a.C. of a.c.

or
No V, (volt)
or
volt source
d.c. volt

d.c. 1.
d.c. 2.
d.c. 3.

a.C.
1.
a.c.
2.
3.
match with decoded
a.C.

values by multimeter
Conclusions
experimental error, the measured
1. Within the limits of voltage measured by multimeter
values of resistors. sources match with the
voltages marked on the voltage
2. a.c.and d.c. ACTIVITY-3

switches, a fuse and a power source.

Aim
circuit comprising of three bulbs, three (on-off)
Toassemble a household
You Need
switches 3. A fuse wire 4. A two pin plug 5. Flexible
on-off
40W and 60 W) 2. Three
1. Three bulbs (15 W,connècting wires 6. Main switch.
red and black P.V.C.
Fuse
Two pin plug
F
A.C. mains
B,B,( L2 P
S,q SR

three switches
Fig. 4 Household circuit comprising of three bulbs and
L B MANUAL PHYSICS-XI
48
Theory
Household circuit functions on main supply of 220 volt at the frequency of 50 Hz and current ratinys ot
5Aof domestic supply or normal appliances. In household circuits, all the appliances are connecud in
parallel with a switch connected in series with each appliance in supply live line.
Also for the further safety, a suitable value of main fuse is connected in series with a.c. nains.
How To Do

1. end
Connect
of
one end of bulb holder to red flexible wire through a switch in series and connt the other
the bulb holder to the black flexible wire.
2. Connect the three bulb-switch combination in parallel, red wire ends at one point and the black wire
ends at the other point.
3. Take two long P.V.C. wires to serve as lead wire, one wire is red and other is black.
4. Connect wire ends to red lead wire L,. It serves as live-lead.
5. Connect the black wire ends to the black lead wire Lo. It will serve as neutral-lead.
6. Connect the fuse wire F in live-lead L,.
7. Connect a two-pin plug P at the end of the two leads L, and L.
8. Insert the plug P in two-pin socket provided in the main electric board.
9. Check the circuit once again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
Testing
Make the switches on one-by-one and put them off one-by-one.
Observations
The bulb glows when the switch is made on. It stops glowing when the switch is made off.
Take Care
1. The safety fuse should be suitably selected.

ACTIVITY-4
Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
You Need
1. Resistor 2. Ammeter 3. Voltmeter 4. One-way key 5. Battery 6. Rheostat 7.
Connecting wires.
How to Do Battery Arnmeter
Rheostat
1. Make the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 5.
2. Connect the ammeter, rheostat, resistor and battery in series with Key
each other as shown in Fig. 5.
3. Connect voltmeter in parallel with the given resistor as shown in
Fig. 5.
4. For measurement of current flowing through the circuit and Resistor
potential
drop acrOss the resistor 'R, insert the plug in key and adjust the R
rheostat so that ammeter and voltmeter show some deflections
and record the observations.
5. Assembly of electric components in the electric circuit is
complete.
Conclusion Voltrneter
Fig. 5 Electric circuit using
Assembly of all the components in the electric circuit is complete. given components
LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII 49
 Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance.
Take Care
1. Ammeter is connected in series in the circuit.
2. Voltneter is connected in parallel with the given resistor.

ACTIVITY-5
Aim
To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
You Need
1. Potentiometer 2. a voltmeter 3. an ammeter 4. a battery of
constant e.m.f. b. a one-way key 6. a rheosto.
7. ajockey 8. connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram
Rheostat

B 400

Ammeter
300

200

Key
A
0 cm
100

Battery Voltmeter
Fig. 6 Variation of potential drop
Theory with length of a wire
When a steady current is flowing
ofpotential V along a potentiometerthrough the potentiometer wire of
How to Do
wire is directly proportional to theuniform cross-section area, the fall
length of the wire l, i.e., V oc l.
1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 6 and
2. Make the arrange all the apparatus on the table
terminal connections as shown in the Fig. 6. Treat
of battery has been the end A accordingy
3. Calculate the joined as origin (zero) for the of potentiometer wire where positive
least count of purpose of
voltmeter and ammeter also. Note the zeromeasuring length.
ammeter.
4. Now insert the key
K, and press the
correction for voltmeter anu
rheostat so that reading of Jokey J at the end B of
the current I by the
ammeter
voltmeter
and
is maximum but well within the potentiometer
scale,
wire and adjust l
In
changes keep it throughout this position no
5. Slide the during the experiment, constant
adjust the rheostat to during the experiment.
If the curre
Jockey J
25 cm. The readingalong the wire away from end A. Note maintain the current
constant.
should be taken at a point where the the reading of voltmeter
50 deflection in voltmeter isafter every 20
full division.
L B MANUAL PHYSICS-X
 6. Calculate the ratio for each observation. Plot a graph between Vand ltaking Ialong X-axis and
Valong Y-axis.
Observations
Least count of ammeter = ... ampere
Zero correction for ammeter = .. ampere
Least count of voltmeter = ... volt
Zero correction of voltmneter = ... volt
Steady current flowing through the potentiometer wire = ... ampere
Table to study the variation of potential drop
|
Voltmeter reading (volt) V
S.No. Length of wire 1
(cm)
Observed Corrected ()
(volt cm)

