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3.13.1 Phase Difference differentt
frequency f Hz having
alternating quantities having
same
Consider the two
maximum values.
e=E Sin (u) t)
 Basic Electrical Engineering
3 28 Fundamentals of A.C. Circuits

and
m Sin (»t)

where Em m
the quantities shown
The phasor representation and waveforms of both
are in tho

Fig. 3.22.
e,

Em

( 0-90

m
************** **********O**************************

Fig. 3.22
The phasors OA = Em

and OB = Im

After = radians, the OA phasor achieves its maximum Em while at the same
instant, the OB phasor achieves its maximum Im: As the frequency of both is same, the
angular velocity o of both is also the same. So, they rotate together in
So, at any instant, we synchronism.
can
say that the phase of voltage e will be
Thus, the angle travelled same as of 1.
phase
by both within a
particular time is
difference between the
phases of the two
always the same. So, the
between the phases of the two quantities zero at any instant. The is
difference
which is nothing but the alternating quantities is called the phase
angle difference between the two difference
alternating quantities. phasors representing the two
Key Point : When such
phase
zero, the tuo
quantities are said to difference
be in
between the
phase.
two
alternating quantities is
The two
alternating quantities having same
negative values and zero
values at frequency,
the same reaching maximum
amplitudes may be different. time are said to be in
positive and
In the a.c.
analysis, it is not necessary that phase. Their
in phase. It is all the
possible that it one is alternating quantities
having negative value or achieving
is some its zero must be
Such positive value. value, at the same alway
two
quantities are
said to
instant, the other
difference between have
the
phases phase
(angles) of the twodifference between them. If
radians at any
remains same at particular there
nstant, then 5
all the instants. both rotatequantities, expressed in
as

speed, this degrees

with same or

difference
 Basic Electrical Engineering Fundamentals of A.C. Circuits
3-29

Consider
e.m.f.
an
having
maximum value E.. and current having maximum value Im
OW, When e.m.t. 'e is at its zero value, the current 'i' has some negative value as show
in the Fig. 3.23.

e,
e.m.f. e
m

Current i
0 wt
*************
************* ** *********
2T

**********************

-E
Fig. 3.23 Concept of phase difference (Lag)
Thus, there exists a phase difference o between the two phasors. Now, as the two are
rotating in anticlockwise direction, we can say that current is falling back with respect to
voltage, at all the times by angle o. This is called lagging phase difference. The current i
is said to lag the voltage e by angle . The current i achieves its maxima, zero values o
angle later than the corresponding maximum, zero values of voltage.
The equations of the two quantities are written as,
e Em sin øt and i = Im sin(ot - )

i is said to lag 'e' by angle o.

It is possible in practice that the current i may have some positive value when
voltage 'e' is zero. This is shown in the Fig. 3.24.

e.m.f. e

*****************

**********
***

2T
Current i

-Em
Fig. 3.24 Concept of phase difference (Lead)

It can be seen that, there exists a phase difference of o angle between the two. But in
this case, current i is ahead of voltage 'e, as both are rotating in anticlockwise direction
with same speed. Thus, current is said to be leading with respect to voltage and the phase
difference is called leading phase difference. The current i achieves its maximum, zero
 3 30 Fundamentals of A.C. Circuits
Basic Electrical Engineering

zero values of the voltage A.

maximum, all
values oangle before
than the corresponding
current i is going to remain ahead of voltage 'e by angle 'o.
instants,
writtern as
The equations of such two quantities
are

e Em sin ot and = m Sin (ot +

i' is said to lead 'e' by angle .
Point Thus, related to the phase difference, it can be remembered that a plus (+)
Key with
minus sign of angle indicates lag respect
sigm of angle indicates lead where as a

to the reference.