Chapter1

Unit1
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. flee 2. ceremony 3. migrated
4. assimilating 5. mythical 6. extinction
7. chisel 8. tattoo 9. Elaborate 10. identity
B 1. changeover 2. rite 3. be unwilling to

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
B 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. d
C 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. d 7. c 8. d

D. Writing
1 They fled their homeland, a mythical place called Hawaiki, and sailed the Pacific Ocean in a fleet of
great, ocean-going canoes. Finally, they discovered the land now called New Zealand.
2 The child? first tattoo was made during a traditional ceremony with many rites and rituals that
expressed the meaning of being Ma-ori.
3 At that time, only Ma-ori women were Ta- moko while the Ma-ori men stopped wearing traditional
tattoos in order to conform to the fashion styles popular with Pa-keha-, the European New
Zealanders. Thus, the Ma-ori culture was in a state of steady decline and in danger of disappearing
into extinction.
4 As tattoos became more popular and acceptable in modern times, there arose new interest in
traditional Ma-ori tattoo especially among the young Ma-ori.

E. Summary
The native people of New Zealand, called Ma-ori, are believed to have migrated from Eastern Polynesia about
1,200 years ago. Among the many traditions and beliefs they brought with them was the unique art of full-body
tattooing, called Ta- moko. These tattoos, which were drawn on faces and bodies, symbolized one‟s social status
and marked one‟s transition from childhood into adulthood. However, by the end of the 19th century, the
tradition of full-body tattooing began to disappear due to the Ma-ori‟s assimilation with the European immigrants.
But with the changed views on tattooing, new interest in traditional Ma-ori tattoos began to revive as a sign of
their cultural identity and tradition.

Grammar Plus
1 Romeo could not admit the death of Mercutio, (who was) one of his best friends.
2 There are many theories on the reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs, (which were) once
dominating the Earth.
3 The ancient city of Carthage, (which was) founded by Phoenician colonists, was destroyed in 146 BC.
Unit2
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. harsh 2. aslant 3. dispersed 4. Integral 5. Construction
6. thrive 7. prosper 8. stacked 9. endured 10. a myriad of
B 1. tilt 2. native 3. many

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. d 2. c 3. d 4. c
C 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. d 8. d

D. Writing
1 The Inuit habitat is in harsh environments, such as areas where the sun does not rise for three
months out of the year.
2 The size of the blocks may vary, larger blocks can be about two feet by four feet.
3 The igloo continued to provide the Inuit with a suitable shelter to endure the Arctic winter for
many years.
4 Write the steps in order. First, locate snow hard enough to form the blocks.
Second, dig out a circular base. Third, cut the blocks using a snow knife.
Then, stack the blocks in an aslant fashion.
Finally, fill in the cracks between the blocks with snow.

E. Summary
The Inuit, aboriginal people living in the Arctic and other northern parts of the Earth, survive in extreme
conditions by building homes, called igloos, which are made of snow blocks. An igloo offers excellent protection
from the extreme cold and freezing winds and can be built in less than an hour through a simple process. First,
snow is located to form the blocks. Then, a circular base is dug out, and the blocks are cut and stacked in a
diagonal fashion, and a round shape is created by filling in cracks with snow. Although, this unique tradition has
been part of the Inuit culture for many years, it was threatened by the arrival of western civilization and was
starting to disappear. However, recently, the Inuit are now trying to rediscover their past by bringing back the
tradition of igloo building. By restoring the Inuit culture and tradition, both the igloo and the people are thriving
again.

Grammar Plus
1 Arctic
2 stacked
3 skills
4 revival
5 diseases
Unit3
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. predicted 2. risky 3. approximation 4. satellites 5. Raged
6. signal 7. tempest 8. pierced 9. braved 10. Unmanned
B 1. converse 2. advanced 3. vanish

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a
C 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. b

D. Writing
1 Whenever a tempest is raging near U.S. soil, the Hurricane Hunters will be there, piercing
straight into the eye of the storm.
2 They are temperature, wind speed, and air pressure.
3 The Hurricane Hunters have proven small storms to be ones that are much bigger and more
dangerous, thus helping to save lives
4 Their ultimate goal is to save lives and contribute to the advancement of science.

