A STUDY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PURCHASE

BEHAVIOR OF GLASS PRODUCTS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the reward of

Bachelor Of Commerce
By

JAWAHAR C

39740109

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC I 12B Status by UGC I Approved by AICTE
Jeppiaar Nagar, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600

MARCH 2022

i
 SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with “A” grade by NAAC I 12B Status by UGC I Approved by AICTE Jeppiaar

Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai – 600 119

www.sathyabama.ac.in

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of JAWAHAR C (39740109) who
has done the Project work entitled “A STUDY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND
PURCHASE BEHAVIOR OF GLASS PRODUCTS” under my supervision from December 2021
to February 2022.

Dr. John Britto, MBA, Ph.D.

Internal Guide External Guide

Dr. BHUVANESWARI G.

Dean, School of Business Administration

Submitted for Viva-voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DECLARATION

I JAWAHAR C (39740109). Hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “A STUDY ON
CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PURCHASE BEHAVIOR OF GLASS PRODUCTS” done by
me under the guidance of Dr. John Britto, MBA, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, School of
Management Studies is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Commerce degree.

DATE:

PLACE: CHENNAI JAWAHAR C

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to the Board of Management of SATHYABAMA

for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing it successfully. I am grateful
to them.

I convey my thanks to Dr. G. Bhuvaneshwari, MBA., Ph.D., Dean - School of Management

Studies and Dr. A. Palani, M.Com., M.Phil., M.B.A., Ph.D., Head, School of Management
Studies for providing me necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive
reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project Guide Dr. John
Britto, MBA, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Management Studies for his valuable
guidance, suggestions, and constant encouragement that paved way for the successful
completion of my project work.

I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the School of
Management Studies who were helpful in many ways for the completion of the training.

JAWAHAR C

iv
 ABSTRACT

Glass is one of the most useful materials in our daily lives. There is a special relationship
between glass and buildings. Glass is a magical material which has so many different
properties and uses, that it has presented many new possibilities and designs. Processed glass
is that which is subjected to different types of treatment to make it suitable for diverse
applications. Basic glass has to be further processed to make it a more useful and high
performance product to withstand high wind pressures, increase safety, solar screening, ultra
violet filtration, sound absorption, energy efficiency and fire resistance and most of all,
provide pleasant interiors and impressive exteriors to perform and to look good. Glass can be
colored by adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use
in stained glass windows and other glass art objects. The main aim of this research is to study
the perception of the customers towards glass products and also to understand their buying
behavior of glasses in terms of price, quality, quantity, color, design and so on. The customer
perception is built around the experience that a customer has with a product. Customer
perception can make or break your brand. Consumer buying behavior of glasses helps us to
understand what makes a consumer to buy a glass products from glass processing companies.
Consumer perception plays a major role in buying behavior. Hence, companies are ready to
spend money and effort to influence customer perception and drive profitable consumer
behavior.

Key Words: Glass, Glass processing, Customer perception, Customer buying behavior

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE

NO

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 1

1.3 Industry profile 2

1.4 Product profile 4

1.4.1 Definitions 4

1.4.2 Glass 5

1.4.3 Properties of Glass 8

1.4.4 Applications of Glass 9

1.4.5 Consumer Perception and Purchase Behavior 9

1.5 Need for the study 12

1.6 Scope of the study 12

1.7 Objectives 12

1.8 Limitations of the study 13

II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Theoretical Background 14

2.2 Literature Review 16

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Methodology 18

3.2 Research Design 19

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3.3 Sources of data 19

3.4 Tools and techniques: Statistical Tools 21

IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Data analysis 24

4.2 Statistical test and interpretation 45

4.2.1 Correlation test 45

4.2.2 Chi-square test 45

4.2.3 Anova (One way test) 46

V FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings 48

5.2 Suggestions 50

5.3 Conclusions 51

APP APPENDIX

A1 References 52

A2 Annexure 53

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 LIST OF TABLES

S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

4.1.1 Age of the respondents 24

4.1.2 Gender of respondents 25

4.1.3 Qualification of respondents 26

4.1.4 Types of respondents 27

4.1.5 Income of respondents 28

4.1.6 Marital status of respondents 29

4.1.7 Awareness of respondents 30

4.1.8 Purchase mode of respondents 31

4.1.9 Preference of the respondents 32

4.1.10 Opinion towards colored glasses 33

4.1.11 Opinion towards robotic glass 34

4.1.12 Response on information search 35

4.1.13 Opinion towards sliding glass door 36

4.1.14 Opinion towards bullet resistant glasses 37

4.1.15 Opinion towards privacy/magic glasses 38

4.1.16 Opinion towards glasses on airports 39

4.1.17 Opinion towards fire rated glasses 40

4.1.18 Opinion towards decorative/interior glasses 41

4.1.19 Opinion towards automotive glasses 42

4.1.20 Opinion towards noise in glass 43

4.1.21 Opinion towards noise reduction glasses 44

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4.2.1 correlations 45

4.2.2 Chi-square tests 46

4.2.3 Anova (one way test) 47

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO FIGURES PAGE NO

1.3 Glass processing industry 2

1.4.1 Perception process 10

1.4.2 Types of buying behavior 10

1.4.3 Factors influencing purchase behavior 11

4.1.1 Age of the respondents 24

4.1.2 Gender of respondents 25

4.1.3 Qualification of respondents 26

4.1.4 Types of respondents 27

4.1.5 Income of respondents 28

4.1.6 Marital status of respondents 29

4.1.7 Awareness of respondents 30

4.1.8 Purchase mode of respondents 31

4.1.9 Preference of the respondents 32

4.1.10 Opinion towards colored glasses 33

4.1.11 Opinion towards robotic glass 34

4.1.12 Response on information search 35

4.1.13 Opinion towards sliding glass door 36

4.1.14 Opinion towards bullet resistant glasses 37

4.1.15 Opinion towards privacy/magic glasses 38

4.1.16 Opinion towards glasses on airports 39

4.1.17 Opinion towards fire rated glasses 40

x
4.1.18 Opinion towards decorative/interior glasses 41

4.1.19 Opinion towards automotive glasses 42

4.1.20 Opinion towards noise in glass 43

4.1.21 Opinion towards noise reduction glasses 44

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Glass has been defined and classified in many ways, either based on their composition or on their
characteristics. In a familiar usage, the term glass refers to a class of material of great practical
importance with a number of very characteristic properties such as transparency, briefness and the
properties of softening progressively and continuously when heated. Glass is a compound formed
when molten silica is supper cooled to room temperature. It is an organic product of fusion which
has cooled to room temperature without crystallization or with no crystals formed. Glass also has
been defined as amorphous (non-crystalline) solid materials that are typically brittle and optically
transparent. In science, however, the term glass is usually defined in much wider sense, including
every one that possesses a non-crystalline (an amorphous) structure that exhibits a glass transition
when heated towards the liquid state. Customer perception is how customers feel about your
product and brand. It’s an opinion that they had with your company, both direct and indirect.
Consumer purchase behavior refers to the actions taken (both online and offline) by consumers
before buying a product or service. This process may include consulting search engines, engaging
with social media posts, or a variety of other actions.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is very important for the glass processing industries and company to identify the consumer
perception and their purchase behavior of glass products before selling them in the market.
Throughout this study, the main problem is to find out the consumer perception and their
buying behavior towards glass products. Glass processing companies face major challenges:

• The major challenge is lack of handy experience in customer demands.

