Agile Process:
1. Agile Overview: Agile is a flexible software development
methodology that emphasizes iterative development and
collaboration.
2. Ceremonies: Agile ceremonies include Daily Stand-up, Sprint
Reviews, Retrospectives, and Planning.
3. Daily Stand-up: Team members share updates, discuss
challenges, and plan tasks for the day.
4. Sprint Reviews: Teams demonstrate features completed during
the sprint and gather feedback.
5. Retrospectives: Teams reflect on the sprint to identify
improvements for the next iteration.
6. Planning: Teams plan tasks for the upcoming sprint, considering
priorities and resources.
Test Cases for Gmail:
1. Objective: Write test cases to validate the functionality of Gmail's
login page.
2. Positive Scenarios: Cases where correct email and password lead
to successful login.
3. Negative Scenarios: Cases where incorrect email, password, or
both lead to failed login attempts.
4. Password Recovery: Test the "Forgot Password" functionality and
ensure users can reset their passwords.
5. Multi-factor Authentication: Test if two-step verification process
works correctly.
Testing Types for Gmail Login:
1. Functional Testing: Test if login functionality works as intended,
allowing users to access their accounts.
2. Security Testing: Assess the login page for vulnerabilities and
validate security mechanisms.
3. Usability Testing: Ensure the login process is user-friendly and
intuitive.
4. Compatibility Testing: Verify that the login page works
seamlessly on different browsers and devices.
Adhoc Testing:
1. Approach: Explore Gmail randomly without a predefined plan.
2. Steps: Click links, compose emails, attach files, and perform
various actions.
3. Purpose: Identify unexpected issues, usability problems, and
inconsistencies.
Exploratory Testing:
1. Approach: Freely navigate Gmail while using intuition and
creativity.
2. Steps: Explore inbox management, email composition, labels, and
settings.
3. Purpose: Uncover defects, user experience flaws, and areas not
covered by structured testing.
Browser Compatibility Testing:
1. Objective: Ensure Gmail works across different web browsers.
2. Steps: Access Gmail on Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
3. Verification: Check if the layout, features, and responsiveness are
consistent.
UAT Testing:
1. Objective: Validate Gmail's readiness for real users.
2. Steps: Involve actual users to test sending/receiving emails,
organizing inbox, and other functions.
3. Feedback: Gather user feedback to improve Gmail's features and
usability.
4. User-Centric: Ensure Gmail aligns with user needs and
expectations.
FindElement vs. FindElements:
findElement(): This method in Selenium searches for the first web
element that matches the specified criteria and returns it. If no
matching element is found, it throws a NoSuchElementException .
findElements(): This method also searches for web elements
matching the specified criteria, but it returns a list of all matching
elements. If no matching elements are found, it returns an empty
list.
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class FindElementVsFindElements {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
// findElement() example
WebElement singleElement = driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
// findElements() example
List<WebElement> multipleElements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
driver.quit();
Initiating a Browser: In Selenium, to start a browser session, you use
the appropriate WebDriver class (like ChromeDriver for Chrome) and
instantiate it.
Example Java Code:
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class InitiateBrowser {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); // Initiates a Chrome browser instance
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
driver.quit();
}
Test Automation Frameworks: A test automation framework is a set of
guidelines, standards, and practices that help in structuring and
organizing automated tests. It provides a systematic approach to creating,
maintaining, and executing automated test scripts. The primary goal of a
test automation framework is to enhance the efficiency, maintainability,
and scalability of test automation efforts.
Advantages of Using Test Automation Frameworks:
1. Modularity: Frameworks allow the division of tests into smaller,
reusable modules, making maintenance and updates easier.
2. Reusability: Components like test libraries, utilities, and data can
be reused across different test cases.
3. Abstraction: Frameworks abstract underlying complexities,
allowing testers to focus on test scenarios rather than technical
details.
4. Maintainability: Changes to the application can be accommodated
with minimal updates to the test scripts.
5. Reporting: Frameworks often provide detailed and customizable
test execution reports.
6. Parallel Execution: Some frameworks support parallel execution
of tests, speeding up the testing process.
7. Data Management: Frameworks facilitate efficient handling and
management of test data.
Types of Test Automation Frameworks:
1. Linear Scripting Framework: Basic automation where test scripts
are executed sequentially.
2. Data-Driven Testing Framework: Tests are executed using
different sets of input data from external sources.
3. Keyword-Driven Testing Framework: Tests are written using
keywords that represent test actions and logic.
4. Hybrid Testing Framework: A combination of different
frameworks to leverage their strengths.
5. Modular Testing Framework: Tests are divided into smaller,
manageable modules for reusability.
6. Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) Framework: Integrates
business requirements into test cases for better collaboration.
7. Page Object Model (POM) Framework: Organizes tests and
page interactions through a structured approach.
Test Automation Frameworks:
Data-Driven: Storing test data outside code (like in spreadsheets)
and using it in test cases.
Keyword-Driven: Using keywords to define test steps and actions.
Programming Concepts in Java:
Immutable Class: A class whose state cannot be changed after
creation, like String in Java.
Polymorphism: A method having multiple forms based on the
number or types of arguments.
Encapsulation: Hiding internal implementation details and exposing
a controlled interface.
Class and Constructor: A class defines a blueprint for objects, while
a constructor initializes an object.
Swapping Values: In this challenge, you need to swap the values of two variables
without using a third variable
public class SwappingValues {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10, b = 20;
System.out.println("Before swapping - a: " + a + ", b: " + b);
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
System.out.println("After swapping - a: " + a + ", b: " + b);
}
Reversing a String: In this challenge, you are required to reverse a given string.
public class ReverseString {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String original = "Hello";
String reversed = "";
for (int i = original.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
reversed += original.charAt(i);
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Reversed: " + reversed);
Duplicate Characters: This challenge involves finding and displaying duplicate
characters in a given string. The code snippet below demonstrates how to do
this:
public class DuplicateCharacters {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String input = "Programming";
char[] characters = input.toCharArray();
System.out.print("Duplicate characters: ");
for (int i = 0; i < characters.length; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < characters.length; j++) {
if (characters[i] == characters[j]) {
System.out.print(characters[i] + " ");
break;
}
}
