ciHam ce

) Ac hough pute Caba

wt
V= Vm Sin cobac tet
cabaci tet C
C
ehages
he
h e
The Cuuent On he
The instantameous Chage
Th A 9ivan by
he Cabacihet
plalis o
C u

C Vm 8in wt
C nt
is 9ta of louo o change.
Now,
d(CVm Sin wt)
dt

CVm (sin
At wt
w Cos uE
C Vm
Vm /wt +

Im in (wt + 0
Lohe mVm

whu X wC

X Capaitve actane ustunt

0 t i a that
nom
om equakon
8inusotdal ond ha nq has e an gle +/2
puuy
 xadioms e 0 Le CUnt luads vottaqe
ap plid by 9o' uF
Sin
V=
Vpn tTm i n t , )

Srod

tim
b) hasoå
waVeh etm diag nam

Capatve ea ctan c& delinnd as th ob posion

by tha Capautamce o a citcuit

od
inwsoidal wtunt
low altn aling
Pow e

P xi
Vm 8in wt X Im Bin (wt+)

Vm Ipm in wt gin (wtt 7,)

Vm Im Sin wt eos w t 'sin(wtt

CoS w

Im S'n (2 ot) 2sin ot cosot

Sin 2 o t

Poust a ine a ve que n ty

dou that o applied VolHaqe
Oves a
T ine Cutve
avas age Value o
C&rnnp lul e l is always Zno
 a V sstna tot) dot)- o

oCapaiva
H.wDnaw bowe wawlem
C t

Poblems
A 50Hz, allianating Voltaga o} 15ov(m
abpliad indebndertly i) Resistanu ol 10
(i) inductane of 0:2H ) Capacitomca of 50pE
instantamso us
the
Ffnd the abusion e
Dnauo the
phaset
wunt n each Case

lach Case
diagnam in

Aws Case l- R 10
V Vm bin wt

Vm v2 Vams

Jx 1so -
212. 13 V

T Vm a12.13 21-213 V
R g in phase
tsistive cuit, wwwt in
In p
with Vo tage
Phase dijeunu -0
I i n wt Tm sin (2 Tt)
i 2213 i n (10o Tt) A

i : Phas o diaqTam
 L :02H
Case2:Inductve Ha etana,

L : 2TfL
XL
Tx So X O2

6 83V

Vm 12 3 3.37*
6 2 83

XL Cehert lags
ut,
indu ctve
In p
90
Vo ltage D
ot-)
LIm 8in
1Tt-
i 3 3 4
Sin(10o

E
C SouF
Case 3
Capau
tive uatana,
c wc amc
63-46
6
Soxin
TX50
r
212-13 3.33A

Vm =

I 6 3 66
Leads voI7
vo ltage
leads
uit, cu
nt
Cabadlive
PUu
rad adv
90 "
oliferun ce
Phase 90-Fad

(Im in (wtr ¢) N
(100Tb t
/A
Ain
33
i 3
 es RL CUuit
AC though

V VR

V Vm 8inwt t h u t asa
hen
CUmt I
a
nuit aws

wo Vo ltage dop IXR

usistance, V
a) Dnop avross bune
inductanta, V
V :I
IK
inductanu,XL
wle
b6) Dho
acoss
Dhop
Cwhu

Cuunt oHawn
odHaWh

shete I ms Valu o
Values o veltage dHobs.
VR, V M ms
ko he
law can bi ap plid
Tha itdholj's voHage am
H ee
em mmb
uwer

th point bo
poYnt
a C crcuit bu only be phasst
phase
hould
lHaqu
addi Con o
vo
the
no longer alqe bhaic
3
addetion and
(Vectet)
in eas dc
o dc
as

V VR +VL
V IR t LXL

ms value VIX
o suppy
qo

VR I VR IAA
foPhas ei diaq Ha voltaqe
tHiam qlu
 stps d a _ b hasot dia g1am:
Take Cw mt as the uuumu phaso.
In case Ohsistamte, volfage and ewwuus
in bhase, SO
VR bebe along cuvunt

h a s ot.