• Customer perception can make or break your brand

• What factors influence consumer purchases?

• The changing factors in our society

Thus there is need to analyze and understand what the customers wants and what they buy.
1
1.3 INDUSTRY PROFILE
Glass is among the most widely produced materials in the world, with a global annual
production of over 100 million tons. Due to its versatility, it can be found in a wide
range of applications, from the ubiquitous windows, screens or bottles to more
specialized usages such as glass for sealing applications. Most of the industrially
produced glasses are prepared using similar steps, via melting of raw materials,
homogenization of the melt, conditioning, shaping and cooling. Numerous post-
processing steps such as cutting or polishing can be applied. Depending on the type of
glass prepared and the quantity produced, the processing and fabrication techniques
employed may differ greatly from one type of glass to another. Since the first man-
made glass articles, some millennia ago, the processing of glass has been constantly
improving to produce better, cheaper products, while decreasing the energy demand
and the environmental impact of the glass fabrication process. The basics of industrial
glass production are described from the selection of the raw materials to the delivery
of a homogeneous glass melt to the forming process. The different types of furnaces
employed for different types of production are described, and the importance of
process and furnace modeling in modern glass making is highlighted.

Fig 1.3 Glass Processing Industry

Glass is a material which plays a vital role in our day to day lives. Both for domestic
and industrial purposes. The defining properties of glass include transparency, and

2
resistance to chemicals. This makes it popular for a range of different applications.
Whilst other undesired characteristics such as its brittleness and heavy character
makes it unsuitable for others. Careful consideration is always important before
choosing to use glass. Most types of glass are manufactured from natural raw materials
which are known as “batch” in industry. However each type has its own slightly unique
process. In a standard industrial glass manufacturing process, materials are stored in
huge silos and include sand, soda ash, limestone and often iron and carbon. Which
help to add color to the mixture and later form coloured glass. Common examples of
coloured glass include green and brown glass bottles. The glass industry in India is
divided into two categories: cottage industry and factory industry. Under cottage
industry, glass bangles are made in small furnaces either from glass blocks produced
in factories or from inferior glass manufactured from the impure sands of the rivers
and the efflorescent alkali. Flower pots, decorative glassware, tableware’s, lamps and
lamp-wares are also produced under cottage industry. The factory industry is mostly
confined to Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Punjab.
Ceramic industries in Uttar Pradesh mainly produce sheet glass, hollow and pressed
wares (bulbs, chimneys, reflectors and motor headlights), while Bengal and
Maharashtra are famous for glass tubes, test- tubes, beakers and flat glass. Punjab
predominates in the production of hollowware’s and scientific and precision goods.
Manufacture of glass requires a large number of raw materials such as silica sand, coal
and chemicals. Silica sand is the most important raw material. Sands of the degree of
purity requisite for glass-making are found at several places in India. All types of
glassware are manufactured in India, many of the manufacturing units being in the
small sector. There are more than 40 units producing glass containers and hollow
ware’s. In 1993, the first plant to make float glass used in construction, architectural,
automotive, mirror and solar energy industries was set up in India. Several foreign
brands too have entered the market. The use of flat glass not only adds to the aesthetic
beauty of buildings but also leads to substantial savings of wood, thus conserving
forest resources. Several manufacturing units make vacuum flasks and refills. The
quality of vacuum flask refills produced in India has excellent acceptability even in
developed countries. Laboratory/scientific glassware is also manufactured in India.
Fibre glass production is a recent development from around the 1980s. Fibre glass is
used in conjunction with plastic material to produce fibre glass reinforced plastic
products (FRP).

3
1.4 PRODUCT PROFILE
1.4.1 DEFINITIONS
GLASS
Glass, an inorganic solid material that is usually transparent or translucent as well as
hard, brittle, and impervious to the natural elements. Glass has been made into
practical and decorative objects since ancient times, and it is still very important in
applications as disparate as building construction, housewares, and
telecommunications. It is made by cooling molten ingredients such as silica sand with
sufficient rapidity to prevent the formation of visible crystals.

PROCESSED GLASS
Processed Glass is that which is subjected to different types of treatment to make it
suitable for diverse applications.

PERCEPTION
Perception is the sensory experience of the world. It involves both recognizing
environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli.

PURCHASE
Purchasing is the buying of goods or services. An item that has been bought is called
a purchase.

BEHAVIOR
Actions and mannerisms made by individuals in conjunction with themselves or their
environment.

CONSUMER PERCEPTION
Customer perception encompasses the way consumers select, organize and interpret
both information and stimuli related to a brand, its products and services, which, in
turn, determines what they think and how they feel about them.

CONSUMER PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR

Consumer Buying Behavior refers to the actions taken (both on and offline)

4
by consumers before buying a product or service.
1.4.2 GLASS
Glass is a solid-like and transparent material that is used in numerous applications in
our daily lives. Glass is made from natural and abundant raw materials (sand, soda ash
and limestone) that are melted at very high temperature to form a new material: glass.
At high temperature glass is structurally similar to liquids, however at ambient
temperature it behaves like solids. As a result, glass can be poured, blown, press and
moulded.

TYPES OF PROCESSED GLASS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET

TEMPERED GLASS OR TOUGHENED GLASS
Toughened glass is also known as tempered glass is a strong glass which is heated to
a uniform temperature of 620-650 degree Celsius and rapidly cooled to increase the
strength. It is 4-5 times stronger than the normal glass of equivalent thickness hence it
is used for safety and strength. They break into blunt pieces, thus less damage or
injuries occur in case of accidents. Tempered glass is used in commercial applications
where wind, snow or thermal loads exceed. It is used for escalator side panels,
handrails, balustrades, staircase handrails and viewing partitions of sports complexes,
resorts, and airports, etc. Also for the security of important people, these glasses are
used in their automobiles and houses.

LAMINATED GLASS
It is also known as heatproof glass or soundproof glass or bulletproof glass or
insulating glass or safety glass. Laminated glass is made by sandwiching a layer of
polyvinyl butyral (PVB) between two or more layers of glass. Bulletproof glass is a
special type of laminated glass in which toughened glass is used. Also upon breakage,
the glass fragments stick to the PVB layer and thus injuries are avoided. This type of
processed glass also provides excellent sound insulation and thermal insulation.
Laminated glass is used in skylight glazing, automobile windshields. It is also used in
exterior curtain walls and windows, balustrades, guardrails, canopies, etc.

