Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
UNIT V: Graphical User Interfaces
GUI Programming with Tkinter
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are essential for user-friendly applications. Tkinter is a Python library for
building desktop applications with a variety of interactive elements.
from tkinter import Tk, Label
# Create a basic Tkinter window
root = Tk()
root.title("Tkinter GUI Example")
label = Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!")
label.pack()
root.mainloop()
Using Label Widgets
Label widgets display text or images in a Tkinter window. They can be used to show static information such
as instructions or titles.
from tkinter import Tk, Label
root = Tk()
label = Label(root, text="This is a Label Widget", font=("Arial", 14))
label.pack()
root.mainloop()
Organizing Widgets with Frames
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
Frames are used to group widgets in Tkinter for better organization and layout control. Frames can be nested
and arranged in grids or packed.
from tkinter import Tk, Frame, Label
root = Tk()
frame = Frame(root)
frame.pack()
label = Label(frame, text="This is inside a Frame")
label.pack()
root.mainloop()
Button Widgets and Info Dialog Boxes
Button widgets in Tkinter trigger actions when clicked. Info dialog boxes provide messages to the user.
from tkinter import Tk, Button, messagebox
def show_message():
messagebox.showinfo("Info", "You clicked the button!")
root = Tk()
button = Button(root, text="Click Me", command=show_message)
button.pack()
root.mainloop()
Getting Input with Entry Widget
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
The Entry widget is used to get single-line text input from the user.
from tkinter import Tk, Entry, Button
def get_input():
user_input = entry.get()
print(f"User Input: {user_input}")
root = Tk()
entry = Entry(root)
entry.pack()
button = Button(root, text="Submit", command=get_input)
button.pack()
root.mainloop()
Using Labels as Output Fields
Labels can also be used dynamically to display output. After receiving user input, you can modify the text
displayed in a Label widget.
from tkinter import Tk, Label, Button
def update_label():
label.config(text="Updated Text!")
root = Tk()
label = Label(root, text="Original Text")
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
label.pack()
button = Button(root, text="Update Text", command=update_label)
button.pack()
root.mainloop()
Radio Buttons and Check Buttons
Radio Buttons allow users to select one option from a set of choices, while Check Buttons allow multiple
selections.
from tkinter import Tk, Radiobutton, IntVar, Checkbutton
root = Tk()
radio_value = IntVar()
# Radio Button example
radiobutton1 = Radiobutton(root, text="Option 1", variable=radio_value, value=1)
radiobutton1.pack()
radiobutton2 = Radiobutton(root, text="Option 2", variable=radio_value, value=2)
radiobutton2.pack()
# Check Button example
check_button = Checkbutton(root, text="Accept Terms")
check_button.pack()
root.mainloop()
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
Simple Graphics with Turtle Graphics
Turtle graphics provides a way to draw shapes and images using a cursor (the 'turtle'). It's widely used for
basic graphics and educational purposes.
from turtle import Turtle, Screen
t = Turtle()
screen = Screen()
# Draw a square
for _ in range(4):
t.forward(100)
t.left(90)
screen.mainloop()
Two-Dimensional Shapes and Colors in Turtle Graphics
Turtle graphics can also be used to draw more complex shapes and control the colors used for drawing.
from turtle import Turtle
t = Turtle()
# Set color
t.color("blue")
# Draw a triangle
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
for _ in range(3):
t.forward(100)
t.left(120)
t.color("green")
# Draw a square
for _ in range(4):
t.forward(100)
t.left(90)
t.hideturtle()
Image Processing with Python
Image processing in Python is done using libraries like Pillow (PIL). You can perform tasks like resizing,
rotating, and manipulating images.
from PIL import Image
# Open an image file
image = Image.open("sample.jpg")
image.show()
# Resize image
resized_image = image.resize((200, 200))
resized_image.show()
GUI Case Studies
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
Building a GUI application often involves combining multiple widgets and functionalities. A case study
involves creating a complete application such as a simple calculator or text editor.
from tkinter import Tk, Button
def add_numbers():
result = int(entry1.get()) + int(entry2.get())
label_result.config(text=f"Result: {result}")
root = Tk()
entry1 = Entry(root)
entry1.pack()
entry2 = Entry(root)
entry2.pack()
button = Button(root, text="Add", command=add_numbers)
button.pack()
label_result = Label(root, text="Result:")
label_result.pack()
root.mainloop()
