WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

NAME : ABENEZER ALEMAYEHU

CLASS : 11 A
ROLL NO : 1
1. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
A.INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP)
 An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a
company or organization that provides
individuals and businesses with access to the
internet and other related services. ISPs
offer a variety of internet connection
options, including:
1.Dial-Up: A slower, traditional connection
method over telephone lines, largely
obsolete today.
2.DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Uses
telephone lines but provides higher speeds
than dial-up.
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3.Cable: Uses the same infrastructure as cable

television and offers high-speed internet.
4.Fiber-Optic: Delivers extremely fast
internet speeds through fiber-optic cables,
typically the fastest and most reliable option.
5.Satellite: Useful in rural or remote areas
without other options, but can be slower and
subject to latency.
6.Wireless (Fixed or Mobile): Uses cellular
networks or fixed wireless technology to
provide internet access, especially in areas
where wired connections aren't available.
B. DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
 The Domain Name System (DNS) is a
hierarchical, distributed system that
translates human-readable domain names
(like example.com) into IP addresses
(like 192.168.2.1) that computers use to
identify each other on the internet.
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DNS is often referred to as the "phonebook" of

the internet because it links domain names,
which are easier for people to remember, to IP
addresses, which are needed for routing data
between devices.
Key Concepts of DNS
1.Domain Names: Hierarchical names, such
as www.example.com, that are mapped to
IP addresses.
2.IP Addresses: Numeric addresses used by
devices to locate and communicate with
each other.
3.DNS Server: A server that holds a database
of public IP addresses and their associated
domain names, responding to requests by
translating domain names to IP addresses.

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4.DNS Resolution: The process by which a

DNS server translates a domain name into
an IP address.
5.Root Servers: The top-level DNS servers
that manage the system’s fundamental
infrastructure, directing requests to top-level
domain (TLD) servers like .com, .org, etc
DNS Process
1.User Request: A user enters a domain name
in a browser.
2.DNS Query: The browser sends a query to a
DNS resolver (often provided by the ISP).
3.Resolution Path: If the DNS resolver
doesn’t have the IP address cached, it starts
at the root server and moves down the
hierarchy until it reaches the authoritative
DNS server for the domain.
4.IP Return: The IP address is returned to the
browser, allowing it to load the website.
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C. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a

network of physical devices ("things")
embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies, enabling them to connect and
exchange data over the internet. IoT devices
range from everyday household items, like
smart thermostats and light bulbs, to
industrial machines and medical equipment.
These devices can collect, transmit, and act
on data, creating a more connected and
efficient world.
Key Characteristics of IoT
1.Interconnectivity: Devices communicate
over the internet, often without direct human
intervention.
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2.Sensors and Actuators: IoT devices

contain sensors to collect data (e.g.,
temperature, motion) and actuators to
perform actions (e.g., turning a light on/off).
3.Automation and Control: IoT systems can
automate tasks and processes, such as
adjusting heating based on occupancy or
monitoring equipment for maintenance
needs.
4.Data Collection and Analysis: IoT
generates large amounts of data, which can
be analyzed for insights to improve
processes, predict trends, and make
informed decisions.
5.Remote Accessibility: Devices can be
monitored and controlled remotely,
enhancing accessibility and convenience.
Examples of IoT Applications
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1.Smart Homes: Devices like smart speakers,

security cameras, and thermostats create
connected, automated home environments.
2.Healthcare: Wearable devices monitor
patients' vital signs and share data with
healthcare providers in real time.
3.Industrial IoT (IIoT): Factories use IoT
sensors to monitor equipment performance,
predict failures, and optimize operations.
4.Agriculture: IoT sensors monitor soil
moisture, weather, and crop conditions to
improve yield and reduce resource use.
5.Smart Cities: IoT-enabled systems, like
smart traffic lights and waste management,
help improve urban efficiency and
sustainability.

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D. TCP/IP
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the
fundamental suite of communication
protocols used to connect devices on the
internet and most private networks. It
defines how data should be packaged,
addressed, transmitted, routed, and received
across networks, ensuring reliable data
transmission and interoperability between
diverse devices and systems. TCP/IP
consists of two primary protocols—TCP
and IP—as well as additional protocols for
various networking functions.

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Key Components of TCP/IP

1.Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
o Reliable Data Transfer: TCP ensures

that data packets are delivered accurately

and in the correct sequence. It
establishes a connection between the
sender and receiver before data
transmission, allowing reliable delivery
by managing packet retransmission if
data is lost or arrives out of order.
o Connection-Oriented Protocol: TCP

uses a three-way handshake to establish

a connection, ensuring both devices are
ready before sending data.