HEAT STRENGTHENED GLASS

Heat strengthened glass or heat-treated glass is processed with heat treatment for

5
durability and safety reasons. Its mechanical strength is twice that of normal annealed
glass and half of fully
tempered glass. Apart from increased mechanical strength, it has all other properties
of a float or annealed glass. Heat strengthened glass is used for structural glazing as
they safeguard against thermal breakages. It is also used in laminated glass to provide
safety as well as strength.

REFLECTIVE GLASS OR MIRROR GLASS

Reflective glass also called mirror glass imparts a mirror like an appearance and wide
palettes of colours to the exterior of buildings under daytime conditions. A coating of
metal oxide is applied to one side of the clear or body-tinted glass in order to increase
the amount of reflection by the glass. Mirror glass also blocks solar heat coming from
outside and thus helps in reducing the cost of air-conditioning. For commercial
buildings which require privacy, this glass is most suitable, as the interior space cannot
be seen from outside. Reflective glass is used in building facades, decorative
walls, windows and doors which require privacy, commercial buildings, etc.

INSULATED GLASS UNITS

An insulated glass unit is a prefabricated unit made of two or more glass panes which
are separated by cavities filled with dry air. They provide excellent thermal and sound
insulation properties. Insulated glass units are used in office buildings, hospitals,
hotels, houses and buildings with high heating or cooling requirements and also
buildings that need the temperature and humidity controlled such as telephone
exchanges, airport control towers, and other environments that need regulated
atmosphere and prevention of condensation.

CERAMIC PRINTED GLASS

Ceramic printed glass or ceramic frit glass is also known as silk-screened glass for its
appearance like a silk screen. Ceramic frit is fused to the normal annealed glass to
create a decorative look. Ceramic printed glass is used when it is important to mask a
part or whole of glass for privacy or hiding the background. It is used for curtain walls,
shower installations, glass doors, spandrels, partitions, stair rails, conference room,
etc. It is also used to impart decorative look to interiors of restaurants, hotels, cinema
theatres, etc.

6
LACQUERED GLASS
Lacquered glass is a processed glass which is also known as back painted glass is
obtained by coating the back surface of the float glass with lacquer. They offer an
opaque and shiny surface. Generally, they are always viewed from the front surface
which is not painted. Lacquered glass is available in many different shades of colours,
which can be suited to any application. Lacquered glass is extensively used in
architectural spandrels, contemporary cupboards, furniture, kitchen countertops,
backsplashes, washrooms of cinemas, hotels, restaurants, etc.

FROSTED GLASS
Frosted glass is a processed glass which has a translucent or obscure surface, rather
than the transparent surface in float glass. One surface of the glass is etched and has a
rough finish, through which diffusion of light occurs. Due to its translucent nature, it
does not people to see through it. Frosted glass is used where privacy is required, such
as shower cubicles, conference rooms, office partitions, windows and doors of
bedrooms, dressing rooms, etc. Nowadays, frosted glass is also used as decorative
glass, as they are available in various colours, patterns and designs.

BULLET RESISTANT GLASS

Bulletproof glass (ballistic glass, transparent armor, and bullet-resistant glass) is a

strong and optically transparent material that is particularly resistant to penetration by
projectiles. Like any other material, it isn’t completely impenetrable. It is usually made
from a combination of two or
more types of glass, one hard and one soft. The softer layer makes the glass more
elastic, so it can flex instead of shatter. The index of refraction for both of the glasses
used in the bulletproof layers must be almost the same to keep the glass transparent
and allow a clear, undistorted view through the glass. Bulletproof glass varies in
thickness from 3⁄4 to 3 1⁄2 inches (19 to 89 mm). Bulletproof glass is used in windows
of buildings that require such security, such as jewelry stores and embassies, and of
military and private vehicles.

7
FIRE RATED GLASS
Fire-resistant glass is specialist glass that has been proven to provide a period
protection against fire during a Fire Resistance Test. The use of fire-rated glass is
therefore an important component in building safety and Building Regulations specify
where it must be used. It is for effective fire retardation and heat insulation.

HEAT SOAK TEST GLASS

The heat soak test or heat soak process is used to minimize the risk of spontaneous
breakages of heat-treated glass caused by nickel sulfide inclusions. In this process,
glass channels are placed inside a chamber and subjected to an oven temperature of
550°F (287°C) to accelerate nickel sulfide expansion. This causes glasses containing
nickel sulfide inclusions to break in the heat soak chamber, thus reducing the risk of
potential field breakages.

BENT/CURVED GLASS
Bent glass is normal glass curved by a special process. Bent or curved glass is a great
alternative to the conservative rectangular design of buildings as it is available in a
wide range of sizes, allowing the creation of unique and unconventional shapes. Bent
glass enhances aesthetics of architectural structures.

PRIVACY/MAGIC GLASS
The technologies that allow you to instantly switch surfaces from transparent to
opaque are the ones referred to as Privacy Glass. They are particularly popular for
glass-walled or partitioned conference rooms in agile workspaces based on open floor
plans, or in hotel guestrooms where space is limited and traditional curtains ruin design
aesthetics.

1.4.3 PROPERTIES OF GLASSES

• Hardness and Brittleness
• Weather Resistance
• Insulation
• Chemical Resistance
• Colour and Shape Varieties

8
 • Transparency
• Fire Resistant Glazing

1.4.4 APPLICATIONS OF GLASS

Glass is a versatile material which is used in construction since ancient times.
Primarily it was used in windows, doors and ventilators. But nowadays glass is used
extensively in façade, interior partitions, balustrades, railings for stairs and balconies,
etc. Whole new buildings are now constructed by using glass.
• Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, flacon for cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals)
• Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls)
• Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation,
reinforcement structures)
• Interior design and furniture (mirrors, partitions, balustrades, tables, shelves,
lighting)
• Appliances and Electronics (oven doors, cook top, TV, computer screens,
smart-phones)
• Automotive and transport (windscreens, backlights, light weight but
reinforced structural
components of cars, aircrafts, ships, etc.)

1.4.5 CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR

PERCEPTION PROCESS
Consumer perception is defined as a process by which consumers sense a marketing
stimulus, and organize, interpret, and provide meaning to it.

9
 Fig 1.4.1 Perception Process

BUYING BEHAVIOUR
A consumer’s buying decision depends on the type of products that they need to
buy. Consumer buying behavior is determined by the level of involvement that a
consumer shows towards a purchase decision. The amount of risk involved in a
purchase also determines the buying behavior. Higher priced goods tend to high higher
risk, thereby seeking higher involvement in buying decisions.