2.
3.
4.

10.

Calculations
Agraph is plotted between Vand , taking l along X-axis andV Scale used on:
X-axis, 1 cm = ... cm
along Y-axis, as shown in Fig. 7. The graph comes to be a straight Y-axis, 1cm = ... volt
line.

Result (in
yolt)

The ratio is almost constant and the graph between V and V

is a straight line, these two results show that the fall of potential
is directly proportional to the length of the wire.
Hence, V «l.
I(in cm)
Take care
Fig. 7 Graph between Vand
1. The electrical connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The positive pole of battery and positive terminal of voltmeter must be connected with
zero mark
(A end) of the potentiometer.
3. The jockey should be gently pressed over the potentiometer wire.
4. The reading of ammeter should remain constant throughout the
experiment.
ACTIVITY-G
Aim
To draw the diagram of given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper orderresistorlrheostat, key, ammeter
also the circuit diagram. and correct the circuit and

LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

51
You Need Ammeter
Cell

1. A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range 2. A battery {mA

eliminator of range 0 to Gvolt 3. Adry cell 4. Two one-way keys Voltrmeter
5. Arheostat.

Theory ww*w
A cell is said to be in an open circuit when no current is drawn Rheostat
from it. The circuit diagram ofa cell in an open circuit is shown
in the Fig. 8 and the components are connected as shown in
the
diagram (Fig. 8).
How to Do K
Battery
1. Make the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 8 Fig. 8Open circuit diagram using given
and connect
all the given components as shown in the Fig. 8 Components
the keys K, and K, open. keeping
2. Make sure that the cell is connected in parallel with the
the resistance box, milliammeter and the rheostat and it is connected in series with
voltmeter
Also connect the battery, rheostat and key K, is connected in parallel wit.h the
resistance box.
3. Take out some resistance (say 5 ohm) from theaccording to the circuit diagram.
plug in key K,, now note the reading of resistance box, keeping key Ky open and insert the
4. ammeter
Adjust the battery eliminator at 4 volt and and voltmeter.
from left to right and observe the insert the plug in key K, and slowly shift the
5. milliammeter reading. rheostat
Stop the sliding of rheostat when the
milliammeter shows zero
cell as it gives zero reading, thereading.
6. As no current is drawn from the
cell is set for open circuit.
Conclusion
When ammeter shows zero reading,
hence, cell is said to be in open
Take Care circuit.
1. Ammeter should be
circuit. connected in series while voltmeter should be
2. Cell should be connected in parallel with the
3. Voltmeter and connected
in parallel with the
ammeter of proper range shouldrheostat.
be used.