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o Error Checking and Recovery: TCP

provides error-checking mechanisms,
and if any packets are lost or damaged, it
retransmits them to ensure complete data
integrity.
2.Internet Protocol (IP):
o Addressing and Routing: IP handles

the addressing and routing of packets

across networks, directing them from the
source to the destination based on IP
addresses.
o Connectionless Protocol: Unlike TCP,

IP does not establish a connection before

sending data. Each packet is sent
independently, taking the best available
route to reach its destination.

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o IPv4 and IPv6: IPv4 is the original

version of IP with a 32-bit address space,
while IPv6 is a newer version with a
128-bit address space to accommodate
the growing number of internet devices.
E . HTTP
 HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer
Protocol. It’s the foundational protocol used
for transferring data on the web, allowing
computers (like web browsers and servers)
to communicate with each other. When you
type a URL (such as
http://www.example.com) into your
browser, it uses HTTP to request
information from a server, which then sends
back the webpage you want to view.
Here are a few key points about HTTP:
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1.Request-Response Model: HTTP follows a

request-response model. The client (usually
a web browser) sends a request to a server,
and the server responds with the requested
content or an error if it can’t fulfill the
request.
2.Stateless Protocol: HTTP is stateless,
meaning each request is independent. The
server doesn’t retain information about
previous requests, which allows it to handle
more clients efficiently. Sessions and
cookies help manage user data across
multiple HTTP requests.
3.Secure Version (HTTPS): HTTPS (HTTP
Secure) is a more secure version of HTTP
that encrypts the data using SSL/TLS to
protect it from eavesdropping and
tampering.
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4.Methods: HTTP defines methods (or verbs)

that indicate the action the client wants to
perform.
5. Common HTTP methods include:
o GET: Retrieve data from the server.

o POST: Send data to the server.

o PUT: Update existing data on the server.

o DELETE: Remove data from the server.

F. CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It’s a
stylesheet language used to control the
appearance, layout, and visual formatting of
web pages written in HTML. CSS is essential
for creating visually engaging and user-friendly
web pages by allowing developers to style text,
colors, layouts, animations, and much more.
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Here are some core concepts about CSS:

1.Separation of Content and Design: CSS
allows you to keep the design (style) of a
web page separate from its content (HTML
structure), making it easier to maintain and
update websites.
2.Selectors and Properties:
o Selectors in CSS target specific HTML

elements (like headings, paragraphs, or

divs) that you want to style.
o Properties define how those elements

should look. For example, color

changes the text color, font-size
adjusts text size, and margin controls
spacing around elements.
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3.Cascading: CSS stands for "cascading"

because styles can apply at different levels,
such as inline styles (within HTML tags),
internal styles (within <style> tags in
HTML), or external styles (in separate
.css files). The browser uses a "cascading"
rule set to decide which styles to apply when
there are conflicts.
4.Responsive Design: CSS allows for
responsive design through techniques like
media queries, which adapt a website's
layout and style based on screen size,
orientation, and device type.
5.Animations and Transitions: CSS supports
animations and transitions that add motion
and interactivity to web pages without
requiring JavaScript.
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6.Frameworks and Preprocessors: CSS

frameworks (like Bootstrap) and
preprocessors (like SASS and LESS)
enhance CSS’s capabilities by providing
shortcuts and reusable components.
A basic CSS rule might look like this:
css
Copy code
h1 {
color: blue;
font-size: 24px;
margin: 20px;
}
In this example, any <h1> element will be
styled to have blue text, a font size of 24 pixels,
and a 20-pixel margin. CSS is crucial for
modern web design, as it brings structure and
aesthetics to raw HTML content.
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G . HTML
 HTML stands for HyperText Markup
Language. It’s the standard language used
to create and structure content on the web.
HTML provides the basic framework of a
web page, allowing you to add text, images,
links, forms, and more, while giving
structure to the page’s content.
Here are some key concepts about HTML:
1.Markup Language: HTML is not a
programming language but a markup
language, which means it uses tags to "mark
up" content and define its role or structure in
a document.
2.Elements and Tags:
o HTML uses elements, represented by

tags, to organize and structure content.

