Introduction IPv4 Addressing

Physical Layer
 responsible for binary transmission create signals that
represent the bits in each frame

Network Media - carry the flow of information (signal) from

source to destination.
1. Wired media - cable
examples: UTP, STP, Coaxial cable (made of copper)/
optical fiber (glass)
2. Wireless media - air, atmosphere, open space
examples: IR, Bluetooth, RF, Microwave

Factors to Consider
1. Immunity to EMI/RFI
utp (prone) stp(protection), coaxial cable, optical fiber (most)
2. Bandwidth - amount of data that can flow through a medium
units: bps, kpbs, mpbs, gbps (1 charater - 8bits - 1byte)
shared bandwidth (hub) 100mbps/10 computers = 10mpbs
throughput (8mbps goodput )
3. Attenuation - loss of signal (decrease of signal strength) along
the media.
STP/UTP - 100meters (90meters)
Coaxial cable - thinnet(185meters), thicknet (500 meters)
optical fiber - multimode OF(2kms (LED))
singlemode(100kms (laser))
wireless - IEEE802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ad
4. Ease of installation - tools and equipment
UTP - RJ45connector, Crimper, tester
Coaxial - BNCconnector, Crimper, tester
OF - ST, SC, LC, FC, Fusion device, OTDR
Wireless - AP, Wireless Adapter
5. Cost
Optical Fiber - Lights pulses, 1 (On), 0 (Off)
Wireless - frequency, 1 (High), 0 (Low)
Copper media - electrical pulses 1 (high voltage), 0 (low voltage)

UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair

Cat3 10Mbps, Cat4 16Mbps, Cat5 100Mbps, Cat5e 1000Mbps,
Cat6 10Gbps

Twisting - cancel out noise (interference)

Color Codes

Stripe Colors: Solid Colors:

white-orange orange
white-blue blue
white-green green
white-brown brown

568 Standard (EIA/TIA)

568-B 568-A
1.White-orange 1. White-green
2.orange 2. green
3.White-green 3. white orange
4.blue 4. blue
5.White-blue 5. White-blue
6.green 6. orange
7.White-brown 7. White-brown
8.brown 8. brown

UTP Assemblies
Straight through Ethernet Cable
1. white-orange 1. white-orange
2. orange 2. orange
3. white-green 3. white-green
4. blue 4. blue
5. white-blue 5. white-blue
6. green 6. green
7. white-brown 7. white-brown
8. brown 8. brown
when connecting:
pc - hub, pc - switch, router - hub, router - switch

Crossover Ethernet Cable

1.White-orange 1. White-green
2.orange 2. green
3.White-green 3. white orange
4.blue 4. blue
5.White-blue 5. White-blue
6.green 6. orange
7.White-brown 7. White-brown
8.brown 8. brown
when connecting:
pc - pc, router - router, hub - hub, switch - switch, pc - router, hub
- switch

Auto MDIX (Auto-Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover)

 An enhancement in physically connected network devices
that automatically determines and adapts to whether the
connection cable is straight-through or twisted-pair.

Rollover Cable (console)

1.White-orange 1. brown
2.orange 2. white-brown
3.White-green 3. green
4.blue 4. white-blue
5.White-blue 5. blue
6.green 6. white-green
7.White-brown 7. orange
8.brown 8. white-orange
when configuring cisco devices
router, switch, firewall
Vertical Cable (backbone)
 Backbone cabling, also known as vertical cabling, is the
inter-building and intra-building cable connections in a
structured cabling system. It typically connects
telecommunications rooms, equipment rooms, and entrance
facilities.
optical fiber
coaxial cable

Horizontal Cable
 The system of cabling that connects telecommunications
rooms to individual outlets or work areas on the floor.
 Work Area Components: These connect end-user equipment
to outlets of the horizontal cabling system.
UTP/STP

Comparison Between Vertical and Horizontal Cabling

Data link Layer
 Control how the data is placed over the media
 Provides Error detection (Trailer) FCS, CRC
 2 sublayers
Logical Link Control (IEEE802.2)
- manages communication with upper layers (network
layer protocol)
Media Access Control (IEEE802.3)
- provides frame delimiting, error detection mechanism

Controlled Access
 take turns
 first come first serve
 no collision
 uses token passing

Contention Based Access

 any device can transmit
 collision always exist
 broadcast network

CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection

1. collision detected
2. back off timer (ms) randomize
3. priority (a device with low backoff timer can use the
media)
4. listen first before transmit
ethernet /Fast Ethernet/ Gigabit Ethernet/ 10Gbp/ 100Gpbs
in ms

Media Access Control Address (MAC Address)

 48 bits and 12 hexadecimal format
 physical address
  burn-in address (BIA)
example: 00:80:AD:C1:E5:01