E. Summary
Unlike most ordinary people, “Hurricane Hunters?” will head straight into a coming storm. Using a high-
powered airplane, they go on weather-related missions to collect data such as temperature, wind speed, and air
pressure to help meteorologists forecast the power and direction of hurricanes. The data collected by the
Hurricane Hunters are also used by meteorologists to learn more about how storms are started, develop, and die
out. In the future, unmanned, remote controlled planes may replace the Hurricane Hunters but until then they will
continue to make such dangerous flight into storms to save lives and contribute to the advancement of science.

Grammar Plus
1 This book helps me learn more about how to raise pets.
2 Reading the text in a low voice will help you concentrate on the text.
3 I helped her prepare for a bridal shower.
Unit4
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. verified 2. vista 3. hazy 4. authenticity 5. enticed
6. ploys 7. raids 8. transformed 9. Horde 10. Hoax
B 1. superb 2. renowned 3. deceitful

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
B 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b
C 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. a 7.d 8. d

D. Writing
1 The Blue Mountains are located in the southeastern region of New South Wales, Australia.
2 The witch-doctor was struck down in the battle and with his death went the secret to undo the
spell he had put on the girls.
3 The tourism industry created it to entice people to visit the area.
4 Though the tale was proven to be fraudulent, it has not stopped the hordes of visitors from
visiting the famous rock formation to catch a glimpse. To this day, the site is still popularly
known as the Three Sisters, and it is as eminent and appealing as ever.

E. Summary
Among the numerous legends that add to the appeal of the Blue Mountains, located in New South Wales,
Australia, is the tale about a rock formation called the Three Sisters. According to the legend, there lived three
sisters of the Katoomba tribe who fell in love with three men of a neighboring tribe. However, the three sisters
were forbidden from marrying the men due to tribal laws, and as a result, the men and their people attacked the
Katoomba tribe. Then a witch-doctor turned the three sisters into stone in order to protect them. Unfortunately,
the witch-doctor was later killed in the battle and the key to undo the spell was lost. There was controversy over
the authenticity of the legend and it was proved to be a hoax and a ploy by the tourism company to entice
people. But still the rock formation attracts many visitors to the area.

Grammar Plus
1. lured
2. worthy
3. appealing
4. populous
5. cliff
Unit5
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. prominent 2. fundamental 3. insure 4. correspond to 5. extinct
6. syllable 7. tragic 8. stripped 9. testimonies 10. Accomplishments
B 1. conserve 2. enormous 3. be made up of

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
B 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a
C 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. a

D. Writing
1 It consists of the 85 symbols
2 The Cherokee alphabet which was easy to learn amazed the Cherokee elders.
3 In 1838, the Cherokee Indians were stripped of their rights and forced to move at gunpoint from
their traditional lands to reservations. Because of this relocation, over 4,000 Cherokee Indians
lost their lives.
4 It remains in print as a testimony to the steadfastness of the Cherokee Nation.

E. Summary
On February 28th 1828, the first newspaper written in a Native American language was issued in the U.S. The
writing system of Cherokee Alphabet, first introduced in 1809, was made by a person named Sequoyah. The
alphabet consists of 85 symbols corresponding to each individual syllable. The letters were based on the Roman
alphabet and Cyrillic, and the writing system was easy to learn and officially accepted in 1823. However, there
followed a severe hardship for both Cherokee people and its alphabet. In 1838, the Cherokees were forced to
move from their traditional lands and over 4,000 people died
during “The Trail of Tears.” They were placed on reservations and their children were placed in boarding school
and forbidden to speak or write in Cherokee. As a result, the Cherokee language and alphabet were in danger of
extinction by the 1990?, but they made tremendous efforts to preserve their language. Cherokee leaders set up
schools to teach the language and the alphabet. Through the efforts, the Cherokee language survived the difficult
times and remains a source of pride

Grammar Plus
1 The Bible consists of 66 books
2 One water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
3 My breakfast consisted of an egg, a cup of coffee, and a tomato.
Unit6
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. literary 2. depict 3. disobedient 4. nostalgic 5. recalled
6. outlawed 7. career 8. runaway 9. critics 10. slavery
B 1. at once 2. describe 3. have an effect on

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
B 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. B
C 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a
5. d 6. a 7. a 8. c

D. Writing
1 As a pen name, “Mark Twain” means that the writer is a faithful guide for his readers to travel
with while following his story.
2 What is the story of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn about? The novel is about the story of
Huckleberry Finn, an innocent yet wild young boy and his adventures while helping his friend
Jim, a runaway slave.
3 Because the story was told from the point-of-view of Huck Finn, some felt that the language
Twin used was too rough and too common for literature.
4 The prize is awarded to those who exhibit a unique humorous style characteristic of Mark Twain.