Fig 1.4.2 Types of Buying Behavior

10
FACTORS INFLUENCING BUYING BEHAVIOR

Fig 1.4.3 Factors Influencing Purchase Behavior

11
1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY
Glass is a very widely used component, its applications ranging from small (glass
bowl, spectacles) to huge (entire buildings). In spite of its versatility in application,
Glass is significantly used in the Indian market. There are different types of glass, and
their properties differ with the type of processing it undergoes. Glass is also an eco-
friendly product and clocks a contribution towards the protection of the environment.
The need for the study is to identify different perceptions and buying behavior of a
consumers on glass products. In order to avoid customer grievances and to turn
customers in to loyal customers analysis of consumer perception and their buying
pattern is important. Understanding the expectations of the consumers helps to
understand what makes a consumer to buy a product.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research was conducted relating to customers towards glass products. The
research is aimed at understanding the following aspects related to customer
perception and purchase behavior of glass products.
• Satisfaction level of customers
• Opinion of customers
• Factors influencing the purchase decision
• It helps the Glass Processing Companies to carry out their business
successfully by understanding customer perception, taste and preference
towards glass products
• It facilities evaluation of brand names and customers satisfaction

1.7 OBJECTIVES
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES
To study and analyze the consumer perception and buying behavior of the glass
products.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES
• To find the awareness level on glass processing industries.
• To identify the factors influencing purchase decision of the consumers.
• To know the modes of purchase.

12
 • To find the most preferred type of processed glasses.
• To know the necessity of customers in terms of glass products.
• To give suggestions to improve the perception of consumer towards glass
products.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Some of the limitations found during the study are:
• The study of consumer perception was limited to a small sample size of 60
people due to time and cost restraints.
• The research process may have been biased of the content of the source is not
authenticated, as it is generally perceived.
• The research topic is new, therefore the study has only 60 respondents in that
field.
• Glass products has wider application since customer perception and their
buying behavior is identified generally without focusing on one glass products.
• There are many factors that influences the purchase behavior of the consumer
towards glass products
• Most of the consumers do not have awareness on glass products and glass
processing companies. Only the customers who make the purchases of glass
products are aware about the processed glasses.

13
 CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The history of glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 BC in Mesopotamia, however
some claim they may have been producing copies of glass objects from Egypt. Other
archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north
Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid 2,000 BC,
were beads, perhaps initially created as the accidental by-products of metal-
working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material
made by a process similar to glazing. Glass products remained a luxury until
the disasters that overtook the late Bronze Age civilizations seemingly brought glass-
making to a halt. Development of glass technology in India may have begun in
1,730 BC. In Ancient China glass-making had a later start compared to ceramics and
metal work. The theory of a vitreous state inevitably includes the nucleation
phenomena. Every vitreous medium contains the embryos of a crystal phase which are
growing extremely slowly. So one can say that they are practically stable objects. Such
embryos are the centers of scattering and they affect the optical properties of glass.
The start of systematic scattering theory was given by Lord Rayleigh; the scattering
on fluctuations was considered by Smoluchowsky and Einstein. Essential contribution
in the consideration of the scattering with account of magnetic properties was made
by Cabannes. A bright example of the theory of scattering on particles of essential
sizes is given by the famous Mie scattering theory. This approach was essentially
generalized by Jobst and Debye. In every scattering theory the distribution of the
embryos sizes is reflected in the optical coefficients of material. Ordinary it is
necessary to know only several first momentums of the distribution of the embryos
over sizes. Sometimes it is sufficient to know only the mean size of the embryos.
Impurities are inevitably presented in the media and they are like some heterogeneous
centers. During the process of the glass preparation it is necessary to have the glass
with the necessary optical properties. So it is necessary to have impurities in the
necessary quantity and of the given size. Three areas of consumer perception theory relate
to consumer perception theory: self-perception, price perception and perception of a

14
benefit to quality of life.
Self-perception:
Self-perception theory attempts to explain how individuals develop an understanding
of the motivations behind their own behavior. Self-perception by customers relates to
values and motivations that drive buying behavior which is also an important aspect
of consumer perception theory.
Price perception:
The researchers concluded that the price perception strongly influenced whether
customers were satisfied with their purchases and whether they would make future
purchases. Two factors that shaped the price perception were the perceived quality of
the merchandise or service in question and price comparisons with merchants offering
similar merchandise or services.
Perception of a benefit to quality of life:
Perceived benefit refers to the perception of the positive consequences that are caused
by a specific action.
Theory of consumer buying behavior:
Consumer buying behavior theory allows businesses to understand more about their
target audience and so be able to craft products, services and company culture to
influence buying habits.
It allows a business to understand:
• What consumers think about your brand versus your competitors
• How they choose between different alternatives
• Their behavior while shopping
• How the environment around them influences their behavior
• What marketing messages or pricing strategies they best respond to
• What products or services they are searching for, to fill a need
Ultimately, by paying attention to your customers’ buying patterns you can launch
products and services that they’ll have a higher inclination to buy. Most consumers
will only buy a new product once it has become mainstream, so to make a product
mainstream, businesses need to focus their early marketing efforts on getting the
innovators and early adopters on board. Consumer buying habits are continually
evolving, and the ways that businesses think about them have changed too. Initially, it
was believed that consumers were rational and behaved in consistent ways.

15
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Robert John Strutt, “A study of glass surfaces in optical contact” flat glass or silica
surfaces can by suitable manipulation be brought into "optical contact", contact so
close that the reflexion at the interface. This study is about the surface of glasses in
opticals, aug 1936.

A.R. Boccaccini, M. Bücker, J. Bossert, “Glass and glass-ceramics from coal fly ash
and waste glass”. Tile Brick Int. 12, 515–518 (1996). This study is about the
conversion of waste glass materials in to valuable glass ceramics and other glass
products.

M. Erol, S. Küçükbayrak, A. Ersoy-Meriçboyu, M.L. Öveçoğlu, “Crystallization

behaviour of glasses produced from fly ash”. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21(16), 2835–2841
(2001). This study examines the crystallization behavior of glasses that the solidity of
a glass might suggest resistance to crystallization; its very existence implies
that crystallization is avoidable. And yet glasses can crystallize, sometimes
surprisingly fast.

G.A. Khater, “The use of Saudi slag for the production of glass-ceramic materials”.
Ceram. Int. 28(1), 59–67 (2002). Glasses can be produced and processed in different
forms and treatment. This study explains the preparation of glass ceramic materials
through slags. Production process of glass ceramics also discussed.

W. Holand, G. Beall, “Thermal expansion properties of a spodumene-willemite glass

ceramic, in Glass-Ceramic Technology”, (The American Ceramic Society,
Westerville, 2002). Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change
its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature, usually
not including phase transitions. This study is based on expansion properties of glass
ceramics through thermal expansion.

S.N. Salama, S.M. Salman, H. Darwish, The effect of nucleation catalysts on

crystallization characteristics of aluminosilicate glasses. Ceramics-Silicate 46, 15–23
(2002). This study explains about the aluminosilicate glasses and their crystallization

16
characteristics. Also, describes the effect of nucleation catalysts on aluminosilicate
glasses based on their crystallization characteristics.

M.-L. Brandily-Anne et al, “Specific absorption spectra of cerium in

multicomponent silicate glasses”. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356(44), 2337–2343 (2010).
The IR absorption spectra of the glass and glass–ceramic samples reveal absorption
bands of characteristic groups mainly due to major silicate network besides the
possible sharing of network units due to some involving oxide constituents. X-ray
analysis of glass–ceramics indicates the separation of lithium di-silicate phase as the
main constituent beside other phases according to the specimen chemical constituents.