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o Tags are usually written in angle

brackets, such as <p> for paragraphs or
<h1> for main headings.
o HTML tags typically come in pairs, with

an opening tag (e.g., <p>) and a closing

tag (e.g., </p>).
3.Basic Structure of an HTML Document:
An HTML page has a basic structure that
usually includes:
o <!DOCTYPE html>: Tells the browser

it’s an HTML5 document.

o <html>: The root element containing

all HTML content.

o <head>: Contains metadata like the

page title and links to CSS stylesheets or

scripts.
o <body>: Contains the visible content of

the webpage (like text, images, and

links).
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4.Attributes: HTML elements can have

attributes, which provide additional
information about an element. For example,
the src attribute in an <img> tag specifies
the image’s source file, and the href
attribute in an <a> tag specifies a link's
destination.
5.Links and Hypertext: HTML’s
"HyperText" component allows you to link
documents together, creating the
interconnected structure of the web. The
<a> tag, with its href attribute, is used to
create clickable links to other pages.
6.Multimedia Support: HTML supports
embedding multimedia elements like images
(<img>), audio (<audio>), and video
(<video>), making it versatile for various
types of content.
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Example of Basic HTML Structure

html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Web
Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Web
Page</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph on my
webpage. I can also add <a
href="https://example.com">links
</a>.</p>
<img src="image.jpg" alt="A
descriptive text for the image">
</body>
</html>
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In this example:
 The title in <title> appears on the
browser’s title bar.
 <h1> creates a main heading.
 <p> creates a paragraph.
 <a> is used to create a link.
 <img> displays an image.
HTML is foundational to web development,
giving structure to content, while CSS and
JavaScript add style and interactivity.
H. WWW
 WWW stands for the World Wide
Web. It’s a system of interlinked hypertext
documents and multimedia content
accessible over the internet. The web
enables users to navigate and view pages
hosted on web servers around the world by
using a web browser.
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Here are some important concepts related to the

WWW:
1.Hypertext: The web is built on hypertext,
which is text that contains links to other text.
These links, also known as hyperlinks,
allow users to click from one page to
another, creating a "web" of interconnected
information.
2.Web Pages and Websites: The web is made
up of millions of web pages, each with its
own unique address, known as a URL
(Uniform Resource Locator). Multiple
related pages are often grouped together into
a website.
3.Protocols: The WWW operates primarily
over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), which allows web pages to be
accessed and transferred over the internet.
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HTTPS (HTTP Secure) is a secure version

of HTTP that encrypts data for safe
communication.
4.Web Browsers: To access the web, users
typically use a web browser (like Chrome,
Firefox, or Safari) that can interpret HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript to display web pages.
5.URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): A
URL is the address you type into a browser
to access a specific web page. For example,
https://www.example.com directs a
browser to the "example.com" website.
6.Client-Server Model: The WWW operates
on a client-server model:
o The client (usually a web browser)

requests information.
o The server (a remote computer storing

web pages) responds by delivering the

requested page to the client.
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7.Search Engines and Navigation: Search

engines, such as Google and Bing, help
users find specific information on the web
by indexing pages and making them
searchable by keywords.
I. INTERNET
 The Internet is a global network of
interconnected computers that communicate
and share data with each other using a
common set of protocols. It enables devices
worldwide to connect, exchange
information, and access various services and
resources, such as websites, emails, and
streaming media.
Here are some key concepts related to the
Internet:

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1.Network of Networks: The Internet is often

described as a "network of networks"
because it links together millions of smaller
networks, such as local area networks
(LANs) and wide area networks (WANs),
creating a vast, global system.
2.Protocols: The Internet relies on
standardized protocols, which are rules for
how data is sent and received. The most
fundamental ones are:
o Internet Protocol (IP): Responsible for

addressing and routing data packets to

their destination across the network.
o Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

Ensures reliable delivery of data by

verifying that packets reach their
destination.
o Together, they form TCP/IP, the

foundational protocol suite for the

Internet.
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3.World Wide Web vs. Internet: The World

Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet
that uses the HTTP and HTTPS protocols
to deliver web pages and multimedia
content. However, the Internet itself
includes other services and protocols, like
email (SMTP), file sharing (FTP), and
messaging.
4.IP Addresses: Every device connected to
the Internet is assigned a unique IP address,
which acts like an identifier, helping to route
data to the right location.
5.Domain Name System (DNS): DNS is
often called the "phonebook of the
Internet."It translates human-friendly
domain names (like example.com) into
IP addresses, enabling users to easily access
websites without remembering numeric IP
addresses.
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6.Client-Server Model: The Internet operates

on a client-server model, where:
o Clients (like computers or smartphones)

request information or services.

o Servers (remote computers) store and

serve data or applications to clients.

