1.

0 Codes and general requirements

1.1 Codes

a) AS 3600:2018
b) AS/NZS 1170.0:2002
c) AS/NZS 1170.1:2002

1.2 General requirements

1.2.1 Concrete strength
The characteristics compressive strength of the concrete f’c is 32 MPa.
1.2.2 Cover requirement for durability and fire resistance
In this section all table(s) and figure(s) are all based on the AS 3600:2018.
Based on Table 4.3 the exposure classification reinforced,or prestressed concrete members
is A2 because the surfaces members in interior environments are fully enclosed within a
building except for a brief period of weather exposure during construction and it is non-
residential.
Based on Table 4.4, the minimum f’c = 25 MPa < 32 MPa ∴ OK

Based on Table 4.6, the minimum f’c = 25 MPa < 32 MPa ∴ OK

Based on Table 4.10.3.2, the required cover is 25mm

Based on Figure 5.4.1(B), the required cover for fire resistance for 120 minutes is 35mm

Figure 1 shows the method to obtain minimum cover for fire resistance 120 minute

Therefore, the covered required for the beam is 35mm.

2.0 Layout
This is a five-storey office building located in Perth, CBD. Each storey height is 3.8 m. The
slab thickness is 180 mm, beams are 400 mm × 600 mm and the columns are 400 mm × 400
mm. The reinforced steel used in the beam for flexural should be N24 and for shear & crack
control should be N12. The general layout of the building is shown in figure 1. The following
analysis in this report would be based on the typical beam on Grid 2.

Figure 2 shows the general layout of the office

3.0 Load actions
a = 0.7L
b ef =bw +0.2 a

¿ 400+ 0.2 ( 0.7 ×7500 )=1450 mm < AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 Clause 8.8.2>

Load on slab
Slab self weight:
0.18 x 25 = 4.5 kPa
Permanent load = 1.0 kPa

∑ Permanent load=4.5+ 1.0=5.5 kPa

Imposed load = 3.0 kPa < AS/NZS1170.1:2002 Table 3.1>
From Clause 4.2.2 of AS/NZS 1170.0, for strength limit states, design load, w*=Maximum of
[1.35G or 1.2G + 1.5Q or 1.2G + 1.5ψ lQ], from Table 4.1 of AS/NZS 1170.0, for office floors,
ψ l=0.4 .

1.35G = 1.35 x 5.5 = 7.425 kPa

1.2G + 1.5Q = (1.2 x 5.5) + (1.5 x 3.0) = 11.1 kPa

1.2G + 1.5ψ lQ = (1.2 x 5.5) + (1.5 x 0.4 x 3.0) = 8.4 kPa

∴ Design load ,w* = 11.1 kPa

Load on beam
G = 5.5 kPa
Q = 3.0 kPa
w* = 11.1 kPa
Beam self weight = 0.42 x 0.4 x 25 = 4.2 kN/m
Tributary width = 3.5m
w G = 5.5 x 3.5 = 19.25 + 4.2 = 23.45 kN/m

w Q = 3 x 3.5 = 10.5 kN/m

UDL design load, w* = 1.2(5.5 x 3.5 + 4.2) + 1.5 x 3 x 3.5 = 43.89 kN/m
4.0 Design actions
4.1 Design moment

From Clause 6.10.2.2 and 6.10.2.3

Table 1 shows the critical M* of the beam

Moment condition Coefficient Ln (m) Fd M* (kNm/m)

Negative BM’s
Support A&D 1/16 7.1 43.89 -138.281
Support B&C 1/9 7.1 43.89 -245.833
Positive BM’s
Span AB & CD 1/11 7.1 43.89 201.136
Span BC 1/16 7.1 43.89 138.281

Figure 3 shows the BMD of the beam

4.2 Design shear force

From clause 6.10.2.4
Table 2 shows the critical V* of the beam

Shear condition Coefficient Ln (m) Fd V* (kN/m)

Span AB & CD
At the face of end support 1/2 7.1 43.89 155.81
Mid span 1/7 7.1 43.89 44.52
Interior support 1.15/2 7.1 43.89 179.18
Span BC
At the face of support 1/2 7.1 43.89 155.81
Mid span 1/8 7.1 43.89 38.95