52

LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

 96 The
Observations
How do
conducting. to
while emit Need
You
theTheory
Diode, 1. ToAim
resistor, 1. A
Diode.
A
identify
of inThe Use Capacitor.
Resistor.
characteristics mixed
(d) (c) (6) (a) light
the such LED. LED,
the butWhenObservelight not the and that IfThere a probe a
definite device while
capacitor,
S.No. component there multimeter It It collection a
4 3 2 1 it conduct
polarity, that the a conducts It Resistor, diode,
decays thwhile e is metal way conducts
conducting. gives It
Initially if of continuity is to does of
CurrentCurrent
Current component the in reddeflection, metal only an
Diode conducting, the that the
Capacitor of
to then ends
with when the not LED,
is
zero diode
reverse probe twblack
o when components. LED
tip one constant
high flows flowsflows a the are conduct
andcapacitor. with of in selector forward 2. a
while
oncomponent direction the other forward
current in in in Possibility biased.
black
to both one
inserted are Aresistor
LED connecting it thecomponent diode
both one one the current when two
conducting is
probe
the ends is biased
are passage LED common switch
in
butdirection
direction direction flow
directions biased terminal and
decays
current
of tw o (light
to
device is of
is
common
the
of in
terminals
at
connected
andwhen
AcTIVITIES
3.
A
resistor capacitor a
ACTIVITY-1
terminal. of connected
terminal,current, probes, and
probes the
and and and time,emittingemits resistor,
(directly and connected it devices,
to is does does
position
zero emits it emits a with 4.
i.e., of light, diode marked
is flow
i.e. ifred not A from
steady light no multimeter current to as not d.c. diode,capacitor.
component diode). th e
connected , probe
light if as when it R conduct
when conduct with
reverse a
it terminal conducts on to circuit.
it LED, mixed
doesconductsflows, probes is thcheck
e d.c.
and in when
hasshows not, multimeter P
the
circuit. capacitor collection
but reversed), both (+ve).
ofare
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a is deflection in no reverse is
full connected
PHYSICS-XI
MANUALLABCapacitor Component high simplyforward current On reverse and
of
Resistor
LED Diode scale the
touching as
biased. resistor such
or and common
infinite
deflection abiasedflows device meter biased.
diode. forward in items.
such the 1t one
on needle
resistance. and marked
If reversing
and emits It can
a two does
initially it biasing.
way P
emit it shows utili.
does +ve so ends (+ve) light
ne
 Need
1.You Aim
98
To
Glass observe

slab
refraction
2.
Drawing

and
board lateral

3.
deviation
A
sheet

of of
white ACTIVITY-4
a
beam
paper 4.
of
light
Drawing
pins 5.
incident

obliquely

Office
LAB
on
MANUAL pins a
glass
6.
Protractor. slab.
PHYSICS-XII
 parallel faced glass slab, it emerges from it in a same direction as the
lightincident on a
displacement which is proportional to the thickness of the slab. (Fig. 2)
Theory
Whena
of
ray suffersa lateral
ray.Itonly
incdent
HowtoDo
paper sheet with the help of drawing pins on a drawing board.
a white of the white sheet paper and mark its
1. Fix
glassslab and put it symmetrically in the middle
Takea ABCD.
2.boundary
an angle i with the
normal NN, at point Xon face AB and draw a line PQ which makes
a
3. Draw incident ray.
Line PQ is themselves.
at P and Qon the
line PQ at a distance 10 cm or more between
twO pins Rand Ssuch that
4. Fix
of these pins P and Q
through the face DC and fix two pins at points
images
5. See image of the pins P, Qlie in the same straight line.
pins R, S and the and meets
the
the glassslab and draw a
straight line through R, Swhich represent emergent ray
Remove N,YR, i.e., angle e which
6.
at Y. Draw a normal N,N, at Y and join XY. Measure the angle
Eare DC
angle i.
comes to be equal to perpendicular to RSY. TZ measures the
lateral
cut DC at Z. Draw TZ
7 Produce PQX forward to
displacement d'. d every time.
experiment for two more observations and observe lateral diplacement
8 Repeat the
N.

Incident ray Angle of incidence

i Air
B

Glass
Glass slab
Refracted
ray -
Angle of
refraction

N
7
D

Angle of
emergence

Lateral
displacement

Ng
Emergent ray

Fig. 2 Refraction of ray of light through a glass slab

Concl usions
The ray of light emerging from a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray and it is laterally displaced.
LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII 99
 ACTIVITY-G
Aim
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and
Screen (for different distances of the candle from the mirror).

100 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

YouNeed
mirror with holder 2. An optical bench with three uprights 3. Meter scale 4. Candle
concave matchbox.
1. Acardboard screen 6. A
5. A
From
infinity