G. kiran kumar and T.P Ashok babu, “Study of Various Glass Materials to Provide
Adequate Day Lighting in Office Buildings of Warm and Humid Climatic Zone in
India.” The objective of this work is to allow the natural sun light through the glass
window of same area, and thus less lighting load in the air conditioned space for
different climatic conditions. To achieve the objective of the work an investigation of
spectral properties of different glass materials such as bronze, green, grey, bronze-
reflective, green-reflective and grey-reflective glasses is carried out experimentally,
March 2017.

RN Fathima, “A Study on Customer Satisfaction of Product and Service Quality in

Manchu Toughened Glass” (2019). This study is about the satisfaction of customer in
terms of quality of toughened glass products towards macho toughened glass
solutions. This study describes the customer perception, satisfaction and patterns of
their buying behavior towards toughened glasses.

Md Saiful Islam, Cristiano M. B. Cordeiro, Md J. Nine, Jakeya Sultana, Alice L.

S. Cruz, Alex Dinovitser “Experimental Study on Glass and Polymers: Determining
the Optimal Material for Potential Use in Terahertz Technology” The thermal and
chemical dependencies of materials are also studied to identify the appropriate
materials for given terahertz applications. Published in: IEEE Access (Volume: 8)
Pg: 97204 – 97214, may 2020.

17
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data;
documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific
professional fields and academic disciplines.

MARKETING RESEARCH
Marketing Research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of qualitative
and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services. More
specifically, the American Marketing Association has defined it: "Marketing research
is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through
information. Information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and
problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing
performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process. The marketing
research field is sometimes described as market research, business research and in
some disciplines the same tools are known as social research methods. The use of these
research tools in marketing has a long history. Marketing research specifies the
information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting
information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes the results,
and communicates the findings and their implications". The goal is to identify and
assess the perception and buying behaviour of customers towards glass products.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodology in research is defined as the systematic method to resolve a research
problem through data gathering using various techniques, providing an interpretation
of data gathered and drawing conclusions about the research data. Essentially, a
research methodology is the blueprint of a research or study. According to Somekh
and Lewin (2005), a research methodology is both “the collection of methods or rules”
you apply to your research, as well as the “principles, theories, and values” that support

18
your research approach.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design undertaken for the study is descriptive one. A study, which
wants to portray the characteristic of group or individual or situation, is known as
descriptive study. It is mostly qualitative in nature. The main objective of
descriptive study is to study the consumer perception and purchase behavior
towards glass products.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

This type of research design is undertaken in many circumstances. When the

researcher is interested in knowing the characteristics of certain group such as age,
sex, education level, occupation or income etc., The objective of such study is to
answer the “who, what, when, where, how” of the subject under investigation, so
this project study comes under descriptive research design.
POPULATION
Consumers of glass processing company.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Convenience sampling is defined as a method adopted by researchers where they
collect market research data from a conveniently available pool of respondents. It is
the most commonly used sampling technique as it is incredibly prompt,
uncomplicated, and economical. In many cases, members are readily approachable to
be a part of the sample.
SAMPLE SIZE
Sample size taken for study is 60.

3.3 SOURCES OF DATA

A data source is the location where data that is being used or originates from. A data
source may be the initial location where data is born or where physical information is
first digitized, even the most refined data may serve as a source, as long as another
process accesses and utilizes it.

19
TYPES OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
Primary data means ‘First-hand information’ collected by an investigator.
• It is collected for the first time.
• It is original and more reliable.
•
QUESTIONNAIRE
Researcher collected the primary data using the questionnaire. A questionnaire is a
research instrument that consists of a set of questions or other types of prompts that
aims to collect information from a respondent.
SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data refers to ‘Second-hand information’. These are not originally collected
rather obtained from already published or unpublished sources. Researcher collected
the secondary data from books, journal and internal.

DATA COLLECTION
The study is based on secondary sources like company reports, literary works, etc. It
thus analyses the glass industry through desktop research. The survey method was
adopted to collect the data fulfilling the objectives. Furthermore, survey approach can
provide very engaging and rich explorations as it is conducted in a real-world setting.
It was begun by secondary data analysis through the detailed review of related
literature. To this end; books, articles, journals, magazines were reviewed. Secondary
data refers to data that is collected by someone other than the user. Common sources
of secondary data include censuses, information collected by government
departments, organizational records and data that was originally collected for other
research purposes. Secondary data analysis can save time that would otherwise be
spent collecting data and particularly in the case of quantitative data, can provide
larger and high quality databases that would be unfeasible for any individual
researcher to collect on their own. Secondary data can be obtained from different
sources:
• Information collected through censuses or sectors from malls, theatres,
airports, automotive, interior projects etc.
• Internet searches or libraries.
• surveys from consumers

20
3.4 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES: STATISTICAL TOOLS
Statistical methods involved in carrying out a study include planning, designing,
collecting data, analyzing, drawing meaningful interpretation and reporting of the
research findings. An idea of the sample size estimation, power analysis and the
statistical errors is given.

SPSS

SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it's used by various
kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis. The SPSS software package
was created for the management and statistical analysis of social science data. It has
two types of views those are Variable view and Data View.

Variable View

a) Name: This is a column field. Which accepts the unique ID. This helps in
sorting the data. For example, the different demographic parameters such as
name, gender, age, educational qualification. The only restriction is special
characters which are not allowed in this type.
b) Label: The name itself suggests, it gives the label. Which also gives the ability
to add special characters.
c) Type: This is very useful when different kind of data’s are getting inserted.
d) Width: We can measure the length of characters.
e) Decimal: While entering the percentage value this type help us to decide how
much one needs to define the digits required after the decimal.
f) Value: This helps the user to enter the value.
g) Missing: This helps the user to skip unnecessary data which is not required
during analysis.
h) Align: Alignment as the name suggests helps to align left or right. But in this
case for ex. Left align.
i) Measure: This helps to measure the data being entered in the tools like ordinal,
cardinal, nominal.
The data has to enter in the sheet named “variable view”. It allows us to customize the
data type as required for analyzing it. To analyze the data one needs to populate the

21
different column headings like Name, Label, Type, Width, Decimals, Values, Missing,
Columns, Align, and Measures. These headings are the different attributes which, help
to characterize the data accordingly.
Data View
The data view is structured as rows and columns. By importing file or adding data
manually we can work with SPSS. The following are the statistical tools which were
applied for the project using SPAA software:
• Percentage analysis
• Correlation
• Chi-square test

PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS
A percentage frequency distribution is a display of data that specifies the percentage
of observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. It is a
particularly useful method of expressing the relative frequency of survey responses
and other data.

Percentage = No. of Respondents X 100 Total no.

CORRELATION
Correlation analysis is a statistical method used to evaluate the strength of relationship
between two quantitative variables. A high correlation means that two or more
variables have a strong relationship with each other, while a weak correlation means
that the variables are hardly related. In other words, it is the process of studying the
strength of that relationship with available statistical data. This technique is strictly
connected to the linear regression analysis that is a statistical approach for modeling
the association between a dependent variable, called response, and one or more
explanatory or independent variables. The aim of this work is to provide a general
overview of correlation analysis in order to apply it to biomedical applications.
Positive Correlation : when the value of one variable increases with respect to
another.
Negative Correlation : when the value of one variable decreases with respect
to another.

