🔹 Generator (GE) kW Formula:

For Three-Phase Generator (common on ships and industry):

Power (kW)=3×V×I×PF÷1000\text{Power (kW)} = \sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \text{PF} \

div 1000Power (kW)=3×V×I×PF÷1000

Where:

 VVV = Voltage between phases (Volts)

 III = Current (Amperes)
 PF\text{PF}PF = Power Factor (dimensionless, between 0 and 1)
 3=1.732\sqrt{3} = 1.7323=1.732 (for three-phase systems)
 Divide by 1000 to convert Watts to kW

🔹 Formula Breakdown:
Symbol Meaning
VVV Generator terminal voltage (line-to-line)
III Generator output current
PF\text{PF}PF Power Factor (real power / apparent power)
3\sqrt{3}3 Comes from 3-phase electrical system calculation

🔹 Example Calculation:
Suppose:

 Voltage (V) = 440 V

 Current (I) = 100 A
 Power Factor (PF) = 0.8

Then:

Power (kW)=1.732×440×100×0.8÷1000\text{Power (kW)} = 1.732 \times 440 \times 100 \times

0.8 \div 1000Power (kW)=1.732×440×100×0.8÷1000 =60.9 kW= 60.9\ \text{kW}=60.9 kW

✅ So the generator is producing about 60.9 kW.

🔹 For Single-Phase Generator (smaller
generators):
Power (kW)=V×I×PF÷1000\text{Power (kW)} = V \times I \times \text{PF} \div
1000Power (kW)=V×I×PF÷1000

(no 3\sqrt{3}3 for single phase)

🔥 Quick Tip:
 If PF = 1 (perfect power factor), you get maximum real power.
 In reality, ship systems usually have PF = 0.8 to 0.9.

✨ Bonus (for Torque Relation):

You can also find mechanical shaft power needed:

Mechanical Power (kW)=2π×N×T60×1000\text{Mechanical Power (kW)} = \frac{2\pi \times

N \times T}{60 \times 1000}Mechanical Power (kW)=60×10002π×N×T

Where:

 NNN = speed in rpm

 TTT = torque in Nm

✅ Useful for matching engine torque to generator load!

🔹 Is Generator Voltage Constant?

✅ In theory, yes — but in real life, it tries to stay constant with some variation.

 A generator has an AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator).

 AVR controls the excitation current to keep the voltage stable (for example: 440V,
6600V, etc.).
 But small fluctuations happen because of:
 Sudden load changes (starting/stopping big motors)
o
AVR reaction time
o
Generator load level
o
Engine speed stability
o
 Good systems keep voltage variation within ±1% to ±5%.

✅ On ships, generator voltage must stay steady because:

 If voltage drops too much → motors and equipment may fail.

 If voltage rises too high → electrical damage happens.

🔹 Is Generator Power Factor Constant?

❌ No — the power factor depends on the type of load.

 Power factor (PF) = real power (kW) ÷ apparent power (kVA)

 PF shows how effectively the current is used.

In real life:

 Motors usually cause lagging PF (0.7–0.9) because they draw reactive power.
 Heaters and resistive loads have almost perfect PF (~1.0).
 Sudden heavy motor start → PF drops temporarily.

✅ In ships and power plants, operators try to keep PF high (0.8–0.95) by:

 Proper load management

 Using capacitor banks (for land)
 Generator AVR system adjusting excitation

🔥 Simple Summary:
Property Constant? Notes
Voltage Tries to be constant AVR keeps it stable but small variations happen
Power Factor Not constant Changes depending on the load type and load amount

✨ Super Simple:
  Voltage = Controlled by AVR ✅ (small variation allowed)
 Power Factor = Changes with Load ❌

🔹 When Load Increases on a Generator:

➡️Current increases to supply the extra load.

Because electrical power (kW) depends on voltage × current × power factor.

(Remember voltage is kept nearly constant by AVR, and power factor depends on load type.)

Since voltage is constant, and PF doesn't change much immediately, ➡️Only current can
increase to provide more power to the system.