C
C

(b) Object beyond C

(a) Object at infinity

(d) Object between C and F

(c) Object at C

Image
a tinfinity

() Object between F and P

(e) Object at F
positions of object
Fig. 4 Ray diagrams for image formation for different
Theory
concave mirror depends upon
eposition, nature and the relative size of the image of an object formed by a
by the ray diagrams in Fig. 4.
POSIuon of the object with respect to the pole of the mirror. It is shown
How to Do
1. Find rough focal length of the mirror.
bench.
MOunt concave mirror in the holder in the frst upright and place it at one end of the optical
Keep the mirror face inward.
focal
mount the cardboard screen on the second upright and place it at a distance equal to rough
length of the mirror from first upright.
other end of the optical
e tne burning candle on the third upright and place it near to the
bench.
LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII 101
 5. Adjustthe upright carrying candle laterally (i.e., perpendicular to the scale) such that the line
the pole of the mirror and tip of the candle flame is parallel to the length of the optical bench
6. Find out the approximate position of centre of curvature C using the relation R = 2f. C lies as
joining
distance R fronm the pole of mirror.
7. Place the candle upright at a distance so that it lies beyond C (Fig. 4b) and adjust the position.
the screen and heights of the uprights so that an inverted image of erect flame of burning cand
formed on the screen. Move the screen to make image sharp which is formned between F and c
S. Now displace the candle upright towards the pole of the mirror so that it lies between the
and centre of curvature C of the mirror.
focus F
9. Locate the position of image of the candle flame and adjust the position of screen and the height.
the screen and candle so that a sharp real inverted image of candle flame is obtained on the soro
The real, inverted and magnified image would be formed beyond C.
10. Repeat the experiment for two more different positionsof the candle flame and observe the positinx
nature and size of the image. Record the observations in the table given below.
Observations
Table for the position, nature and size of the image formed by concave mirror
Position of
S.No.
Nature of Image
Object Image
(Candle) (Screen)
1 At infinity At F
2
Real, inverted, highly diminished
Beyond C Between F and C Real, inverted, diminished
3 At C At C
4 Between F and C
Real, inverted, same size
Beyond C Real, inverted, magnified
5 At F At infinity Real, inverted, magnified but blurred
6 Between F and P Behind the mirror Virtual (cannot be taken on screen),
erect, highly magnified.
Conclusion
The change in position, nature and size of the image is
according to the theoretical predictions.
ACTIVITY-7
Aim
To study the nature and size of the
image formed by a convex lens, on a
screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens). screen by using a candle and
You
Need
1. Aconvex lens with lens
4. Acandle 5. A matchbox. holder 2. An optical bench with three
uprights 3. A cardboard screen

From
infinity 2F A 2F
A 2F F

B
(a) Object at infinity
102 (b) Object beyond 2F
L B MANUAL PHYSICS-XII
 B
F 2F A'
F A
2F 2F A F

2F

B
(d) Object between 2F and F
(c) Object at 2F
B

2F
F A 2F
2F A'

Image at infinity
(f) Object betvween F and O
(e) Object at F
positions of the object
Fig. 5Ray diagrams for image formation for different

Image

2F
2F
Screen

Object
Convex lens
(candle)
Fig. 6 Study the nature and size of image formed by aconvex lens using acandle

Theory
The size of the image of an object formed by a convex lens depends upon the position of the object w.r.t.
the convex lens. Various images formed for the different positions of the object are shown in Fig. 6.
How To Do
1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens by obtaining a sharp and clear image of a distant
object on a white paper screen.
2. Mount the convex lens in a lens holder in central upright and place it in the middle of the optical
bench.
3. Mount the cardboard screen on right hand side and candleon the left handside of the lens on the
other two uprights.
*. Arrange the heights of the three uprights in such a way so that the centre of the lens, the tip of the
candle flame and the centre of the screen lie in a same straight line which is parallel to the optical
bench.
splace the candle upright and place it beyond 2F on the optical bench and locate the sharpest real
ainverted image on the sereen by adjusting the position of the screen upright. Note the size of
the image, its size is
smaller.
LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII 103
 6. Now place the candle upright at the position of 2F and again adjust the position of the screen upricl
to get the sharpest, real and inverted image of same size.
7. Again place the candle upright at the position between F and 2F and adjust the position of tha
screen (it is beyond 2F) to get sharpest, real and inverted magnified image on the screen.
Place the candle upright atF on the optical bench, and adjust the
get the image. Youwill not be able to obtain a distinct image for any
position of screen upright to
position of the screen on the
optical bench because of the fact that if an object is placed at F, its image
8e) and it is blurred. is formed at infinity (Fig.
9. Record all the observations in the
table.
Observations
Rough focal length of the convex lens = F=.. cm
Position of 2F =
Table for the position, nature, size of the
S. Position of Position of candle flame image formed by convex lens
No. lens Position of the
(cm)
relative to the lens
image Nature of the image
(cm)
1. (cm)
At infinity At F
2.
Beyond 2F Real, inverted, highly
3. At 2F
Between F and 2F diminished.
Real, inverted,diminished.
At 2F
4.
Between F and 2F Real, inverted, same size.
5. Beyond 2F
At F
At infinity Real, inverted, magnified and
6 blurred.
Between F and O
Same side of the object Real, inverted, magnified but blurred.
Virtual (cannot be taken on
Conclusion erect, highly magnified. sereen),
The change in position, nature and size of the image is
according to
theoretical predictions.