E. Summary
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, who used Mark Twain as his penname, was an American writer who is famous
worldwide for his literature. Twain‟s writing depicts the Mississippi River, large riverboats, children, and social
issues like slavery. For example, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn deals with the story of the adventures of
Huckleberry Finn an innocent yet wild young boy, and his friend Jim, a runaway slave. When the novel was first
published in 1884, many people criticized it for its rough and every-day language. But later both readers and
critics came to appreciate and love it. With his brilliant works, Mark Twain has influenced American literature and
society even to this day.

Grammar Plus
1. career
2. explore
3. novel
4. vary
5. doubt
Unit7
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. performance-enhancing 2. retire 3. demanding 4. Infamous 5. consumed
6. excelled 7. substances 8. abuse 9. bulk up 10. Cheated
B 1. advantage 2. accessible 3. well-known

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
B 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. b
C 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c
5. c 6. c 7. b 8. c

D. Writing
1 It can cause the body to rapidly build muscle, but it can cause terrible damage to the heart and
liver.
2 Anabolic steroids, THG, and modafinil are used as performance-enhancing drugs.
3 Because there are many more performance- enhancing drugs and new ones are constantly being
created.
4 The International Olympic Committee, FIFA, and European Athletic Association have all banned the
use of drugs.

E. Summary
One serious problem among professional athletes today is the abuse of performance-enhancing drugs which
leads to other problems. Anabolic steroids are well- known performance-enhancing drugs and are often used by
professional bodybuilders to build muscle. Although the steroid can help build muscle, it can also cause heart
and liver damage. Therefore, the use of these drugs is banned by all major sporting bodies. However, the
constantly created new drugs make it difficult for professional sports to be free of drugs. In fact, the abuse of
performance-enhancing drugs has become a public issue due to some cases of famous athletes like Lyle Alzado
and Marion Jones.

Grammar Plus
1 I make it obligatory for workers to read newspapers every morning.
2 I found it easy to use this cutting-edge lawn mower with the optimal cutting blades.
3 I found it too time-consuming to click through to all my favorite web pages several times a day.
Unit8
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. shoved 2. prohibits 3. components 4. excess 5. celebrity
6. delicacies 7. isolated 8. pens 9. savory 10. fatten
B 1. enrage 2. requisite 3. arrange

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
B 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a
C 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. d

D. Writing
1 One is foie gras made of the liver of a fattened duck or goose and the other is veal made of
baby calves.
2 People shove a metal tube down their throats and then pumping their stomachs with an excess
of food.
3 Prohibition by law on consumption of cruel foods is taken to stop people eating cruel foods in
some countries or cities
4 They stage elaborate protest events and employ celebrity activists to draw the attention of the
media.

E. Summary
Certain foods are criticized because of the way they are prepared or how they are made. One example of a cruel
food is foie gras which is made of the liver from a fattened duck or goose. The preparation of foie gras is
considered cruel because people shove metal tubes down the ducks‟ or geese‟s throats and pump their stomachs
with excess amounts of food that poisons them. Another cruel food is veal, the meat of baby calves. In order to
make the meat tender and delicious, baby calves are stored in very small pens and restricted from movement.
Many people have wanted to stop the production of these foods since their cruelties have been exposed.
Therefore cruel foods are banned by law in some places due to organizations, such as “People for the Ethical
Treatment of Animals.”

Grammar Plus
1. meals
2. taste
3. tubes
4. quality
5. celebrities
Unit9
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. bustled 2. fertilized 3. evolved 4. juveniles 5. hatch
6. mound 7. intricate 8. regulate 9. internal 10. stump
B 1. rigid 2. preserve 3. be linked to

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c
C 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b 7.c 8. c

D. Writing
1 Like a small city, an active termite tower bustles with life, providing an environment for its
residents to do what needs to be done for survival.
2 The M. bellicosus termites grow through three specific periods of life - the juvenile, the adult,
and the senile periods.
3 The workers can feed the colony, dig tunnels, locate water and food, and maintain the tower. But
they can‟t see and reproduce
4 The society of the M. bellicosus termite is called eusocial because the whole colony is related to
a common mother, and older generation helps and gets help from the younger generation.

