NAME: MOHAMED MEERAN
Introduction of Load Flow Analysis
To find the continuous rating of power flows through the system. Real and Reactive Power
flows through the load and the load flow concerned with the normal steady state operation
of the power system and Load flow is given to a network solution that predicts voltage
(Magnetic, Angle) and Real and Reactive power, Power factor, Voltages flows through every
branch bus in the system
Standards of Load Flow – IEEE 399 – 1997 Recommended practice for the industrial and
commercial purpose using power system studies and also IEEE 3002.2 – 2018 also
Recommended
Loading Methods are,
Loads are classified as the
➢ Constant Impedance Load
➢ Constant Current Load
➢ Constant Power Load
Constant Impedance Load
❖ When the load impedance is constant with irrespective of applied voltage
❖ Current constant load is directly proportional to the Voltage
❖ Power consumption of the load is proportional to the square of the voltage
Formula
P = P0*(V/V0) ^2
Whereas,
P0 – Rated Power = 900kW Q0 – Rated Power = 435.9kVC
V – Instant Voltage = 0.409kV V – Instant Voltage = 0.409kV
V0 – Rated Voltage = 0.415kV V0 – Rated Voltage = 0.415kV
P – Real Power =? Q – Reactive Power =?
Then
P = 900*(0.409/0.415) ^2 Q = 435.9*(0.409/0.415) ^2
P = 874.2 kW Q = 423.4 kW
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Some Examples of Constant Impedance load are
• Incadesant Bulb
• Heater
• Resistive Load
Constant Current load
❖ When the current load is constant with irrespective of the applied voltage
❖ Power consumption is directly proportional to the voltage
❖ Current flowing through the load is directly proportional to the square of the voltage
Formula
P = P0*(V/V0) ^1
Whereas,
P0 – Rated Power = 900kW Q0 – Rated Power = 435.9kVC
V – Instant Voltage = 0.409kV V – Instant Voltage = 0.409kV
V0 – Rated Voltage = 0.415kV V0 – Rated Voltage = 0.415kV
P – Real Power =? Q – Reactive Power =?
Then
P = 900*(0.409/0.415) ^1 Q = 435.9*(0.409/0.415) ^1
P = 886.8 kW Q = 429.5 kW
Some examples of constant current load
• UPS
• Charger
• Other power electronic devices
Constant Power Load
❖ When the power load is constant with irrespective of applied voltage
❖ Current flowing through the load is inversely proportional to the voltage
Formula
P = P0
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P = 900 kW Q = 435.9 KVar
If the power has to be constant from the motor. Some examples of the constant power load
• All types of motor load (Induction Motor)
• Some Rotating loads
Polynomial Load
It is defined as the combination of the constant impedance load, constant current load,
constant power load and it is also known as a ZIP load
Formula
P = P0*(p+i(V/V0) +z(V/V0) ^2)
z+i+p=1
If P0 = 900 kw Q0 = 435.9 kVar
P1 is a Constant Impedance Load Q1 is a Constant Impedance Load
P2 is Constant Current Load Q2 is Constant Current Load
P3 is Constant Power Load Q3 is Constant Power Load
P = 900*(0.25+0.35(0.408/0.415) +0.4(0.408/0.415) ^2
P = 882.64 kW
Q = 435.9*(0.25+0.35(0.408/0.415) +0.4(0.408/0.415) ^2
Q = 427.50 kVar
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