Computer Networks
Introduction to Computer Networks
1.1 Definition and Importance
Computer networks connect multiple devices to share resources and information.
They play a crucial role in business, education, communication, and entertainment.
1.2 History of Computer Networks
The evolution from ARPANET to the modern internet includes key milestones and figures.
1.3 Basic Concepts
Nodes, links, and data transmission are fundamental. Networks can be classified as LAN, WAN,
MAN, and PAN.
Computer Networks
Network Types and Topologies
2.1 Network Types
- LAN (Local Area Network): Short-range, high-speed, e.g., home or office networks.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Long-range, connects multiple LANs, e.g., the internet.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): City-wide, e.g., cable TV networks.
- PAN (Personal Area Network): Very short-range, e.g., Bluetooth devices.
2.2 Network Topologies
- Bus Topology: Single central cable, simple but prone to collisions.
- Star Topology: Central hub, easy to manage but single point of failure.
- Ring Topology: Devices connected in a circle, resilient but complex.
- Mesh Topology: Devices interconnected, very reliable but expensive.
Computer Networks
Network Protocols and Models
3.1 OSI Model
The OSI model has seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation,
and Application.
Each layer has specific functions and examples.
3.2 TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model has four layers: Link, Internet, Transport, and Application. It is compared with the
OSI model.
3.3 Key Protocols
- HTTP/HTTPS: Web communication.
- FTP: File transfer.
- SMTP/IMAP/POP3: Email communication.
- TCP/UDP: Transport layer protocols.
Computer Networks
Network Devices and Components
4.1 Network Devices
- Router: Connects different networks, directs traffic.
- Switch: Connects devices within a network, filters traffic.
- Hub: Simple device connecting multiple devices, broadcasts data.
- Modem: Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa for internet access.
4.2 Transmission Media
- Wired: Twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optics.
- Wireless: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared.
4.3 Network Security Devices
- Firewall: Monitors and controls incoming/outgoing traffic.
- Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Detects suspicious activities.
- Virtual Private Network (VPN): Secures remote access.
Computer Networks
Emerging Trends in Networking
5.1 5G Technology
5G offers faster speeds, lower latency, and supports more connected devices. It impacts IoT, smart
cities, and autonomous vehicles.
5.2 Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
SDN centralizes control and makes networks programmable, offering flexibility, efficiency, and
easier management.
5.3 Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT connects everyday objects to the internet, with applications in smart homes, healthcare, and
industry.
5.4 Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
NFV virtualizes network services, reducing costs and improving scalability and agility.
5.5 Cloud Networking
Cloud networking uses cloud resources for network management, providing scalability, flexibility,
and reduced infrastructure costs.