E. Summary
In southern Nigeria, you can find a species of termites called M. bellicosus. These termites live in towers that can
reach as high as 9 meters tall. The termites live in these towers as one big eusocial family sharing a common
mother. They grow through three periods of life - the juvenile, the adult, and the senile, and are divided into
three classes which are the workers, soldiers, and the royalty consisting of a king and queen. First, the workers are
the smallest in size but largest in number. Though they are completely blind, their responsibility is to feed the
population and maintain the tower. Next, the soldiers, which are larger than the workers and have bigger jaws,
defend the colony. Finally, the king and the queen are the largest and responsible for fertilizing and laying eggs.
Through the strict division of work or complex caste system, these termites have been successful for a long time.

Grammar Plus
1 It was the outbreak of the World War II that led people into over-nationalism.
2 It was the very precious necklace given by the King that I lost.
3 It was at first sight that I fell in love with her
Unit10
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. references 2. eliminate 3. ailments 4. mutate 5. physicians
6. staggering 7. prescription 8. congested 9. digestive 10. Respiratory
B 1. feature 2. common 3. overcome

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
B 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. b
C 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. d 7. d 8. c

D. Writing
1 He found it from the references in Greek writings.
2 Jewish physicians recommended chicken soup to patients as an effective treatment for many
different ailments.
3 The cold virus is able to mutate, changing into drug- resistant viruses quickly, thereby
eliminating the effectiveness of cold treatments.
4 Digestive problems, skin diseases, and respiratory illnesses like colds are the ailments which the
chicken soup is effective

E. Summary
The common cold is one of the most widely occurring illnesses. Americans spend over 3 billion dolloars a year
even though there is no cure for the common cold. However, a good way to get over a cold is chicken soup,
which has been used to help people get over colds for hundreds of years. The first record of the cold fighting
ability of chicken soup was made in the 12th century by Maimonides, a Jewish sage. Due to Maimonides
discovery, many Jewish physicians recommended chicken soup not only for colds but also for digestive problems
and skin diseases. The effects of chicken soup are supported by a recent study showing that the soup is filled
with anti-inflammatory properties in addition to plenty of protein and nutrients.

Grammar Plus
1. prescription
2. effects
3. reference
4. recovering
5. symptoms
Unit11
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. abstract 2. boundaries 3. character 4. significance 5. expansion
6. encircled 7. legal 8. mediums 9. residential 10. Sophisticated
B 1. link 2. dull 3. collaborate

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. B
C 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. d

D. Writing
1 Sumeria was located between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia
2 While each city-state was independent from the others, they were united by a common
language and culture. In times of trouble, however, city-states would cooperate with one
another to protect their common interests and general welfare.
3 It was used widely in the ancient Middle East. Its development and expansion involved many
other cultures and languages. As such, cuneiform was the first international graphic medium to
preserve written hostory.
4 List more than five. The wheel, saws, hammers, the cuneiform, a system of arithmetic, the
twenty-four hour clock, the lunar calendar, legal system with courts and jails.

E. Summary
Sumeria, the earliest known civilization located in southern Mesopotamia, was settled about 5,300 years ago. It
was made up of 12 independent city-states united by a common language and culture. Although Sumerians were
from ancient history, they were great inventors who created many tools that are still used today. Sumerians are
also known to have created the cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems using pictures of objects to
communicate ideas. It was used widely in the ancient Middle East and developed and expanded to many other
cultures and languages. In addition to inventing simple tools and the first writing system, Sumerians also invented
a system of arithmetic, the twenty-four hour clock, the twelve-month calendar, and the legal system with
courts and jails.

Grammar Plus
1. forms
2. cities, was
3. accomplishments, is
Unit12
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. sorcery 2. imbalance 3. remains 4. advent 5. artifacts
6. inhabit 7. skeletal 8. withdrawal 9. leeches 10. Supernatural
B 1. devil 2. ideal 3. reestablish

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
B 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b
C 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. b

D. Writing
1 Scientists have learned about prehistoric medicine through the study of artifacts and skeletal
remains and through anthropological studies.
2 They are demons, spirits, or sorcery
3 It is the process involving the withdrawal of “bad blood” from a patient.
4 The goal of Ayurveda is to help the sick restore the balance of the mind, body, and soul in
order to achieve homeostasis, a self-sustaining state of good health.
E. Summary
In the past, medicine was not as well developed as it is today. According to the findings of archaeologists, some
prehistoric peoples believed the cause of illnesses were supernatural forces. Thus prehistoric doctors would
sometimes perform trepanation, the practice of drilling a hole in the skull to let out “evil spirits.”Another ancient
medical technique is bloodletting, which survived well into modern times. It was often performed with leeches to
suck out bad blood form patients. Finally, Ayurveda, which comes from India, is a “Philosophy of living” based on
Hinduism. Instead of relying on medical treatment, followers of Ayurveda emphasize the balance of the mind,
body, and soul to maintain good health. This medical ideology is still widely used today in India and relies little
on western medicine.