22
No Correlation : when there is no linear dependence or no relation
between the two variables.
𝒓𝒙𝒚 : the correlation coefficient of the linear relationship
between the variables x and y.
𝒙𝒊 : the values of the x-variable in a sample.
̅
𝒙 : the mean of the values of the x-variable.
𝒚𝒊 : the values of the y-variable in a sample.
̅
𝒚 : the mean of the values of the y-variable.

∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
̅)(𝒚𝒊 − 𝒚
̅)
𝒓𝒙𝒚 =
̅)𝟐 ∑(𝒚𝒊 − 𝒚
√∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅ )𝟐

CHI-SQUARE TEST

A chi-squared test, also written as χ2 test, is a statistical hypothesis test that is valid to
perform when the test statistic is chi-squared distributed under the null hypothesis,
specifically Pearson's chi-squared test and variants thereof. Pearson's chi-squared test
is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the
expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories
of a contingency table.
(𝑶 − 𝑬)𝟐
𝒙𝟐 = [ ]
𝑬

ANOVA TEST
Analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is a statistical method that separates observed
variance data into different components to use for additional tests. A one-way
ANOVA is used for three or more groups of data, to gain information about the
relationship between the dependent and independent variables. ANOVA was
developed by statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald fisher.

SOFTWARE FOR ANALYSIS

SPSS 16.0 (statistical package for social science)

23
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

TABLE 4.1.1 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Below 20 14 23

21-30 23 38

31-40 14 23

Above 40 9 15

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.1 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
The above table states that 38% of respondents are between 21 and 30 age group, 23%
of them are between 31 and 40 age group, 23% are below 20 and the remaining
respondents are above 40 age group.

24
TABLE 4.1.2 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Male 21 35

Female 30 50

Prefer not to say 9 15

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.2 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
The above table states that 50% of them are female genders and 35% are male then
15% prefer not to disclose their gender.

25
TABLE 4.1.3 QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid School 9 15

Under Graduate 22 37

Post Graduate 23 38

PHD 6 10

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.3 QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
The above table states that maximum amount of people responded are post graduates
that is 38% followed by undergraduates 37%, school 15% and PHD 10%

26
TABLE 4.1.4 TYPES OF RESPONDENTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Student 21 35

Self-Employed 19 32

Employee 19 32

Unemployed 1 2

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.4 TYPES OF RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
The above table states that maximum of people are students that is 35% followed by
self-employed people 32%, employee 32% and unemployed 1%.

27
TABLE 4.1.5 INCOME OF RESPONDENTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Less than 2LPA 11 18

2.1LPA-5LPA 15 25

5.1LPA-10LPA 18 30

More than 10LPA 4 7

NA 12 20

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.5 INCOME OF RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
The above table states that majority of people that is 30% earn the income between
5.1LPA and 10 LPA. 25% of them earn between 2.1LPA and 5LPA. 18% of them are
less than 2LPA and remaining 7% earns more than 10LPA.

28
TABLE 4.1.6 MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

Number of Respondents Percentage

Valid Single 32 53

Married 28 47

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.6 MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
The above table states that majority of the consumers are single that is 53.3% and the
remaining 47% of respondents are married.

29
TABLE 4.1.7 AWARENESS OF RESPONDENTS

Number of Respondents Percentage

Valid Never Heard 18 30

Rarely 18 30

Sometimes 15 25

Frequently 5 8

Very Frequently 4 7

Total 60 100

How often you have heard about Glass Processing

companies?
35
30 30
30
25
25
Percent

20
15
10 8.333333333
6.666666667
5
0
Never Heard Rarely Sometimes Frequently Very Frequently
How often you have heard about Glass Processing companies?

Fig 4.1.7 AWARENESS OF RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
Majority of consumers that is 30% does not have proper awareness of glass processing
industries since they are only the consumer no a customer. 30% of them have heard
rarely, 25% of them have heard sometimes and 8 to 6% of them have heard frequently.

30
TABLE 4.1.8 PURCHASE MODE OF RESPONDENTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Online 27 45

Offline 33 55

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.8 PURCHASE MODE OF RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
Most of the respondents prefer offline purchasing over online purchasing that is 55%
and the remaining people prefer offline purchase that is 45%. This shows that their
perception is to buy the glass products over offline mode.

31
TABLE 4.1.9 PREFERENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Tempered/Toughened 18 30
Glass

Heat Strengthened Glass 14 23

Laminated Glass 12 20

Decorative/Interior Glass 13 22

Ceramic Frit Glass 3 5

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.9 PREFERENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS

INTERPRETATION:
Maximum amount of respondents that is 30% prefer tempered/toughened glasses since
it is cheap and quality product. 23% prefer heat strengthened glass, 22% prefer
decorative/interior glasses, 20% prefer laminated glass and remaining 5% of them
prefer ceramic frit glass.

32
TABLE 4.1.10 OPINION TOWARDS COLORED GLASSES

Number of Respondents Percentage

Valid Yes 33 55

No 27 45

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.10 OPINION TOWARDS COLORED GLASSES

INTERPRETATION:
Most of the people prefer colored glass over plane and ordinary glasses from the study
that is 55% prefer colored glasses and 45% prefer ordinary glasses.

33
TABLE 4.1.11 OPINION TOWARDS ROBOTIC GLASS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Yes 28 47

No 32 53

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.11 OPINION TOWARDS ROBOTIC GLASS

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, most of the people aren’t aware of robotic glass handling
system. 53% of them are not aware of this newest type of glass products and 47% of
them are aware about the robotic glasses.

34
TABLE 4.1.12 RESPONSE ON INFORMATION SEARCH

Number of Respondents Percentage

Valid Yes 49 82

No 11 18

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.12 Response on Information Search

INTERPRETATION:
Most of the respondents that is 82% search for information internally and externally
before buying the glass product and remaining 18% do not search for information. So
it is necessary for the companies to maintain their brand name and positive reviews on
existing purchase.

35
TABLE 4.1.13 OPINION TOWARDS SLIDING GLASS DOOR OVER
ORDINARY GLASS DOOR

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Yes 38 63

No 22 37

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.13 OPINION TOWARDS SLIDING GLASS DOOR

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, 63% of respondents prefer sliding glass doors over ordinary
one. Only 36% of people prefer normal/ordinary glass doors to buy.

36
TABLE 4.1.14 OPINION TOWARDS BULLET RESISTANT GLASSES

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Yes 27 45

No 9 15

Maybe 24 40

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.14 OPINION TOWARDS SLIDING GLASS DOOR

INTERPRETATION:
Majority of respondents that is 45% of respondents agreed that VVIPs need Bullet
Resistant Glasses on their vehicles and home. Only few people that is 15% denied for
the necessity to use bullet resistant glasses on vehicles and home of important people.
Remaining 40% of them are partially accepted.

