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Assignment 5
BMEG2410 Complex Analysis and Differential Equations
Please include all details of your derivation, no score will be given if only a final answer is provided.
Q1. (60 points) Find a general solution of the following ODEs.
(1)𝑦 ′ − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 = 0 (10 points)
Answer:
First, this ODE is separable due to 𝑦 ′ = 𝑄1 (𝑥)𝑄2 (𝑦) with 𝑄1 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 and 𝑄2 (𝑦) = 𝑦. (2 points)
𝑦′
Separation: 𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 (3 points)
1
Integration: ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 → ln|𝑦| = 𝑥 4 + 𝐶 (3 points)
𝑦
4 4
Simplification: 𝑦 = ±𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 . (2 points)
(2) 𝑦 ′ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑦 − 4 (10 points)
Answer:
First, this ODE is separable due to 𝑦 ′ = 𝑄1 (𝑥)𝑄2 (𝑦) with 𝑄1 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 and 𝑄2 (𝑦) = 𝑦 − 4. (2 points)
𝑦′
Separation: 𝑦−4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 (2 points)
1
Integration: ∫ 𝑦−4 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 → ln|𝑦 − 4| = 𝑙𝑛 ln|sin 𝑥| + 𝐶 (4 points)
Simplification: |𝑦 − 4| = 𝑒 𝐶 |sin 𝑥| → 𝑦 − 4 = ±𝑒 𝐶 sin 𝑥 = 𝐶 sin 𝑥 → 𝑦 = 𝐶 sin 𝑥 + 4 (2 points)
(3) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 (10 points)
Answer:
This ODE is not separable, but can convert it into the separable one by changing the variable of 𝑥 + 𝑦 .
Rewrite the equation as: (x + y)2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
Making the change of variables: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 (2 points)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 1
Separation: 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢−𝑑𝑥 → 𝑢2 +1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 → (1 − 𝑢2 +1) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 (5 points)
1 1
Integration: ∫ (1 − 𝑢2 +1) du = ∫ dx → − ∫ 𝑢2 +1 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 → −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶 + 𝑢 = 𝑥 (5
points)
Simplification: 𝑦 = arctan(x + y) + C. (3 points)
(4) 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (15 points)
Answer:
1 sin(𝑥)
This is a linear ODE with 𝑎(𝑥) = − , 𝑏(𝑥) = (2 points)
𝑥 𝑥
1
− ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
Integration factor: 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑒 =𝑒 𝑥 = |𝑥| (3 points)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Integration: ∫ 𝑏(𝑥)𝐹(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 |𝑥|𝑑𝑥 (3 points)
− cos 𝑥+𝐶
∫ 𝑏(𝑥)𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥+𝐶
(𝑥 > 0)
Result: 𝑦 =
𝐹(𝑥)
= { cos𝑥𝑥+𝐶 (5 points)
(𝑥 < 0)
−𝑥
− cos 𝑥+𝐶
Because C is arbitrary, the general solution can be written as 𝑦 = 𝑥
(𝑥 ≠ 0) for brevity.
Also note that y=0 if x=0
− cos 𝑥+𝐶
(𝑥 ≠ 0)
The final solution is 𝑦 = { 𝑥 (2 points)
0 (𝑥 = 0)
(5) 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) = 0 (15 points)
Answer:
This is the differential form exact:
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 , 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦. (2 points)
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Due to 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦, this ODE is the differential form exact. (2 points)
Thus,
𝑥 𝑥
Integration 1: ∫0 𝑃(𝑢, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 (4 points)
𝑦 𝑦
Integration 2: ∫0 𝑄(0, 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = ∫0 𝑒 0 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 (4 points)
𝑥 𝑦
Result: 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫0 𝑃(𝑢, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 𝑄(0, 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶 (3 points)
The solution is given by: 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶 (2 points)
Then, 𝑦 = arcsin(𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 )
Q2. (40 points) Solve the following initial value problems.
(1) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 (2𝑥−1) 𝑦 2 , 𝑦(0.5) = 1 (10 points)
Answer:
First, this ODE is separable with 𝑄1(𝑥) = 𝑒 (2𝑥−1) and 𝑄2 (𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (2 points)
𝑦′
Separation: = 𝑒 (2𝑥−1)
𝑦2
1 1 𝑒 2𝑥−1 −2
Integration: ∫ 𝑦2 dy = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−1 dx → − 𝑦 = 2
+ 𝐶 → 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥−1 +𝐶 (4 points)
−2
Simplification: 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥−1 +𝐶. (2 points)
−2
Substitute initial value: 𝑦(0.5) = 1 → 𝑦|𝑥=0.5 = 1+𝐶 = 1 → 𝐶 = −3 (2 points)
−2
The final solution: 𝑦 =
𝑒 2𝑥−1 −3
(2) 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑦(2) = 4. (15 points)
Answer:
This ODE is not separable, but can convert it by changing of variables
𝑦 𝑦 2
Rewrite the equation as: 𝑦 ′ = 2 − ( )
𝑥 𝑥
Then, make the change of variables: 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑣 = 𝑦/𝑥 (3 points)
𝑑𝑦 𝑢𝑑𝑣+𝑣𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Separation: = =𝑣+𝑢 = 2𝑣 − 𝑣 2 → = (3 points)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑣−𝑣 2
1 1 1 𝑒𝐶𝑣 𝑣
Integration: ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑣 → ln|𝑢| = ln|𝑣| − ln|1 − 𝑣| + 𝐶 → 𝑢 = ± (1−𝑣) = 𝐶 (3
𝑢 𝑣 1−𝑣 1−𝑣
points)
𝑥2
Substitution: 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝐶 (𝐶 ≠ 0) (2 points)
However, if C=0, the particular solution y=x also satisfies the differential equation
x2
Therefore, constant C is arbitrary. The general solution can be briefly written as: y = x+C
4
Finally, substitute initial value: 𝑦(2) = 2+𝐶 = 4 → 𝐶 = −1 (4 points)
𝑥2
So, 𝑦 =
𝑥−1
(3) (6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 2)dx + (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 4)dy = 0, y(1) = −1 (15 points)
Answer:
This is the differential form exact:
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 2 − y + 2, 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑦 2 − x + 4. (2 points)
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Due to = = −1, this ODE is the differential form exact. (2 points)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus,
𝑥
Integration 1: ∫0 (6𝑢2 − 𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 (3 points)
𝑦
Integration 2: ∫0 (3𝑣 2 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 (3 points)
𝑥 𝑦
Result: 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫0 𝑃(𝑢, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 𝑄(0, 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 = 𝐶 (2 points)
Substitute initial value:
2+1+2-1-4=C, C=0
Therefore, the final solution is: 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 = 0 (3 points)