Grammar Plus
1. cured
2. gradual
3. modern
4. inhabited
5. based
Unit13
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. compounds 2. consequences 3. Intoxicating 4. biased 5. proponent
6. disputed 7. mistrust 8. addictive 9. Antagonistic 10. flawed
B 1. harmful 2. dispute 3. originate from

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
B 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. d
C 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. a, c 6. d 7. c 8. c

D. Writing
1 They state that users trying marijuana do not feel it is harmful and build a mistrust of the
antagonistic view on drugs. This leads them to use more dangerous drugs
2 They argue that prohibiting the use of marijuana brings young people in contact with users and
dealers who sell other illegal drugs that are more harmful..
3 It was found that individual who began using marijuana in their teens were fifteen times more
likely to use more dangerous drugs in their twenties.
4 There are more than 400 chemicals in marijuana, and a single marijuana cigarette can contain as
much as four times the amount of cancer-causing agents in one filtered tobacco cigarette

E. Summary
Marijuana has been used for many years throughout history for recreational, religious, and medicinal purposes.
Despite the legal prohibition of the possession, use, or sale of marijuana, it is known as the most commonly used
illegal drug in the world. Some people argue that marijuana is a gateway drug, which leads to the use of more
harmful drugs as marijuana can distort people‟s perception of the harmful effects of drugs. On the other had,
proponents of marijuana argue that the banning of marijuana usage leads people to contact users and dealers of
other more harmful illegal drugs. They also argue that marijuana is far less addictive than alcohol and tobacco.
Although marijuana can be used for the benefits of certain health problems, its usage can also lead to damaging
affects to the health of both the body and mind.

Grammar Plus
1 He has been waiting for you since I told him that you would come soon
2 I have been trying to find all the ways to make you happy since I first realized that I love you.
3 He has been crying for two hours since his mother went out to buy his medicine.
Unit14
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. insolvent 2. crisis 3. relief 4. administration 5. reforms
6. enact 7. hoarded 8. seized 9. discontinued 10. recovery
B 1. remedy 2. area 3. Extreme

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c
C 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. d

D. Writing
1 They hoped President Roosevelt would stop the Depression.
2 List three results. Industry suffered, farmers were forced to move off their land, and paper
money lost its value.
3 People hoarded a lot of currency or gold and did not put them into so that the banks had no
money and were forced to close.
4 Industry increase production as American prepared for war, so the programs under the New
Deal became unnecessary and discontinued.

E. Summary
„The Great Depression‟ was a major economic crisis, affecting the world economy during the 1930‟s. Trade and
production declined rapidly which resulted in increased unemployment and poverty. As a result, in order to revive
the economy, a program called „The New Deal‟ was created by Franklin D. Roosevelt when he was elected
president of the United States. The New Deal was designed to bring the economy back to health by focusing on
the „Three R‟s‟ which were relief, reform, and recovery. One way to achieve these goals was by letting the
government intervene with the private business sector. Also, the „Emergency Banking Act‟ was enacted to shut
down insolvent banks and allow the government to seize gold from private citizens. And finally, to solve the
problem of unemployment, the government became a large-scale employer creating jobs using various programs.
However, the biggest

Grammar Plus
1. deal
2. employer
3. seized
4. policy
5. currency
Unit15
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. phenomenon 2. sprouting 3. formidable 4. Pollen 5. debilitate
6. symptoms 7. potent 8. clustering 9. retreat 10. dramatic
B 1. considerable 2. consequence 3. Occurrence

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. a
C 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. d 6. d 7. a 8. d

D. Writing
1 Ragweeds released 55% more pollen at higher levels of carbon dioxide - a dangerous condition
for the millions who are affected by pollen.
2 Other pollen related consequences are runaway social costs resulting from medical expenses and
absences from work
3 They are nasal irritation, itchy throat, constant sneezing, and swelling and tearing of the eyes.
4 Moderate levels of weed pollen range from 10 to 49 grains per cubic meter. However, many
U.S. and European cities have recorded counts in the thousands.

