Memory
Computer memory is the storage space in computer
where data is to be processed and instructions
required for processing are stored.
The memory is divided into large number of small
parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique
address which varies from zero to memory size minus
one.
The kinds of memory
We have 3 kinds of memories:-
1. RAM (Random Access Memory).
2. ROM (Read Only Memory).
3. Cash Memory.
The kinds of memory
1.RAM(Random Access Memory):-
The main memory in the computer, it’s the location
where data and programs are currently processed and
stored (temporally).
RAM laptop
The kinds of memory
RAM is volatile” means that the data is only there while
the computer is turned ,when the computer is shout off
the content of the RAM is erased.
memory speed is measured in (MHz).
RAM PC
The kinds of memory
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
It’s another part of the main memory, but with very
small capacity to keep the instruction(BIOS) which
make computer work when turning it on.
It’s not volatile and the computer can’t write on it.
The kinds of memory
3. Cash Memory: -
a. It’s linked to C.P.U. , It has very fast chip keeps
frequently used program and data, therefore it
increase the speed of the computer.
b. It reduces the gap speed of computer.
Storage Devices
Secondary memory or Secondary storage system,
includes the disk and other storage media used to store
data permanently to keep your software programs and
application programs.
You have to save your work on storage devices before
shutting the computer down.
Kind of storage devices
1. Hard Drive Disk(HDD).
2. Compact Disk (CD Rom ).
3. Compact Disc-Recordable (CD-R).
4. Digital Versatile Disk (DVD).
5. Flash Memory.
Kind of storage devices
1. Hard disk:-
* It’s the most important storage media in the
computer, it keeps software programs and application
programs, it composed of several magnetic disks in
single unit.
* Hard drives store operating systems and programs
as well as data files such as photographs, videos, and
documents.
Kind of storage devices
A) An internal hard drive is connected directly to the
motherboard and other components inside the
laptop casing or desktop tower .
Kind of storage devices
B) An external hard drive has its own casing, and
connects to the computer with a input port.
Kind of storage devises
2- Compact Disk (CD Rom ):-
It’s an important disk which was a LASER to read the
information it’s suitable for storage programs that mix
of (Text, graphic and audio)
capacity around 700 MB.
A-Filled
B-free space
Kind of storage devises
3- Compact Disc-Recordable (CD-R):-
Is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-R disc is a
compact disc that can be written once and read many
times.
Kind of storage devices
4- Digital Versatile Disk (DVD):-
It’s a high capacity development of CD Rom and CD-R
it can store a GB of information it’s used to store high
quality films and videos.
It capacity is between 4.7-17 GB.
Kind of storage devices
5- Flash memory: -
It’s divided into blocks so it saves and erases
information in fast way.
Data Representation in Memory
Data and instructions cannot be entered and
processed directly into computers using human
language. Any type of data may be it numbers, letters,
special symbols, sound or pictures must first be
converted into machine-readable form i.e. binary
form.
Types of data representation
As far as computers are concerned, number systems can
be classified into two major categories:
Decimal number system:-Decimal number system
has ten digits ranging from (0-9).
Place value:- 10n-1 ….104 103 102 101 100
Binary number system:-
It uses two digits namely, (1 and 0) to represent
numbers.
Place value:- 2n-1 ……25 24 23 22 21 20
Converting between binary and
decimal numbers
Converting between decimal and
binary numbers
N=( 11101001)2
Types of data representation
Octal number system:-
Consists of eight digits ranging from (0-7).the place value
of octal numbers goes up in factors of eight from right to
left.
Hexadecimal number system:-
This is a base 16 number system that consists of sixteen
digits ranging from 0-9 and letters A-F where A is
equivalent to 10,B to 11 up to F which is equivalent to 15 in
base ten system. The place value of hexadecimal numbers
goes up in factors of sixteen.
Computer Performance
It is the amount of work accomplished by a computer
system.
Means the factors that affect the speed of CPU
Processing .
1. Clock speed.
2. Memory capacity.
Hard disk speed.
Bus speed.
Graphic Accelerator.