7.Internet Service Providers (ISPs): ISPs,
such as AT&T or Comcast, provide users
with Internet access through various types of
connections, like broadband, fiber-optic, or
satellite.
8.Connectivity and Accessibility: The
Internet can be accessed through various
technologies, including wired connections
(e.g., Ethernet), wireless connections (Wi-
Fi), and mobile networks.
9.Internet of Things (IoT): The Internet has
evolved to include devices beyond
traditional computers and smartphones.
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IoT connects everyday devices like smart

thermostats, refrigerators, and home security
systems to the Internet, allowing them to
communicate and be controlled remotely.
2. DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN ETHERNET AND WIFI .
 Ethernet and Wi-Fi are two primary
ways of connecting devices to the Internet
or a local network, but they differ
significantly in terms of their setup, speed,
and reliability.
1. Connection Type:
 Ethernet: Uses physical cables (often Cat5e
or Cat6 cables) to connect devices to a
network, typically by plugging into a router,
switch, or modem. This wired connection is
direct and provides a stable link.
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 Wi-Fi: Uses wireless signals transmitted

over radio frequencies to connect devices
to the network without the need for cables.
Wi-Fi requires a router with wireless
capability, and devices connect via radio
waves.
2. Speed:
 Ethernet: Generally faster than Wi-Fi.
Ethernet connections can reach up to 10
Gbps, depending on the cable and
hardware capabilities, and provide
consistent, high-speed data transfer
without interference.
 Wi-Fi: Speeds vary based on the Wi-Fi
standard in use (like Wi-Fi 5 or Wi-Fi 6),
distance from the router, and network
congestion.
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 Wi-Fi speeds can reach up to 9.6 Gbps

(with Wi-Fi 6), but actual speeds are often
slower due to interference, walls, and other
obstacles.
3. Reliability:
 Ethernet: More reliable, as it’s unaffected
by physical obstacles or radio interference.
Ethernet connections provide a stable
connection ideal for tasks requiring
uninterrupted data flow, like gaming,
streaming, and large file transfers.
 Wi-Fi: Prone to signal interference from
walls, other electronic devices, and network
congestion. This can lead to variability in
connection quality, making it less reliable
for data-intensive tasks.
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4. Mobility:
 Ethernet: Limited to locations where you
have access to a cable and Ethernet port.
This makes it less ideal for mobile devices or
situations requiring flexibility.
 Wi-Fi: Offers greater mobility, allowing
devices to connect wirelessly within the
router’s coverage area. This flexibility is
advantageous for devices like smartphones,
tablets, and laptops.
5. Security:
 Ethernet: Generally more secure since a
physical connection is required to access
the network. This reduces the risk of
unauthorized access from outside the
network area.
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 Wi-Fi: Wireless networks are more

vulnerable to unauthorized access and
attacks. Wi-Fi security relies on protocols
like WPA2 and WPA3 to encrypt data, but
weak passwords and outdated security
protocols can increase risks.
6. Latency:
 Ethernet: Lower latency, making it ideal for
applications like online gaming or VoIP,
where delays can impact performance.
 Wi-Fi: Typically higher latency, although
recent standards (such as Wi-Fi 6) have
improved latency, it’s still generally higher
than Ethernet.
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3. WHAT ARE THE COMMON CHALLENGE AND

LIMITATION OF WIFI
Wi-Fi offers convenient, wireless connectivity
but comes with a few common challenges and
limitations:
1. Range Limitations:
 Challenge: Wi-Fi signals typically have a
limited range, usually around 150 feet
indoors and 300 feet outdoors (depending
on the router’s power and the
environment).
 Impact: As devices move farther from the
router, signal strength decreases, resulting
in slower speeds and possible
disconnections, especially in larger
buildings.
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 WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

2. Signal Interference:
 Challenge: Wi-Fi signals operate on specific
frequencies, primarily the 2.4 GHz and 5
GHz bands, which are also used by other
devices like microwaves, cordless phones,
and Bluetooth devices.
 Impact: This can lead to interference,
causing dropped connections or slower
speeds, particularly on the 2.4 GHz band,
which is more crowded.
3. Network Congestion:
 Challenge: In areas with many Wi-Fi
networks, like apartment buildings or
offices, congestion occurs as multiple
devices and networks compete for the
same frequency channels.
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 WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

 Impact: This can cause slow speeds and

frequent connection drops, as devices may
need to share bandwidth or even switch
between channels to avoid interference.
4. Limited Bandwidth:
 Challenge: Wi-Fi networks have limited
bandwidth that must be shared among all
connected devices. When many devices are
streaming, downloading, or gaming
simultaneously, bandwidth can become
insufficient.
 Impact: This results in slower speeds, lag,
and buffering, especially on older routers
that lack modern load-balancing
capabilities.
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5. Security Vulnerabilities:
 Challenge: Wi-Fi networks are more
vulnerable to unauthorized access, as
signals can extend beyond physical
boundaries like walls. Wi-Fi security relies
on encryption protocols, such as WPA2 or
WPA3, but weak passwords or outdated
security protocols can lead to potential
breaches.
 Impact: Unsecured networks may expose
users to data interception, unauthorized
access, and other security threats,
especially if encryption standards are
outdated.