37
TABLE 4.1.15 OPINION TOWARDS PRIVACY/MAGIC GLASSES

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Never Heard 14 23

Rarely 16 27

Sometimes 16 27

Frequently 8 13

Very Frequently 6 10

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.15 OPINION TOWARDS PRIVACY/MAGIC GLASSES

INTERPRETATION:
From the table, privacy/magic glasses are heard rarely and sometimes only. Only 10%
of respondents have knowledge about privacy/magic glasses.23% of them never heard,
26% of them are rarely heard. Only 13 to 10% of them have heard frequently.

38
TABLE 4.1.16 OPINION TOWARDS GLASSES ON AIRPORTS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Ballistic Glass 21 35

PVB Laminated Glass 20 33

SGP Laminated Glass 10 17

Heat Soak Tested Glass 9 15

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.16 OPINION TOWARDS GLASSES ON AIRPORTS

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, ballistic glass is preferred by most of the respondents that is
35% followed by PVB Laminated Glasses 33%. Only 15% to 16% of people prefer
SGP Laminated glasses and Heat soak tested glasses.

39
TABLE 4.1.17 OPINION TOWARDS FIRE RATED GLASSES

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Strongly disagree 13 22

Disagree 25 42

Neutral 19 32

Agree 3 5

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.17 OPINION TOWARDS FIRE RATED GLASSES

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, 41% of respondents disagreed that the fire rated glasses are
much suitable for fire retardation and heat insulation. 31% of them are neutral, 21%
of them are strongly disagreed and only 5% of people agreed that fire rated glasses are
suitable.

40
TABLE 4.1.18 OPINION TOWARDS DECORATIVE/INTERIOR GLASSES

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Strongly disagree 16 27

Disagree 28 47

Neutral 10 17

Agree 6 10

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.18 OPINION TOWARDS DECORATIVE/INTERIOR GLASSES

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, most of the respondents that is 47% disagreed that the
decorative/interior glasses are suitable for design projects. 27% of them were
disagreed, 16% of them are neutral and only 10% of people agreed that it is suitable
for design projects.

41
TABLE 4.1.19 OPINION TOWARDS AUTOMOTIVE GLASSES

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Strongly disagree 15 25

Disagree 27 45

Neutral 12 20

Agree 6 10

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.19 OPINION TOWARDS AUTOMOTIVE GLASSES

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, most of the respondents that is 45% disagreed that automotive
glass is an important component of vehicles. 25% of them were strongly disagreed,
20% of them are neutral and only 10% of them are agreed that it is suitable.

42
TABLE 4.1.20 OPINION TOWARDS NOISE IN GLASS

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Strongly disagree 9 15

Disagree 30 50

Neutral 16 27

Agree 1 2

Strongly agree 4 7

Total 60 100.0

Fig 4.1.20 OPINION TOWARDS NOISE IN GLASS

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table most of the respondents that is 50% disagreed that the thicker
the glass, better its noise reduction properties. 26% of respondents are neutral, 15% of
them are strongly disagreed and more than 6% of them strongly agreed that thicker the
glass will reduce the noise.

43
TABLE 4.1.21 OPINION TOWARDS NOISE REDUCTION GLASSES

Number of Percentage
Respondents

Valid Strongly disagree 17 2

Disagree 25 42

Neutral 16 27

Agree 1 2

Strongly agree 1 2

Total 60 100

Fig 4.1.21 OPINION TOWARDS NOISE REDUCTION GLASSES

INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, majority of respondents that is 42% disagreed that sectors like
malls, airports uses noise reduction glasses. 28% are strongly disagreed, 26% of
respondents are neutral and only few percentage that is 1% of people agreed to use
noise reduction glasses on different sectors.

44
4.2 STATISTICAL TEST AND INTERPRETATION
4.2.1 CORRELATION TEST

The testing procedure is as follows:

Null hypothesis H0 : There is an association between age and

preference on colored glasses

Alternate hypothesis H1 : There is no association between age and

preference on colored glasses

Significance level : 0.05

Correlations
Age Do you think that
colored glasses will
be more attractive
than plain glasses?

Age Pearson Correlation 1 .034

Sig. (2-tailed) .021

N 60 60

Do you think that colored Pearson Correlation .214 1

glasses will be more
Sig. (2-tailed) .101
attractive than plain
glasses? N 60 60

Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

Table 4.2.1 Correlations

INTERPRETATION:

H0 >H1 (i.e.) H0 is rejected, H0 is lesser

than 0.05 H0 is accepted
There is a significant difference between age and preference of colored glasses.

4.2.2 CHI-SQUARE TEST

Null hypothesis H0 : There is an association between different type of glasses
preferred and colored glasses

45
 Alternate hypothesis H1 : There is no association between different type

of glasses preferred and colored glasses

Significance level : 0.05

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymptotic
Significance (2-
sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 6.419a 4 .170

Likelihood Ratio 6.554 4 .161

Linear-by-Linear Association 5.973 1 .015

N of Valid Cases 60

a. 2 cells (20.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.35.

Table 4.2.2 Chi-Square Tests

INTERPRETATION:
H0 <H1 (i.e.) H0 is accepted,

H0 is greater than 0.05

H1 is accepted
There is a no significant difference between type of glasses that is preferred and
colored glasses.

4.2.3 ANOVA (ONE WAY TEST)

Null hypothesis H0 : There is an association between awareness of

glass processing company and modes of purchase

Alternate hypothesis H1 : There is no association between awareness of

glass processing company and modes of purchase
Significance level : 0.05

46
 ANOVA
How often you have heard about Glass Processing companies?

Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares

Between Groups 1.394 1 1.394 .991 .324

Within Groups 81.589 58 1.407

Total 82.983 59

Table 4.2.3 Anova (one way test)

INTERPRETATION:

H0>H1 (i.e.) 0.324<0.05

H1 is accepted.

There is no significant difference between awareness of glass processing companies

and mode of purchase of glass products.

47
 CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

• It has been found that most of the respondents are between 21 to 30 age group. Majority
of 38% are between them.

• This research helps us to understand that 50% of respondents are female.

• This study helps us to identify that most of the respondents that is 38% of respondents
are Post Graduates.

• It has been found that majority of 35% of the type of respondents are students.

• It has been found that the majority of people that is 30% earn the income between 5.1
LPA and 10 LPA.

• It has been found that the majority of people that is 54% of respondents are single.

• Majority of consumers that is 30% does not have proper awareness of glass processing
industries since they are only the consumer no a customer. 30% of them have heard
rarely, 25% of them have heard sometimes and 8 to 6% of them have heard frequently.

• Most of the respondents prefer offline purchasing over online purchasing that is 55%
in maximum and the remaining people prefer offline purchase that is 45%. This shows
that their perception is to buy the glass products over offline mode.