Figure 4 shows the SFD of beam

5.0 Design
Given: f’c = 32 MPa fsy = 500 MPa
Ec = 30100 MPa < AS 3600:2018 Table 3.1.2>
Es = 200 GPa < AS 3600:2018 Clause 3.2.2>
n = Es/ Ec = 200000/30100 = 6.64
'
α 2=0.85−0.0015 f c=0.80> 0.67 ∴OK < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.1.3>
'
γ =0.97−0.0025 f c=0.89>0.67 ∴ OK < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.1.3>

5.1 Bending
Midspan
From AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.1.6.1
Minimum strength requirement:

( )( ) ( )
2
b ef D b
α b=0.20+ −1 0.25 s −0.08 ≥ 0.20 ef 3
bw D bw

( )( ) ( )
2
1450 180 1450
α b=0.20+ −1 0.25 −0.08 ≥ 0.20 3
400 600 400
α b=0.187 ≤ 0.47 ∴ α b=0.47

f ' ct .f =0.6 √ f ' c =0.6 √ 32=3.39 MPa < AS 3600:2018 Clause 3.1.1.3>

d = 600 – 35 – 12 -24/2 = 541 mm

[ ] [ 500 )]
'

( ) ( ) ( 3.39
2 2
D f 600
A st .min = α b × ct .f b w d= 0.47 × 400 ×541=848 mm
d f sy 541

From Table 1, M* = 201.14 kNm

¿ 6
M 201.14 ×10 2
A st = = =971 m m > A st .min ∴ OK
ϕ f sy 0.9 d 0.85 ×500 × 0.9 ×541

Use 3N 24 ( A st =1356 m m2) – Bottom

Use 2N 24 ( A st =904 mm2) – Top

Taking first moment of area about N.A.

 2
(n-1) A sc=5.64 ×904=5099 m m – Top
2
(n-1) A st =5.64 × 1356=7648 m m – Bottom
2
400 d 2n 400 ( 600−d n )
( 1450−400 ) ×180 × ( d n−90 ) + +5099 × ( d n−59 ) = +7648 ×(541−d n)
2 2
By solving the equation, d n=211.54 mm

[ ]
3 3
1450 ×180 2 400 × 600 2
I g= +1450 ×180 × ( 211.54−90 ) + + 400 ×600 × (300−211.54 ) +5099 × ( 211.54−59
12 12
Z=Ig / y
6 −3
M uo .min =1.2 Z f ' ct =1.2 [14587 ×10 /(600−211.54)]× 3.39× 10 =153 kNm

Ignore Asc because if the design of Ast can pass, Asc would pass.
C c =T
'
(α 2 f c ) ∙(γb d n)=A st f sy
A st f sy 1356 ×500
d n= '
= =20.5 mm< t ∴ N.A. is in flange
α 2 f c γ bef 0.8× 32× 0.89 ×1450

T = A st f sy = 1356 x 500 = 678 kN

Check initial assumption of tension steel yield:

d−d n 541−20.5
ε s= ×ε cu= ×0.003=0.076> ε sy ∴ Steel yielded
dn 20.5
d n 20.5
k uo= = =0.038< 0.36 ∴ Ductile
d 541
13 k uo 13 ( 0.038 )
ϕ=1.24− =1.24− =1.20>0.85
12 12
∴ ϕ=0.85 < AS 3600:2018 Table 2.2.2>

M uo=T d− ( γ dn
2 ) (
=678 541−
0.89 ×20.5
2 )
=360.6 kNm > M uo. min

ϕ M uo=0.85 ×360.6=306.5 kNm> ¿ M*

The conditions are met, therefore ϕ M uo at midspan is OK.