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4. DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IPV4

AND IPV6
 IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) are two
versions of the Internet Protocol, which
defines how data is sent and received over a
network. Here are the key differences
between them:
1. Address Length and Format
 IPv4: Uses a 32-bit address format, resulting
in around 4.3 billion unique addresses. The
addresses are written in decimal format,
consisting of four numbers separated by
dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

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 WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

 IPv6: Uses a 128-bit address format,

allowing for 340 undecillion unique
addresses (an extremely large number).
Addresses are written in hexadecimal and
separated by colons (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e
:0370:7334).
2. Address Space
 IPv4: Limited address space due to its 32-bit
structure, which has led to the
development of techniques like Network
Address Translation (NAT) to extend the
usage of IP addresses.
 IPv6: Provides a vast address space,
effectively eliminating the need for NAT and
making more addresses directly accessible
online.
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3. Configuration and Management

 IPv4: Often requires manual configuration
or the use of DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) for IP address
allocation.
 IPv6: Supports auto-configuration, which
simplifies setup for devices by enabling
them to self-configure when connected to
an IPv6 network.
4. Security
 IPv4: Security is optional and usually relies
on additional protocols like IPsec, which can
be added on but is not inherently part of
the IPv4 protocol.
 IPv6: Has built-in support for IPsec, allowing
for better native security in its design.
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 WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

5. Header Complexity and Efficiency

 IPv4: Has a more complex header with 12
fields and optional extensions, which can
make packet processing slower and less
efficient.
 IPv6: Has a simplified header with 8 fields,
which speeds up processing and reduces
the workload on routers and devices.
6. Fragmentation
 IPv4: Routers and sending hosts can
fragment packets, allowing routers along
the route to split packets if needed.
 IPv6: Only the sending device can fragment
packets, reducing the need for routers to
manage packet fragmentation, which
improves routing efficiency.
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7. Broadcast and Multicast

 IPv4: Supports broadcast addressing,
allowing data to be sent to all devices on a
network.
 IPv6: Eliminates broadcast addressing,
instead relying on multicast and anycast
addressing for more efficient and targeted
data transmission.
5 . LIST AND DESCRIBE ELEMENT OF WWW
 Here is a description of the four
elements—website, web page, homepage,
and web browser—which are central to
how users experience and navigate the
World Wide Web:

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 WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Website
 Description: A website is a collection of
interconnected web pages that are typically
hosted under a single domain name (e.g.,
www.example.com). It contains various
types of content, such as text, images,
videos, and interactive features, organized
in a way that serves a specific purpose or
audience.
 Purpose: Websites are designed to deliver
information, services, or tools to users.
They can be as simple as a single-page
portfolio or as complex as a large e-
commerce site with thousands of pages. A
website allows organizations, individuals,
and businesses to create an online presence
and offer content and services to users.
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 WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

2. Web Page
 Description: A web page is an individual
document on the internet, written in HTML
and accessible through a web browser. It is
one "page" within a website and usually
contains various elements like text, images,
videos, and links to other pages.
 Purpose: Web pages are the primary units
of content on the web, presenting specific
information or media to the user. Each web
page has a unique URL, allowing users to
access it directly. Pages are often organized
hierarchically within a website to help users
navigate through content.
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3. Homepage
 Description: The homepage is the main or
starting page of a website, typically the first
page users see when they enter a website’s
URL. It often contains an overview of the
site’s content, navigation links, and other
important information about the website.
 Purpose: The homepage serves as a
gateway to the rest of the website. It gives
users an introduction to what the website
offers and provides navigation links to help
them access different sections or pages
within the site. A well-designed homepage
can guide users, promote important
content, and create a good first impression.
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4. Web Browser
 Description: A web browser is a software
application (such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari,
or Edge) that allows users to access and
interact with web content. Browsers
interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code to
render web pages visually on a user’s
device.
 Purpose: Web browsers are essential tools
for accessing the World Wide Web. They
enable users to visit websites, view and
interact with web pages, and navigate
between pages through hyperlinks.
Browsers provide the interface that
connects users with web content, making
the web accessible to everyone.
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