E. Summary
Scientists have recently discovered that global warming has been causing a proliferation of ragweed. Rising levels
of carbon dioxide and warmer climate change are thought to be the causes of an earlier ragweed growth
season and an increase in the pollen count in the atmos phere. It is estimated that the higher levels of carbon
dioxide increases the pollen count in the atmosphere by 55%. There is also evidence that the increase in carbon
dioxide causes the pollen of ragweed to be more potent. As a result, the increase of ragweed pollen and its
poten cy will affect approximately 26 million people in the U.S. who suffer from pollen allergies.

Grammar Plus
1 Not only does she work for him as an assistant but also as his driver
2 Not only does my demanding job takes away my personal time, but it also damages my health.
3 Not only did he gain wealth from his successful business, but he also gained fame.
Unit16
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. famine 2. plight 3. adversary 4. sustenance 5. Teeter
6. refugee 7. inevitable 8. livestock 9. submission 10. plagued
B 1. combine 2. abundant 3. despite of

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. d
C 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. d

D. Writing
1 Poverty and war are the two major reasons that prevent us from solving world hunger
2 In developed countries, the plight of the poor is often defined in terms of the standard of living.
3 In the Third World, the poor struggle to obtain the most basic necessities of life and often living
teetering on the edge of death.
4 During Wars, people rob their homes and livelihoods, so they have no land to grow food and no
way to earn money for food.

E. Summary
Despite the overall abundance and efforts to overcome the problems of hunger, hunger remains a major and
persistent problem that people have been struggling to solve for many years. Two factors that prevent the
elimination of world hunger are poverty and war. First, many poor people from Third World countries struggle
to gain the most basic necessities of life and have no way of growing sustenance. Second, wars also cause
hunger by forcing people to abandon their lands. The once fertile lands are then damaged by the enemies
causing them to be useless for farming. Therefore in order to eliminate hunger, we must eliminate both poverty
and war.

Grammar Plus
1. access
2. plight
3. edge
4. robbed
5. starving
Unit17
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. pioneer 2. discipline 3. ignited 4. gender 5. conjecture
6. disrepute 7. validity 8. adolescent 9. controversy 10. resolving
B 1. fated 2. ridiculous 3. remove

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. a
C 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. c

D. Writing
1 Psychoanalysis is a method of treatment for individuals suffering from mental disorders and
involves patients talking to a therapist but their difficulties
2 They are likely to compete with their fathers for the affection of their mothers
3 It would result in neurosis or various mental and emotional disorders.
4 Today, Freud‟s theory still continues to arouse endless debate and conjecture on its merit and
validity as a stage of human development.

E. Summary
Sigmund Freud founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology in the early 20th century. Psychoanalysis is a
method of treatment involving patients talking to their therapists. One of Freud‟s most well-known theories is the
Oedipus complex, a name derived from a legendary Greek play. The story is about Oedipus killing his farther and
marrying his mother. According to the theory of the Oedipus complex, children subconsciously have feelings of
desire for the parent of the opposite sex and competes with parent of the same sex. The theory also states that if
the Oedipus complex is not successfully resolved, the individual can suffer from neurosis, or various mental and
emotional disorders. The Oedipus complex received heavy criticism for not being scientifically proven and not
being a universal phenomenon.

Grammar Plus
1 The heavy rain stopped him from investigating the crime scene.
2 The noise of young girls kept him from focusing on the newspaper.
3 Political corruption prevents the country from developing despite its abundant natural resources
Unit18
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. conducted 2. perspective 3. conform 4. ascribed 5. atrocities
6. buried 7. betray 8. peers 9. impact 10. committing
B 1. denounce 2. count on 3. be likely to

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. c 2. c 3. c 4. a
C 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. a

D. Writing
1 When placed in a group, people tend to act differently than they do as individuals and often
feel pressured to conform despite what they know to be true.
2 One unsuspecting student was placed in a room full of others who agreed to lie about what
they on an eye chart. And then one unsuspecting student was asked to choose between what
they truly saw and what the group saw.
3 The importance that one ascribes to the group and/or the closeness of the relationship with the
group also influences a person to betray his reasons and follow the group blindly.
4 We can conclude that leaders can abuse their positions by attempting to make a lie the truth.

E. Summary
A famous psychological theory states that, despite what they believe to be true, people tend to behave differently
in a group than they do as individuals due to the pressures to conform by the group. An experiment conducted
in 1953 by social psychologist Solomon Asch supports this theory. In the experiment, 32% of the participants
responded differently from what they truly saw because they were conforming to how the group responded.
Social psychologist Bibb Latane explained this phenomenon through a “social impact theory,” theorizing that the
size and the importance one ascribes to the closeness of the group influence an individual to conform to the
group. One of the dangers of this theory suggests that some people may be manipulated by others through
group power. However, not everyone conforms to the group and instead will resist to conformity.