Support
From AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.1.6.1
Minimum strength requirement:

For rectangle sections: α b=0.20

f ' ct .f =0.6 √ f ' c =0.6 √ 32=3.39 MPa < AS 3600:2018 Clause 3.1.1.3>

[ ] [ ( ) ( )]
'

( )
2 2
D f 600 3.39 2
A st .min = α b × ct .f b w d= 0.20 × 400× 541=361 mm
d f sy 541 500

From Table 1, M* = 245.83 kNm

2
A sc=1356 mm – Top
2
A st =904 mm – Bottom

n = 6.64
Taking first moment of area about N.A.
2
400 d 2n 400 ( 600−d n )
5.64 × 1356× ( d n−59 ) + = +5.64 × 904 × ( 541−d n )
2 2
By solving the equation, d n=297.6 mm

3
400× 600 2 2 2
I g= + 400 ×600 × ( 300−297.6 ) +5.64 × 1356 × ( 297.6−59 ) +5.64 × 904 ( 541−297.6 ) =7938.8 ×10
12
Z=Ig / y

M uo .min =1.2 Z f ' ct =1.2 ( 7938.8 ×10 6 /297.6 ) ×3.39 ×10−3=109 kNm

Ignore Asc because if the design of Ast can pass, Asc would pass.
¿ 6
M 245.83 ×10 2
A st = = =1188 m m > A st . min ∴OK
ϕ f sy 0.9 d 0.85 ×500 × 0.9 ×541

Use 3N 24 ( A st =1356 m m2 ¿
C c =T
'
(α 2 f c ) ∙(γb d n)=A st f sy
A st f sy 1356 ×500
d n= '
= =74.4 mm
α 2 f c γ bef 0.8× 32× 0.89 × 400

Check initial assumption of tension steel yield:

d−d n 541−74.4
ε s= ×ε cu= ×0.003=0.019> ε sy ∴ Steel yielded
dn 74.4
 d n 74.4
k uo= = =0.14<0.36 ∴ Ductile
d 541
13 k uo 13 ( 0.14 )
ϕ=1.24− =1.24− =1.09>0.85
12 12
∴ ϕ=0.85 < AS 3600:2018 Table 2.2.2>

M uo=T d− ( γ dn
2 ) (
=678 541−0.89 ×
74.4
2 )
=344.4 kNm> M uo .min

ϕ M uo=0.85 ×344.4=292.7 kNm >¿ M*

The conditions are met, therefore ϕ M uo at support is OK.

5.2 Shear
Maximum shear will occur at the support; therefore, support is critical, i.e., if support pass,
midspan will also pass.
d = 541 mm D = 600 mm
Effective shear depth, dv = max. [0.72D or 0.9d] < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.1.9>

dv = max. [432 or 486.9]

dv = 486.9 mm

From Table 2, critical V* = 179.18 – (dv x w*) = 179.18 – (0.4869 x 43.89) = 157.8 kN

For non-prestressed beam not subjected to axial tension with Class N reinforcement and
f ' c ≤ 65 MPa, θ v =36 ° < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.4.3>

α v =90° < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.3.3>

[
V u . max=0.55 0.9× f 'c bv d v
(
cot ( θ v ) +cot ( α v )
1+cot 2 ( θ v ) )]
[
¿ 0.55 0.9 × 32× 400 × 486.9
( )]
cot ( 36 ) +cot ( 90 )
1+ cot2 ( 36 )
=1467 kN

For member with Class N fitments: ϕ=0.75 < AS 3600:2018 Table2.2.2>

ϕ V u .max =0.75 ×1467=1100 kN >¿ V* ∴ Web crushing not critical
A sv .min A sv
Assume > < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.4.3>
s s
200
k v= ≤ 0.15
( 1000+1.3 d v )
200
k v= =0.12
( 1000+1.3 ×486.9 )

V uc =k v b v d v √ f 'c < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.4.1>

V uc =0.12 × 400× 486.9 × √32=134.9 kN

For member with Class N fitments: ϕ=0.75 < AS 3600:2018 Table2.2.2>

300 mm< D=600 mm<650 mm < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.1.6>
1000−600
k s= =0.57
700
k s ϕ V uc =0.57 × 0.75× 134.9=57.67 kN <¿ V* ∴ Require stirrups
157.8
V us ≥ −134.9=75.5 kN
0.75
 (
V us= )
A sv f sy .f d v
s
cot ( θv ) < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.5.2>

V =( ×500 × 486.9 )cot ( 36 ) ≥ 75.5 kN

A sv
us
s
A sv 2
≥ 0.225 mm /mm
s
A sv .min 0.08 √ f ' c b v
= < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.1.7>
s f sy