🔹 Formula Reminder:
Power (kW)=3×V×I×PF÷1000\text{Power (kW)} = \sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \text{PF} \
div 1000Power (kW)=3×V×I×PF÷1000

✅ If VVV and PFPFPF are constant,

✅ Then kW is directly proportional to I.

→ More load → More current drawn.

→ Less load → Less current drawn.

🔥 Real Ship Example:

Suppose:

 Ship generator is supplying 50% load → Current is 100 A.

 More cargo pumps are started → Now load increases to 80%.
 Current rises, maybe to 160 A.
 Voltage stays almost the same (like 440V), but current must increase to carry new load.
🔹 Simple Table:
Load % Current (A) Voltage (V) PF (Power Factor)
30% 60 A 440 V 0.8
50% 100 A 440 V 0.8
80% 160 A 440 V 0.8

✅ (Voltage and PF steady, but Current rises with load.)

✨ Final One Line:

"When the generator load increases, the current drawn from the generator increases to
maintain the required power output."

Let’s break it down:

When a generator (or alternator) supplies more load, the output current increases because more
electrical power must be produced. Since electrical power (P) is produced by the mechanical
power supplied by the engine, the additional current implies that extra mechanical power—and
therefore extra electromagnetic torque—is developed by the alternator.

How Is Torque Related to Current?

For a three-phase generator, one way to relate electrical power and mechanical torque is by these
two equations:

1. Electrical Power Equation (Three-Phase):

Pelectrical=3×V×I×PFP_{\text{electrical}} = \sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \

text{PF}Pelectrical=3×V×I×PF

 VVV is the line-to-line voltage,

 III is the current,
 PF\text{PF}PF is the power factor, and
 3\sqrt{3}3 comes from the three-phase system.

2. Mechanical Power Equation:

Pmechanical=T×ωP_{\text{mechanical}} = T \times \omegaPmechanical=T×ω

  TTT is the torque (in Newton-meters),
 ω\omegaω is the angular velocity in radians per second.

Since for a stable generator the electrical output power equals the mechanical power input
(minus losses), we have:

3×V×I×PF=T×ω\sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \text{PF} = T \times \omega3×V×I×PF=T×ω

Thus, you can express the electromagnetic torque as:

T=3×V×I×PFωT = \frac{\sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \text{PF}}{\omega}T=ω3×V×I×PF

Here, ω=2π×RPM60\omega = \frac{2 \pi \times \text{RPM}}{60}ω=602π×RPM.

What Happens When Current Increases?

If the voltage VVV and power factor (PF) are kept nearly constant by the generator’s control
systems (AVR) and the engine maintains a constant speed (and thus constant ω\omegaω), then an
increase in current III will directly increase the torque TTT required. In other words, the extra
electromagnetic torque produced inside the alternator is given by:

ΔT=3×V×ΔI×PFω\Delta T = \frac{\sqrt{3} \times V \times \Delta I \times \text{PF}}{\

omega}ΔT=ω3×V×ΔI×PF

For example, suppose:

 V=440 VV = 440\, VV=440V,

 PF is 0.9,
 The generator runs at 1800 RPM.

First, calculate ω\omegaω:

ω=2π×180060=188.5 rad/s(approximately)\omega = \frac{2 \pi \times 1800}{60} = 188.5\, \

text{rad/s} \quad (\text{approximately})ω=602π×1800=188.5rad/s(approximately)

Now, if the load increases so that current increases by ΔI\Delta IΔI, then the additional torque is:

ΔT≈1.732×440×ΔI×0.9188.5\Delta T \approx \frac{1.732 \times 440 \times \Delta I \times 0.9}

{188.5}ΔT≈188.51.732×440×ΔI×0.9

Let’s say ΔI=50\Delta I = 50ΔI=50 A. Then:

ΔT≈1.732×440×50×0.9188.5\Delta T \approx \frac{1.732 \times 440 \times 50 \times 0.9}

{188.5}ΔT≈188.51.732×440×50×0.9 ΔT≈1.732×440×45188.5\Delta T \approx \frac{1.732 \
times 440 \times 45}{188.5}ΔT≈188.51.732×440×45
ΔT≈1.732×19,800188.5≈34,293.6188.5≈182 Nm\Delta T \approx \frac{1.732 \times 19,800}
{188.5} \approx \frac{34,293.6}{188.5} \approx 182\, \text{Nm}ΔT≈188.51.732×19,800
≈188.534,293.6≈182Nm

This example shows that if the current increases by 50 A under these conditions, approximately
182 Nm of additional torque is required by the alternator.