Grammar Plus
1. conducted
2. behaving
3. vision
4. ascribed
5. perspective
Unit19
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. restock 2. outman 3. maritime 4. expedition 5. bravado
6. chart 7. commence 8. Strait 9. circumnavigate 10. Chieftain
B 1. discover 2. honored 3. assure

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. b
C 1. c 2. d 3. a, d 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. a

D. Writing
1 He wanted to show the native warriors how Europeans fought.
2 His fleet consisted of 237 men and five ships.
3 Magellan and 60 armored members of his crew fought against more than 1,000 natives and
Magellan was struck down in combat and died.
4 The course is “The Strait of Magellan” and it led through the southern tip of South American
and into the Pacific Ocean.

E. Summary
Ferdinand Magellan is mistakenly known as the first person to circumnavigate the world. Unable to get support
from the King of Portugal, he made a number of sailing expeditions instead with the financial backing of the King
of Spain. In October 1520, he found a narrow course of water to the southern tip of South America and into the
Pacific Ocean, which was later named “The Strait of Magellan.” In March of 1521, he arrived in the Philippines and
built a close relationship with the King of Cebu Island. Upon the request of the king, Magellan and 60 of his men
fought against over 1,000 natives of the king‟s rival chieftain. They were killed in the battle and his 18 crew
members returned to Spain in September 6, 1522. Although he did not finish his journey to circumnavigate the
globe, he discovered the course to the East and crossed into the Pacific Ocean, which he named.

Grammar Plus
1 Although he did not get formal education, he is known for his broad knowledge in almost every
field.
2 Although I am from Finland, I can speak Korean like a native speaker.
3 Although he was the smallest of all, he could do dunks with a higher vertical jump.
Unit20
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. perilous 2. terrain 3. demise 4. misleading 5. stability
6. cosmopolitan 7. plunged 8. pave 9. commodity 10. Dynasty
B 1. harsh 2. escalate 3. bleak

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
B 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. c
C 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. d 8. b

D. Writing
1 Daytime temperatures can soar to 50 degrees Celsius, and at night, they can plunge to minus 20.
2 Many types of goods, such as silk, gold, and ivory were transported through the Silk Road.
3 What was the state of the Silk Road in the 7th century? The Silk Road reached its height in the
7th century during the Chinese Tang Dynasty.
4 What was the Chinese city of Changan like at the advent of the Silk Road? The Chinese city of
Changan had developed into one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities in the world. The
city boasted a population of 2 million and hosted a large community, diverse with foreigners
from Turkey and Iran to Korean and Japan.

E. Summary
Despite the unfavorable conditions and extreme temperatures of the Taklimakan Desert located between China
and Eurasia, traders have made the path to link the remote areas of the East and West. The trade route was later
known as the “Silk Road” as silk was traded to the Roman Empire. But the name is a misleading as there were
more than one route and other various goods such as gold and ivory that were transported through them. The
“Silk Road” reached its height in the 7th century during the Chinese Tang Dynasty but slowly demised after the
invasion of the Mongols. Though the trade route today is not used anymore, there is a possibility of reviving the
“Silk Road” depending.

Grammar Plus
1. temperature
2. empires
3. boasts
4. host
5. route
Unit21
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. signify 2. manipulate 3. assigns 4. optimal 5. analysis
6. calculate 7. criteria 8. scrutinizing 9. numerical 10. Peers
B 1. appropriate 2. obtain 3. question

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
B 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. d
C 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. a

D. Writing
1 It was created by Larry Page, a Ph.D candidate with his dissertation thesis.
2 Peer or professional reviewers should be able to set the criteria for determining the importance
of a web site as they would better scrutinize the ranking decisions
3 “Google Bomb” refers to the manipulation of the ranking of a given page by explicitly placing
hyperlinks that will directly affect its ranking.
4 It means “to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet.”

E. Summary
Google, the largest search engine on the Internet, receives hundreds of millions of queries each day. Google‟s
popularity as a search engine can be attributed to its PageRank system, which uses a link analysis algorithm
assigning a numerical rank to a hyperlinked set of documents. However, there has been some criticism regarding
the PageRank system and its unfair bias to larger websites. Other criticisms include the lack of peer or
professional reviews and the use of “Google bombs” to manipulate the ranking of websites. Responding to the
criticisms, Google has changed their search engine algorithm to prevent further manipulation of the search results.