• It has been found that people prefer toughened/tempered glasses over other glasses like
laminated glass, PVB and SGB laminated glass, heat soak tested glass etc. since
tempered/ toughened glasses are cheap than other glasses. Thus it shows majority of
30% respondents prefer toughened/tempered glasses.

• Most of the people aren’t aware of robotic glass handling system. 53% of them in

48
 majority are not aware of this newest type of glass products and 47% of them are aware
about the robotic glasses.

• It has been found that majority of 82% of customers surf for information internally and
externally before buying the glass products. So, it is necessary for the glass companies
to maintain their brand and positive reviews on their processed glasses.

• Most of the people aren’t aware of robotic glass handling system. 53% of them in
majority are not aware of this newest type of glass products and 47% of them are aware
about the robotic glasses.

• Majority of respondents that is 45% of respondents agreed that VVIPs need Bullet
Resistant Glasses on their vehicles and home. Only few people that is 15% denied for
the necessity to use bullet resistant glasses on vehicles and home of important people.
Remaining 40% of them are partially accepted.

• Ballistic glass is suggested by most of the respondents that is 35% for airports.

• It has been found that only 10% of respondents has a knowledge about privacy or magic
glasses.

• It has been found that there is a significant difference between age and preference of
colored glasses using correlation test.

• It has been found that there is no significant difference between type of glasses that is
preferred and colored glasses using chi-square test.

• It has been found that there is no significant difference between awareness of glass
processing companies and modes of purchase of glass products using anova one way
test.

49
5.2 SUGGESTIONS
• Based on the customer perception, glass processing companies can process more
colored glasses over plain glasses.

• Quality of the glasses can be improved that makes customer to buy the product.

• To create awareness of processed glasses to consumers who uses glass products in their
routine life since glass is the future hi tech products.

• Companies can recycle the glasses without affecting the environment which makes
more cost effectiveness for both the company and customers.

• Glass processing companies can focus on 21-30 age groups since they are majority of
respondents in this study.

• Glass manufacturing and processing companies can focus on producing tempered and
toughened glasses which is preferred by most of the customers.

• Glass processing companies should commit to higher standards of quality and to

produce cost effective delivery for the customers which can turn their customers in to
loyal customers.

• Glass processing companies should create and maintain trust among the customers and
to have association with a number of builders, fabricators, facade consultants and
architects globally.

• Glass processing companies should commit to total customer satisfaction and should
be backed by a highly competent technical team.

• Glass processing industries can build strong association with major independent
universities and testing laboratories for research and innovations in glass processing.

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5.3 CONCLUSIONS
Glass is a solid like and transparent material that is used in numerous applications in our daily
lives. Glass can be manufactured with a range of physical properties to be used for many
different requirements. It is a hard substance which may be transparent or translucent and
brittle. From large industrial designs to basic domestic purposes, their uses are exceedingly
large. From this study, glass processing companies can understand different perceptions and
the buying behaviour of their customers in terms of price, quality, quantity, design, colour etc.,
so that they can achieve total customer satisfaction. Each and every consumer should be aware
of processed glasses since they are the future hi-tech products. Glass is everywhere and meets
societal needs, it is an unlimited material whose number of applications is constantly evolving
and which is more and more used in combination with other material for high tech applications.

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 APPENDIX

A1 REFERENCES

• A.R. Boccaccini, M. Bücker, J. Bossert, “Glass and glass-ceramics from coal fly ash
and waste glass”. Tile Brick Int. 12, 515–518 (1996).

• M. Erol, S. Küçükbayrak, A. Ersoy-Meriçboyu, M.L. Öveçoğlu, “Crystallization

behaviour of glasses produced from fly ash”. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21(16), 2835–2841
(2001).

• G.A. Khater, “The use of Saudi slag for the production of glass-ceramic materials”.
Ceram. Int. 28(1), 59–67 (2002).

• W. Holand, G. Beall, “Thermal expansion properties of a spodumene-willemite glass

ceramic, in Glass-Ceramic Technology”, (The American Ceramic Society, Westerville,
2002).

• S.N. Salama, S.M. Salman, H. Darwish, The effect of nucleation catalysts on

crystallization characteristics of aluminosilicate glasses. Ceramics-Silicate 46, 15–23
(2002).

• RN Fathima, “A Study on Customer Satisfaction of Product and Service Quality in

Manchu Toughened Glass” (2019).

WEBSITES
1. www.fuso.in
2. www.standardglas.com
3. https://in.saint-gobain-glass.com/processed-glass
4. https://www.discuss.io/what-is-customer-perception/
5. https://www.demandjump.com/blog/what-is-consumer-buying-behavior

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A2 ANNEXURE

A STUDY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PURCHASE

BEHAVIOR OF GLASS PRODUCTS

QUESTIONNAIRE:

1. AGE

• Below 20

• 21-30

• 31-40

• Above 40

2. Gender

• Male

• Female

• Prefer not to say

3. Qualification

• School

• Under graduate

• Post graduate

• PHD

4. Type of customer

• Student

• Self-employed

• Employee

• Unemployed

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5. Level of income per annum

• Less than 2LPA

• 2.1LPA-5LPA

• 5.1LPA-10LPA

• More than 10LPA

• NA

6. Marital status

• Single

• Married

7. How often you have heard about glass processing companies?

• Very frequently

• Frequently

• Sometimes

• Rarely

• Never heard

8. Which type of mode you prefer the most for purchasing the glasses?

• Online

• Offline

9. Which type of glass you prefer the most?

• Tempered/toughened glass

• Heat strengthened glass

• Laminated glass

• Decorative/interior glass

• Ceramic frit glass

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10. Do you think that colored glasses will be more attractive than plain glasses?

• Yes

• No

11. Are you aware of robotic glass handling system?

• Yes

• No

12. Do you search for information internally and externally before buying the
processed glass?

• Yes

• No

13. Do you prefer sliding glass door over ordinary glass door?

• Yes

• No

14. Do you think it is necessary for the VVIPs to use bullet resistant glasses in
their vehicles and home?

• Yes

• No

• Maybe

15. Have you ever heard about privacy glass/magic glass?

• Very Frequently

• Frequently

• Sometimes

• Rarely

• Never Heard

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16. Which type of glass is preferred for airports?

• Ballistic Glass

• PVB Laminated Glass

• SGP Laminated Glass

• Heat Soak Tested Glass

17. Do you agree that fire rated glasses are effective for fire retardation and
heat insulation?

• Strongly agree

• Agree

• Neutral

• Disagree

• Strongly disagree

18. Do you agree that decorative/interior glasses are much suitable for interior
design projects?

• Strongly agree

• Agree

• Neutral

• Disagree

• Strongly disagree

19. Do you agree that automotive glass is an important component of vehicle?

• Strongly agree

• Agrees

• Neutral

• Disagree

• Strongly disagree

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20. Do you agree that thicker the glass, better it’s noise reduction properties?

• Strongly agree

• Agree

• Neutral

• Disagree

• Strongly disagree

21. Do you agree that airports, malls and other sectors prefer noise reduction
glasses?

• Strongly agree

• Agree

• Neutral

• Disagree

• Strongly disagree

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