Summary

 Higher load → Higher current III → Higher electrical power output.

 At constant voltage, power factor, and engine speed (i.e., constant ω\omegaω), the
electromagnetic torque increases proportionally to the current.
 The relationship is given by the formula:

T=3×V×I×PFωT = \frac{\sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \text{PF}}{\omega}T=ω3×V×I×PF

So the additional torque that is “formed” or rather required inside the alternator when current
increases is directly proportional to the increase in current, when all other factors are kept
constant.

🔹 What Happens When Extra Load Is Used?

1. Extra Load → Current Increases:
o A new motor or heavy load is switched ON.
o Generator output current immediately increases.
2. Terminal Voltage Drops Slightly:
o Due to the internal impedance (mainly inductive reactance) of the alternator,
o More current causes a small voltage drop at the generator terminals (Ohm’s
Law: V=IZV = IZV=IZ).
3. AVR Detects Voltage Drop:
o AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) senses that terminal voltage is lower than
the setpoint.
4. AVR Increases Excitation Current:
o AVR boosts the excitation current to the generator rotor.
o This increases the magnetic field inside the generator (stronger rotor field).
5. Stronger Magnetic Field → Higher Induced Voltage:
o According to Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction:

V∝N×Φ×fV \propto N \times \Phi \times fV∝N×Φ×f

Where:

o VVV = induced voltage,

o NNN = number of turns (constant),
o Φ\PhiΦ = magnetic flux (depends on excitation),
o fff = frequency (related to RPM, usually constant).
 oSince excitation increases Φ\PhiΦ, the induced voltage rises back toward
normal.
6. Terminal Voltage Restored:
o After AVR action, the generator terminal voltage returns close to its original
value.

✅ Result:
Despite the sudden load increase, voltage stabilizes quickly,
and the generator continues running normally — with higher excitation and higher output
current.

🔥 In short:
Step Action
Load increases Output current increases
Voltage drops AVR detects it
AVR increases excitation Stronger magnetic field created
Higher induced voltage Terminal voltage returns to normal

🛳 Real Ship Example:

Suppose you start a big cargo pump:

 Before: 100 A, 440 V

 After: 150 A (momentary), voltage drops to 430V.
 AVR responds by increasing excitation.
 Voltage rises back up to 440V within a few seconds.

✅ So the shipboard electrical system stays stable and safe.

🎯 Important Point:
 AVR action must be fast and accurate.
 If AVR is too slow → voltage instability, motor trip, blackout risk.
 That's why modern AVRs are automatic and dynamic.
🔹 Step-by-Step Relation Between Generator
and Engine:
1. Generator Side:

When load increases:

 Current increases to supply the load.

 Electrical power output (kW) of the generator increases.

Formula on the generator side:

Pelectrical=3×V×I×PF÷1000P_{\text{electrical}} = \sqrt{3} \times V \times I \times \text{PF} \div

1000Pelectrical=3×V×I×PF÷1000

✅ Voltage VVV = constant (AVR controlled),

✅ PF = roughly constant (depending on load type),
✅ So, more current III = more electrical power output PPP.

2. Prime Mover (Engine) Side:

The generator is mechanically driven by a diesel engine.

To produce more electrical power, the engine must supply more mechanical power.