A sv .min 0.08 × √ 32 × 400 2 A sv

= =0.362 mm /mm>
s 500 s
A sv .min A sv
∴ Initial assumption of > is validated
s s

For 2N 12, A sv=226 mm2

A sv .min 2
≥ 0.362 mm /mm
s
226 2
≥ 0.362 mm /mm
s
Required stirrup spacing, s ≤ 624 mm

Maximum spacing, smax =lesser [0.5 D , 300 mm] < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.3.2.2>
¿ lesser [ 0.5 ×600 , 300 mm ] =300 mm

∴ Adopt 2-legs N12 stirrups at 300 mm spacing.

γ =0.89 d n=74.4 mm

z= d− ( γ dn
2 )(
= 541−
0.89 ×74.4
2
=508 mm )
∆ F td =∆ F tds =0.5 ( V ¿ + ϕ V uC ) cot ( θ v ) ≥0 < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.7>

∆ F td =∆ F tds =0.5 ( 157.8+0.75 ×134.9 ) cot ( 36 )=178.2 kN

At the maximum shear location, M* = 245.83 – 0.5(179.18 + 157.8) x (0.4869) = 163.8 kNm

( )
¿ ¿
M N
T td = + +∆ F td < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.2.8.2>
z 2

T =( + +178.2)=500.6 kN
163.8 0
td
0.508 2
ϕ=0.85 < AS 3600:2018 Table 2.2.2>
T td 500.6 × 1000 2
Reinforced steel required, A st ≥ ≥ ≥ 1178 m m
ϕ f sy 0.85 × 500

Area of 3N 24 ¿ 1356 m m2 ≥1178 mm2 ∴OK

5.3 Serviceability
2 2
A sc=9 0 4 m m A st =1356 m m d = 541 mm

[ ( )]
k cs= 2−1.2
A sc
A st
≥ 0.8 < AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.5.3.2>

[ ( )]
k cs= 2−1.2
904
1356
=1.2≥ 0.8 ∴ k cs =1. 2

[ ]
1

Lef
≤
k1
∆
( )
b E
Lef ef c
3

< AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.5.4>

d k 2 F d .ef

∆ 1
Given: =
Lef 250
; Ec =301000 MPa

ψ s =0.7; ψ l=0.4 <AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Table 4.1>

F d . ef =( 1.0+k cs ) g+ ( ψ s +k cs ψ l ) q

F d . ef = (1.0+ 1.2 ) 5.5+ ( 0.7+1.2× 0.4 ) 3=15.64 kN /m

bef 1450 A st 1356

β= = =3.625>1 p= = =0.00173
bw 400 b ef d 1450× 541
1 1
0.001 ( f c)
' 3
0.001 ( 32 )3
2
= 2
=0.001345< p
3 3
β 3.625
2
Therefore, k 1=( 5−0.04 f c ) p+0.002 ≤ 0.1/ β 3
'

2
3
k 1=( 5−0.04 ×32 ) 0.00173+0.002 ≤ 0.1/3.625

k 1=0.00844 ≤ 0.042

To be conservative, use k 2=2.4 /384

Lef =the lesser of [ ( Ln + D ) ; L ]=[ 7100+600 ; 7500 ] =750 0 mm

 [ ]
1

Lef
≤
k1
∆
( )b E
Lef ef c
3

d k 2 F d .ef

[ ]
1
1 3
0.00844 × × 1450× 301000
7500 250
≤
541 2.4
×15.64
384

13.86<53.22 ∴ OK

5.4 Crack control

Based on AS 3600:2018 Clause 8.6.1 (b):
The distance from side or soffit to centre to reinforcement must be ≤ 100 mm, as shown in
figure 5.
Side spacing = 35 + 12 + 12 = 59 mm < 100 mm ∴ OK

Figure 5 shows the criteria for crack control

The centre to centre spacing of reinforcement in tension must be ≤ 300 mm, as shown in
figure 6.
Centre to centre spacing = (400 – 2(35) – 2(12) – 24)/ 2 = 141 mm ≤ 300 mm ∴ OK

Figure 6 shows the criteria for crack control