes automate daily tasks like adjusting lighting and managing appliances, saving
time and effort. They enhance energy efficiency by optimizing energy use with devices like
smart thermostats. Additionally, smart homes bolster security through features such as
smart locks and surveillance cameras, enabling real-time monitoring and alerts.
5.2 Remote Control, Customization, and Accessibility
Remote control via mobile apps and voice assistants empowers homeowners to manage
devices from afar. Customization is a hallmark of smart homes, allowing residents to tailor
lighting and other aspects to their preferences. Moreover, smart homes include accessibility
features benefiting individuals with disabilities, enhancing their independence.
5.3 Entertainment, Home Value, and Health
Smart homes offer seamless control over entertainment systems, enriching user
experiences. They can boost home value, as modern integrated technologies are attractive
to potential buyers. Smart homes contribute to better health through the integration of
fitness trackers and health monitoring devices.
5.4 Environmental Impact, Data Insights, and Aging in Place
Smart homes positively impact the environment by conserving resources through optimized
energy usage. They gather data on usage patterns, enabling homeowners to make informed
decisions about energy consumption and lifestyle adjustments. Additionally, smart home
features support aging in place, enabling elderly individuals to maintain independence.

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 Fig 5.1 Entertainment and Future Possibilities in smart homes for next 5 years. [3]

CHAPTER 6
Challenges and Limitations of Smart Homes
While smart homes have many advantages, they also come with certain difficulties and
things to consider. Here are some challenges you might face:
6.1 Interoperability Challenges
When integrating devices from various brands into a smart home environment,
compatibility issues can arise. These challenges stem from differences in communication
protocols and standards used by different manufacturers. As a result, devices may struggle
to work together harmoniously, leading to disruptions in the seamless operation of the
smart home system.
6.2 Complex Setup and Understanding
Setting up a smart home involves configuring multiple devices with varying functionalities.
This complexity can be daunting, particularly for individuals who are new to smart
technology. Understanding how each device interacts within the system, setting up
connections, and configuring settings require time and patience. It's a learning curve that
can deter users from fully embracing the benefits of smart homes.
6.3 Privacy and Security Concerns
Smart devices gather data about users' activities, habits, and preferences to improve
functionality. However, this data collection raises concerns about privacy and security. If
not adequately protected, personal information could be vulnerable to unauthorized access
and misuse. Users need to be vigilant about adopting strong security measures to safeguard
their data and maintain control over their privacy.
6.4 Technical Hurdles and Maintenance
As with any technology, smart devices are susceptible to technical glitches and issues.
These could range from devices failing to connect to the network to software malfunctions
impacting their performance. Regular maintenance, including updates to device firmware
and software, is necessary to prevent and resolve these problems. Users should be prepared
to troubleshoot technical challenges to ensure the consistent operation of their smart home
ecosystem.
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It's important to know about these challenges so you can make informed decisions about
using smart home technology. As technology improves, some of these issues might become
less of a problem. [1],[3],[4]

[7]

CHAPTER 7
Future Trends and Innovations in Smart Homes
The future of smart homes holds exciting possibilities as technology continues to advance.
New innovations are shaping the way homes interact with us and adapt to our needs,
making daily life even more convenient, efficient, and enjoyable.
7.1 AI-Driven Automation and Energy Efficiency
Artificial Intelligence (AI) will become a pivotal component of smart homes, learning from
occupants' habits and preferences to anticipate their needs. This might involve adjusting the
thermostat based on daily schedules or even brewing coffee upon waking up. Additionally,
AI algorithms will optimize energy usage by coordinating appliances, lighting, and
heating/cooling systems, leading to substantial energy savings.
7.2 Integration of Renewable Energy and Energy Management
Smart homes will increasingly integrate renewable energy sources like solar panels and
wind turbines. Advanced energy storage solutions will enable homes to store surplus energy
for later use, reducing reliance on conventional power sources. AI-driven energy
management will further enhance efficiency by orchestrating energy-consuming devices for
optimal usage.
7.3 Advanced Control Interfaces and Health Monitoring
Voice control will evolve into a more intuitive and sophisticated form, allowing natural
interactions with devices. Moreover, gesture recognition technology will enable users to
control devices through simple hand movements. Simultaneously, smart homes will
incorporate advanced health and wellness monitoring, utilizing wearable devices and
sensors to track health metrics and provide real-time insights.
7.4 Robotics, Security, and Connectivity
Robots will play an expanded role in household tasks, from cleaning to assisting in
cooking, making daily chores more manageable. With the integration of 5G technology,
smart homes will experience faster and more reliable connectivity, facilitating swift