Formula on engine side:

Pmechanical=2πNT60P_{\text{mechanical}} = \frac{2\pi N T}{60}Pmechanical=602πNT

Where:

 PPP = Mechanical Power (W)

 NNN = Engine speed (RPM) (constant for a generator, like 720 RPM or 900 RPM or 1800 RPM)
 TTT = Torque (Nm)

✅ Engine speed NNN = constant (to maintain frequency, e.g., 60 Hz or 50 Hz). ✅ So, torque TTT must
increase to generate more mechanical power.

Thus:

➔ Electrical kW ↑ = Mechanical kW ↑
➔ Mechanical kW ↑ = Torque ↑ (because RPM stays constant)
🔥 Very Simple Chain:
Action Result

Load increases More generator current

More generator current More generator electrical kW

More generator kW More mechanical kW required from engine

More mechanical kW More engine torque needed

Torque increases Engine burns more fuel (governor acts)

✅ This is why engine fuel rack opens more (governor action) when ship load increases!

🔹 FULL Summary in Equations:

Generator Side:

Pelectrical∝IP_{\text{electrical}} \propto IPelectrical∝I

Engine Side:

Pmechanical∝TP_{\text{mechanical}} \propto TPmechanical∝T

Since:

Pelectrical=Pmechanical(neglecting small losses)P_{\text{electrical}} = P_{\text{mechanical}} \quad (\

text{neglecting small losses})Pelectrical=Pmechanical(neglecting small losses)

Therefore:

✅ Current is directly related to engine torque!

✅ When generator current increases, engine torque must increase.

🚀 One Line Summary:

"On a ship, when generator load increases, the alternator draws more current, forcing the engine to
deliver more torque at the same RPM to match the new mechanical power demand."

🔹 Full Corrected Sequence:

1. Load Increases
➔ Generator needs to supply more power to the ship.
2. More Current Is Drawn
➔ Generator output current increases immediately.
3. More Generator Electrical Power (kW) Is Produced
➔ Electrical power = Voltage × Current × Power Factor.
4. More Electrical Torque Is Formed Inside the Alternator
➔ More current flowing = Stronger electromagnetic forces = Higher electrical torque
resisting the rotor.
5. This Extra Electrical Torque Acts as a Brake on the Rotor
➔ Alternator shaft (and engine crankshaft) feels more resistance.
6. Engine Speed Momentarily Drops
➔ Because the engine was supplying torque matching the old load, not the new increased
load.
7. Governor Senses Speed Drop
➔ The ship engine governor is speed-sensitive (mechanical/hydraulic or electronic).
8. Governor Increases Fuel Supply
➔ More fuel is injected into the engine cylinders to generate more engine torque.
9. Engine Torque Increases → Engine Regains Rated Speed
➔ Engine matches new load torque, maintains constant RPM (e.g., 720, 900, or 1800
RPM).
10. System is Stable Again at Higher Load
➔ Engine and generator now operating steadily at new higher electrical load.

🔥 Your concept is correct:

Load ↑ → Current ↑ → Electrical torque ↑ → Engine speed ↓ (small) → Governor reacts →
More fuel ↑ → More mechanical torque ↑ → Speed restored.

🔹 Short Visual:
 Step Result
Load ↑ Current ↑
Current ↑ Electrical torque ↑ (alternator harder to turn)
Alternator harder to turn Engine speed ↓
Engine speed ↓ Governor opens fuel rack
Fuel ↑ Engine torque ↑
Engine torque ↑ Speed restored

⚡ Important Points:
 The speed drop is very small and very quick (milliseconds to seconds), because
governors are fast.
 Without the governor action, the generator would lose speed → Frequency would drop →
Blackout risk.
 This is why governor tuning is very important on ships.

🚢 Real Ship Example:

 Before Load Increase:
o 50% load
o 720 RPM
o 300 kW
 After Starting Big Motor:
o Load jumps to 80%
o Generator current increases sharply.
o RPM drops slightly (e.g., 715 RPM).
 Within 1–2 seconds:
o Governor opens fuel rack.
o RPM returns to 720 RPM.
o Engine torque increases.

✅ Stable operation again!

🎯 Final One-Liner:
"Load increase causes temporary speed drop, governor senses it, increases fuel, raises
torque, and stabilizes generator speed and power output."