ease o in duckanu, Cwvunt lags vo lHaqa

volfage
3 In V
as C unt uhuunce,
by 90 ut,
nt by 1o
cwvwnt
CA qo
u s t be
8houwn Leadin uo.Ht
must
m
Ve ete
vectet Aum
um ot h ethese
se
Vo lHage bu'ng
4The Suppl obtafnud
dbtalnnd by law o
law
and Ve
two Ve cdes V
analluloq nam

we ca uile
u wi
Vo Itaqe tiangle,
91om
V(TR)+(INL)*
+(VL)-
V VR
I(k)*+CX)

VTZ 2
s callud he

Z R)*+ KL"
u e hete
Cui
he Ohms
meaß u e d in Ohms
imp donu o meas uud
o
innpd a n u the opposi
laon
Th
definnd as CLUent.
C L u e n t .

Lmb edan alenhal' ng

halt'ng
alCn
o
huut
Low
 V

A
R-V
I

iq impedanta tiangle
ue cOm e
FOm the imbedanu thiangle
K
o imbedance s
that X component

Qmd given b
Z cos
impsdanu XL nd
and y eombennt o
givem b X- 2 3in d

In 9 ctangula enmHhe impadanu

denotd as

as
is denotd
pola em ,it
ughil , in
2 |Z L J
-X
ohuu ZI JR2+ X,2 md ta
 Power and fous thiangle
We knOw hatt

8in wb
Vm
seris k-Leauih
R-LChuit
V (oi a seis
(wE*¢) fei
Imin

v X i (wt
-

d)
P: 8in
in wt x Im
Vm S i n w t - )

wt.

4in
Vm Jm

-8)-Cos (A+B)
inASin B =cos CA

Take A o

Cos(wt -4)
Vmm tos

Vm Im Cos
Vm Lm os(toF -6)
m uo hose
m uhose
eos ine
eosine
m a
The Seond
a ye 20
OVRA
Volue
aVohage
avehage Co n s u med
Co n s u
mid

poue
aveHa ge
VmLm eos
Pav
2

Cos
ats.
Pay
av VI Cos
 Now,. uwemuuipu Vo Hage tgualton bu
Now
Consumbion.
wwnt I, We qet pouse
VI
VT Va I +

Vcos I + VA?nT
VI

V |I-VISin

VRI VIcos

q pouser taiangle

Appaant ouwwr (S)

mms
s valu
valus
the phodut oo
9t 8 dati nad as
9f
denoGd

uwtunt (I)
and
oolfagltage (v)
S VA
S VI et
unit vot-amb (VA)
mmasuted
n
S+ s
lovolt
volt-am (kVA)

Raal e Tyu powax P)

t dfimd as the poduct of the applid
the
Voltage and he a ve Combonunt o
Cuu nt
Combonnt dh tha abpaun
pasunt

9t s the a
9+ s measuud in unit watts (
owe
lowats (kw)
VI os wats
 ive ow )
Re a

applued voHage
definad as bnodut ot the
9+ the C
nmt
Co mponent ol
md the He a ctive componnr
C o m p O n L n t

as
tmaginary
also depinad uHbe
hbis
u is
n nle
idd
by
by
9t 9 VAR)
pousen
poue 9 t R e a c t i v e U A R )

Reacttve
ap p a n t
2 þanent

Volt-amp
ohe in
unib
wwd
s me
as kVAR
t Raaclive
lo Vo t-Am
VAR
Q VI in
VI
VA
VA w(avaHage pou
pouse,
S=
Appaent P VI cos
VAR
Tue out
VI i n
Raactive P o u n ,

ushich tha abpau

aphaant
actei (cos d) which
the
Pousen a s a c
a.ct by
by s
obtaln
obtain
as eds

deltnad in
9t multplid

POuse must be
abpatent þowe
poustn
appatent

ou bouseh
tue

9t atio o
o Tue þouses
VIcos z cos4
pousee VI
V I
Pouse a cte= batent

appa as the
is also dafinud
9t sistance
the
cos
Z
nalko o
fmpdame