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communication between devices and enabling real-time responses. Enhanced security
measures will be in place to safeguard user data and prevent unauthorized access.
7.5 Immersive Technologies and Sustainable Living
Virtual and augmented reality will be seamlessly integrated into smart homes, offering
immersive entertainment, educational experiences, and aiding in home design and
remodeling. Sustainability will be a key focus, with smart homes encouraging eco-friendly
practices such as efficient resource management, waste reduction, and water usage
monitoring.
The future of smart homes is filled with innovation and potential. As technology advances
and becomes more integrated into our lives, smart homes will provide increasingly
personalized, efficient, and sustainable living experiences. These trends are set to
revolutionize the way we interact with our homes and redefine our understanding of
modern living. [2],[8].

CHAPTER 8
Role of Electrical Engineering in Smart Homes
Electrical engineering is a crucial foundation for the creation and advancement of smart
homes. It provides the essential knowledge and expertise required to design, implement,
and optimize the various technologies that make homes intelligent and connected.
8.1 Power Management, Circuits, and Communication
Electrical engineers are central to managing power distribution efficiently in smart homes.
They design systems that ensure optimal electricity allocation across devices, minimizing
wastage. These engineers also create specialized circuits that consider energy efficiency,
reliability, and compatibility. Additionally, they establish communication protocols for
seamless device interaction, enabling devices to exchange information and collaborate
effectively.
8.2 Sensor Technology and IoT Integration
The development of sensor technology falls within the expertise of electrical engineers.
They design and implement sensors that capture data on motion, temperature, light, and
more. These sensors are crucial for enabling smart systems to make informed decisions.
Furthermore, electrical engineers ensure that devices are integrated into the Internet of
Things (IoT), facilitating remote control and data exchange over the internet.
8.3 Automation, Control, and Energy Efficiency
Electrical engineers play a key role in creating automation and control systems that define
the smart home experience. Through programming, they enable devices to perform tasks
based on user commands or specific conditions. Their designs create adaptable
environments that cater to occupants' needs. Moreover, these engineers emphasize energy-
efficient designs, implementing strategies to reduce power consumption without
compromising functionality.
8.4 Security, Troubleshooting, and Future Innovations
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Securing smart homes against cyber threats is paramount, and electrical engineers
contribute by implementing encryption and security measures to safeguard user data. They
also excel in troubleshooting and maintenance, diagnosing technical issues to ensure
uninterrupted device operation. Looking ahead, electrical engineers lead the charge in
developing future innovations, such as advanced sensors, wireless communication, and
artificial intelligence, propelling the evolution of smart living environments. [3],[5].

[8]

CHAPTER 9
Case Studies
9.1 Amazon Echo and Alexa
One of the most well-known examples of a smart home system is Amazon's Echo smart
speakers with the Alexa voice assistant. Users can control various smart devices in their
homes using voice commands. For instance, they can ask Alexa to adjust the thermostat,
turn off lights, play music, or even provide weather updates. This case study showcases
how voice assistants can act as central hubs for controlling and managing smart home
devices, enhancing convenience and accessibility.[9]

9.2 Nest Thermostat

Nest, a company acquired by Google, offers a smart thermostat that learns users'
preferences and adjusts the temperature accordingly. The thermostat can be controlled
remotely through a mobile app, and it uses sensors to determine if anyone is at home,
optimizing energy use. This case study illustrates how smart thermostats can significantly
contribute to energy efficiency and comfort by intelligently managing heating and cooling.
[10].

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[10]
9.3 Ring Video Doorbell
Ring, a subsidiary of Amazon, introduced a video doorbell that allows homeowners to see
and interact with visitors remotely through a smartphone app. It includes motion detection
and alerts, enhancing home security. This case study demonstrates how smart doorbell
cameras can provide real-time surveillance and communication capabilities, improving
both convenience and safety.