Grammar Plus
1 The more books you read, the faster you can read.
2 The more I played the video game, the more fun it became.
3 The higher we climbed up the mountain, the colder the temperature got.
Unit22
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. permanent 2. infrared 3. pervasive 4. shroud 5. sustain
6. blanketed 7. accumulate 8. composition 9. appreciation 10. encased
B 1. stuck 2. resemblance 3. awareness
Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d
C 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. d

D. Writing
1 Venus is about the same size as Earth, shares a similar orbit, and is similar chemical composition.
2 The pervasive cloud of Venus increases temperature of Venus up to 900 degrees Fahrenheit
3 The clouds that blanket the atmosphere of Venus are consisted of sulfuric acid.
4 The greenhouse effect occurs when gasses accumulate in the atmosphere that allow sunlight to
reach the surface of the planet but prevent infrared light from escaping back into space.

E. Summary
Venus is the closet planet to Earth in terms of distance, but it is also close in other more fundamental ways.
Venus is about the same size as Earth, shares a similar orbit, and is similar in chemical composition. The
similarities help scientists learn more about the Earth from studying Venus. One important discovery made by
scientists is the reason why Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. This is due to the sulfuric acid in the
atmosphere which causes the greenhouse effect. Through examining Venus, Scientists realize the consequences of
Earth if global warming continues.

Grammar Plus
1. glow
2. permanent
3. pervasive
4. degrees
5. Climate
Unit23
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. Virtue 2. persistent 3. moral 4. powers-that-be 5. prophetic
6. inspired 7. pursue 8. sentenced 9. vigor 10. Inquiry
B 1. respect 2. essentially 3. Commence

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F
B 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c
C 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. a 8. d

D. Writing
1 He examined it using a dialog developed through a process of tough and persistent
questioning.
2 His ideas about truth and virtue were felt as a threat by the powers-that-be in Athens and
because of this, Socrates was sentenced to death for the crime of corrupting the youth.
3 His nickname was Gadfly and it means “one who upsets the status quo.”
4 While a group of young students admired his philosophical reasoning and hoped to learn from
him, many of the leaders and institutions criticized him..

E. Summary
Socrates, a father of western moral philosophy, was the first of the three great Athenian philosophers, which
include Plato and Aristotle. He studied the philosophy of the “good” and was well known for having an inquisitive
nature. Interestingly, Socrates did not inspire to become a philosopher as a young man, and instead he did not
become one until the age of 40. Socrates‟ career as a philosopher began when he was approached by a friend
who was told by an oracle that he was the wisest man alive. In order to test the prophetic vision of the oracle,
Socrates searched for anyone who claimed to be wiser than him. He concluded that he was the wisest man alive
because he knew nothing which was more certain than what the others claimed. However, his ideas about truth
and virtue were considered to be a threat to the “powers- that-be” and he was sentenced to death.

Grammar Plus
1. if
2. if
3. that
4. if
Unit24
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. advocates 2. justify 3. prosperity 4. arbitrated 5. embraced
6. dogma 7. instigating 8. latent 9. avenue 10. vague
B 1. inclination 2. bias 3. Obliged

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
B 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. d
C 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b, c 6. b 7. a, d 8. d

D. Writing
1 People seek to understand the meaning of life and to discover their purpose from religion.
2 They are dogmas that followers must accept without question and sacred scriptures that are
often vague and open to interpretation.
3 In Islam, religious extremists believe that if one dies fighting an enemy of the faith, they will be
immediately taken to heaven.
4 A military solution, a war on terror organizations and the nations is the most extreme solution.

E. Summary
Although many people seek religion to find virtue and the meaning of life, some people get caught up in the
extreme forms of religion that instigate conflict and advocate acts of violence. Two factors contribute to the rise
in violence and extreme behaviors caused by religions. First, many religions have dogmas and articles of belief
that lead to inflexibility and intolerance. This can lead to followers taking action blindly without questioning their
beliefs. Second, sacred scriptures and dogmas handed down through tradition-in-practice are often vague and
can cause conflict over interpretation. The results of these factors lead to religious extremism which uses terror
and violence to fight against their “enemy of the faith.” However, some believe that the problems of religious
extremism stems from social problems such as poverty and discrimination.

Grammar Plus
1. source
2. pro-life
3. faith
4. security
5. heaven