2 parts of MAC Address

First 3 bytes Organization Unique Identifier
manufacturer (brand)

Second 3 bytes Vendor Assigned

uniquely identifies devices

Address Resolution Protocol

 map mac address to an existing ip address
 2 messages
Arp request - who is 10.10.0.1
Arp reply - iam 10.10.0.1 with mac 00:ac:dc:01:02:13

ARP Cache - temporary storage of resolved mac to an ip address

Network Mathematics:

Binary - bits (1, 0), language used by digital devices

example: 1010 1010
base 2

Decimal - human readable format (0 - 9)

base 10
example: 192

Hexadecimal - hardware address (0 -9, a - f)

base 16
example: 8a1f
Decimal to Binary
100 = 0110 0100
224 = 1110 0000
252 = 1111 1100
511 = 1 1111 1111

Binary to Decimal
1111 1000 = 248
1 0000 0000 = 256
11 0000 0001 = 769

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

100 0110 0100 64
511 1 1111 1111 1FF
224 1110 0000 E0
252 1111 1100 FC

IP Addressing

IPv4 is a 32-bit logical address used to identify host either in a

LAN or WAN
example: 192.168.32.1
format: 1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0010 0000 . 0000 0001
represented as four-dotted decimal notation

Classes of IP Address Ranges from the first octet

A 0 - 127
B 128 -191
C 192 - 223
D - Multicasting 224 - 239
E - Experimental 240 - 255
Parts of an IPv4 Address
1. Network Portion - identifies the group of an ip address
2. Host Portion - uniquely identifies devices in a group

Class A: w.x.y.z 10.10.0.1

Class B: w.x.y.z 172.32.0.100
Class C: w.x.y.z 192.168.32.254

First-Octet Rule
Class A: 0xxx xxxx
(0)constant
(x)variable
if (x) = 0 then, 0000 0000 (0)
if (x) = 1 then, 0111 1111 (127)

Class B: 10xx xxxx

(0)constant
(x)variable
if (x) = 0 then, 1000 0000 (128)
if (x) = 1 then, 1011 1111 (191)

Class C: 110x xxxx

(0)constant
(x)variable
if (x) = 0 then, 1100 0000 (192)
if (x) = 1 then, 1101 1111 (223)

Possible Number of Network(s)

Class A: 126
Class B: 16384
Class C: 2,097,152
 Possible Number of Host(s)
Class A: 16777214
Class B: 65534
Class C: 254

Types of IPv4 Address:

1. Network Address - identifies the group of an IP address

- all of the bits in the host portion are set
to zero (0) invalid address

Class A: 10.0.0.0
Class B: 172.16.0.0
Class C: 192.168.1.0

2. Broadcast Address - use to direct traffic to all host in the

network, all of the bits in the host portion are set to one (255)
and invalid address.

Class A: 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.255.255
Class C: 192.168.1.255

3. Host Address - unique identifier and any device having an IP

address is a host (host address)

Class A: 10.0.0.0 (10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254)10.255.255.255

Class B: 172.16.0.0 (172.16.0.1 - 172.16.255.254) 172.16.255.255
Class C: 192.168.1.0 (192.168.0.1 - 192.168.1.254) 192.168.1.255
IP Addressing – works at

Assigning IPv4 Addresses

Assigning IPv4 Addresses

Subnet Mask
 Is a number that distinguishes the network address and the
host address within an IP address.
Loopback Address
 Is an IP address you can use to loop and return data packets
through a network interface card. The loopback address
starts with the following numbers: 127.0. 0.1. If you send
data packets to a loopback address, they won't reach the
address.

Link Local Address

 An IP address in the range from 169.254.1.0 to
169.254.254.255. It is used to automatically assign an IP
address to a device in an IP network when there is no other
assignment method available, such as a DHCP server.
Private IP address
 A private IP address is a range of non-internet facing IP
addresses used in an internal network. Private IP addresses
are provided by network devices, such as routers, using
network address translation.
 Commonly used for local area networks in residential, office
and enterprise areas. Every device that connects to an
internet network -- such as computers, smartphones,
tablets or printers -- will have a private IP address.

Private IPs aren't routable on the public Internet, so they differ

from the addresses you use online.
Example 192.168.0.20, 192.168.0.21

Public IP address
 A public IP address is an outward-facing IP address used to
access the Internet. Public IP addresses are provided by an
internet service provider (ISP) and assigned to the router. It
is a unique IP address on the Internet.

All servers and sites on the Internet use Public IP addresses (for
example, google.com — 172.217. 22.14, Google's DNS server —
8.8. 8.8). All public IP addresses on the Internet are unique to
their host or server and cannot duplicate.