9.4 Philips Hue Smart Lighting

Philips Hue offers a range of smart LED light bulbs that can be controlled via a mobile app.
Users can adjust the color, brightness, and even set schedules for their lights. Integration
with voice assistants allows for hands-free control. This case study highlights how smart
lighting can create personalized and dynamic ambiance while contributing to energy
savings. [10],[11].

9.5 Samsung SmartThings Hub

Samsung's SmartThings Hub is a centralized device that connects various smart devices,
regardless of their brand or communication protocol. Users can create automated routines
and control devices through a single app. This case study showcases the importance of
interoperability and how a smart home hub can simplify the management of multiple
devices.

[9]

9.6 Tesla Powerwall

Tesla's Powerwall is a home battery storage solution that integrates with solar panels to
store excess energy for later use. It can also serve as a backup power source during outages.

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This case study demonstrates how smart home technology, in this case, energy storage, can
contribute to sustainable living and increased energy independence.[10],[11].

[10]

CHAPTER 10
Conclusion:

In the rapidly evolving landscape of technology, smart homes stand as a testament to the
incredible potential that integration and innovation can bring to our living spaces. From the
humble beginnings of automation to the futuristic realms of artificial intelligence, smart
homes have undergone a remarkable journey that reflects our desire for convenience,
efficiency, and enhanced living experiences.

As we've explored in this report, smart homes are more than just a collection of gadgets;
they represent a synergy between technology and our daily lives. The role of electrical
engineering in shaping and enabling these smart ecosystems cannot be overstated.
Electrical engineers have paved the way for the creation of devices that communicate,
sensors that perceive our environment, and systems that respond intelligently to our needs.

While smart homes offer a plethora of benefits, they also present challenges that underscore
the need for careful design, security measures, and user education. Privacy concerns,
compatibility issues, and the complexity of integration are some of the hurdles that must be
overcome to ensure a seamless and secure smart home experience.

Looking ahead, the future of smart homes holds exciting potential. Artificial intelligence,
advanced sensors, renewable energy integration, and enhanced personalization are set to
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 redefine the way we interact with our homes. With each innovation, smart homes inch
closer to becoming true companions that cater to our preferences, conserve resources, and
promote a sustainable and connected way of living.

Smart homes are a testament to human creativity and technological advancement. They
exemplify our ability to harness the power of electricity, communication, and computing to
create environments that are not only intelligent but also responsive to our ever-changing
lifestyles. As technology continues to progress, the boundaries of what smart homes can
achieve will expand, ushering in an era of living that is not just smart, but truly
transformative.

References

[1] Datta T, Apthorpe N, Feamster N. Developer-friendly library for smart home IoT privacy-
preserving traffic obfuscation, IoT S&P 18. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on IoT
Security and Privacy. ACM; 2018. pp. 43-48

[2] Jian MS, Wu JY, Chen JY, Li YJ, Wang YC, Xu HY. IOT Base Smart Home Appliances by
Using Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch; 19-22 February 2017; ICACT, ISBN 978-89-
968650-
9-4, 2017

[3] General Security // January 2019 reflect industry/Reources-blog

https://www.gensecurity.com/blog/benefits-of-smart-home-technology

[4] Entrepreneur by AIMEE TARIQ // JANUARY 21,2021 // Science & Technology

The Challenges and Security Risks of Smart Home Devices
https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/the-challenges-and-security-risks-of-
smart-home-devices/362497

[5] Rattle Tech // 4 main software components of a smart home/building solution

https://rattletech.com/4-main-components-smart-home-building-solution/

[6] Huge Growth predicted for Smart Home Technology-AVITHA Satista

https//satista.com/hgfsht/avitha

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[7] DarrasLaw America’s Top Disability Firm // East Guasti Road
https://www.longtermdisabilitylawyer.com/2015/08/pros-cons-smart-home/

[8] Constellation// Resources to Help Understand Energy //What is a smart home and what are
the benefits// https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/what-is-a-smart-home.html

[9] “Alexa is my BFF”: A Case Study of the Amazon Echos’s Social Functions and Roles.

[10] Smart Nest Thermostat: A Smart Spy in your Home

Grant Hernandez, Orlando Arias, Daniel Buentello, and Yier Jin, Security in Silicon
Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Independent Researcher yier.jin@eecs.ucf.edu

[11] Phiilips Hue Bulb & IoT App Security// Junibel De La Cruz University of Denver
(PDF) Philips Hue Bulb & IoT App Security (researchgate.net)

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