BRICKS INTENSIVE READING 1

UNIT 1

ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A 1. restrictions 2. competition 3. lyrics
4. beat 5. alongside 6. onlookers
7. showcased 8. imagery 9. dedicated
10. originated
B 1. diversity 2. organize 3. confront

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
B 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. d
C 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. c

D. Writing
1 B-Boys and B-Girls are people who are especially interested in breakdancing, an energetic form of
street dance that developed alongside hip-hop.
2 There are two types of battles, the cipher battles that are in the circle, and the official battles that are
structured with rules of competition.
3 In Korea, for example, a comic book artist introduced the first breakdancing themed comic in his
book.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1: B-Boys and B-Girls express their love of hip-hop and its unique attitude through
breakdancing.
2 Paragraph 2: For many, B-Boying is a lifestyle, or a spirit and philosophy that dedicated fans of
the hip-hop culture live by.
3 Paragraph 3: An important part of B-Boy culture is dancing in battles against opposing crews.
4 Paragraph 4: Throughout the world, there are many different approaches to B-Boying and hip-
hop culture.

Grammar Plus
1. animals
2. products
3. names/ were
UNIT 2

ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing Sentences
1. persisted 2. converge 3. synchronized
4. arena 5. Composure 6. awkwardness
7. ruffled 8. disturbed 9. dispersed
10. landmark

B Matching
1. Crowd 2. gather 3. Ridiculous
Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F
B 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a
C 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. d 8. c

D Writing & Paraphrasing

1 Due to the popularity of social networking sites on the Internet, the tradition of the Flash
Mob has persisted and has taken on new forms.
2 Flash Mob organizer Bill Wasik (a senior editor at Harper? Magazine) used the Internet to
arrange a meeting of a large number of people at a Manhattan landmark at a set time.
3 When we walk out of our doors each day into the world, we assume people will act
purposefully, respectfully, and politely.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Flash Mob events, conducted by a group of people who assembles and tries to surprise others through a scene of
awkwardness, has evolved through the years and became more prevalent all over the world.
2 Paragraph 2:
The first successful Flash Mob event happened in 2003 in New York City.
3 Paragraph 3:
Other Flash Mob events followed the first, each one playing with the idea of creating absurdity in the public space.
4 Paragraph 4:
Due to the popularity of social networking sites on the Internet, the tradition of the Flash Mob has persisted and has
taken on new forms.

Confusing Words
1. assemble
2. arrange
3. assume
4. proceed
5. persists
 UNIT 3
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. inactive 2. emerge 3. runny
4. seeping 5. fissures 6. eruption
7. destruction 8. fiery 9. core
10. bubbling

B Matching
1. unbroken 2. unrestricted 3. exterior

Comprehension Check U
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
B 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c
C 1. d 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. B

D. Writing & Paraphrasing

1 Because the temperature deep underground is so that it can melt rocks. For this reason,
rock in the Earth? core is not solid but runny and loose.
2 It may form slowly, gently seeping and bubbling from an open crack, or it can explode
violently creating a fountain of fiery, melted stone that rains destruction down on
everything near the eruption.
3 They are volcanoes which have been quiet for a long time but can explode again at any
time.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Below the surface of the Earth near the core, it is so hot that rocks exist in melted form called magma.
2 Paragraph 2:
Volcanoes are formed when pressure is built up from the extremely high temperatures of magma.
3 Paragraph 3:
Although lava can emerge from the Earth in many ways from volcanoes, not all volcanoes produce lava.
4 Paragraph 4:
Although inactive volcanoes have been dormant for a long time and unlikely to erupt again, there is a possibility that
they could explode again at any time.

Grammar Plus
1 The melted rock is so fiery. As a result, the melted rock steams and smokes.
→ The melted rock is so fiery that it steams and smokes.
2 Pressures are very great. As a result, the magma is pushed out of the Earth altogether.
→ Pressures are so great that the magma is pushed out of the Earth altogether.
3 The temperature of melted rock is very hot. Therefore, the temperature can even melt steel and other metals.
→ The temperature of melted rock is so hot that it can even melt steel and other metals.
UNIT 4
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Word Bank
1. stems 2. bulbs 3. arid
4. regions 5. Thrive 6. adaptation
7. bulk 8. conserve 9. tapering
10. precipitation
B Matching
1. intense 2. save 3. Barren

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. b
C 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. a

D. Writing
1 The important task each of these techniques addresses is water conservation.
2 Oases are created where water tables, places where groundwater is collected under the
surface, are just below the surface.
3 Because many desert plants have adapted to the conditions with little or no
precipitation and have been able to survive.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Although it is difficult for life to exist in the deserts due to lack of precipitation and other extreme
conditions, many desert plants are able to survive there because of their ability to adapt to these
conditions.
2 Paragraph 2:
Because rainfall almost never occurs, a majority of plants can only exist there in the most favorable
settings.
3 Paragraph 3:
Beyond oasis points, plants must depend more on adaptation to survive the lack of water in deserts.
4 Paragraph 4:
Like cacti, the most successful desert plants use a variety of adaptive techniques to survive the desert
conditions.
Confusing Words
1. adapt
2. drought
3. favorable
4. lack
5. stem
UNIT 5
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. focuses on 2. Botanical 3. mischievous
4. Fungi 5. author 6. preserving
7. Overeating 8. Conservationists
9. countryside 10. accomplishment

B Matching
1. vicious 2. master 3. spread

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d
C 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. b

D. Writing
1 This tale focuses on Peter Rabbit and his three sisters, Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail, who live
with their mother in the roots of a fir tree..
2 Author[writer], illustrator[artist], scientist[mycologist], and (nature) conservationist are the
possible job titles for Potter.
3 Before Potter gained fame as a writer and illustrator, she had been very interested in science.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Beatrix Potter, an author best known for writing and illustrating The Tail of Peter Rabbit, has achieved
many other accomplishments in her life time besides writing and illustrating.
2 Paragraph 2:
The Tail of Peter Rabbit, the first story in a series of tales about talking animals and their adventures, is
Potter? most famous writing.
3 Paragraph 3:
Potter was very interested in science which led her to closely study fungi and become a famous
mycologist.
4 Paragraph 4:
Potter used her wealth from the success of The Tail of Peter Rabbit to buy land in England? Lake District
and protect it from being developed

Grammar Plus
1 Due to the great fire, he lost not only his house but also his family.
2 He not only participated in the demonstration but also published books on the issue.
3 The movie was very popular not only in America but also in most of the countries in the world.
UNIT 6
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. distinct 2. vernacular 3. marginalized
4. legitimize 5. framing 6. dismissed
7. Range 8. district 9. concerning
10. mar

B Matching
1. obvious 2. Hesitant 3. exact

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
B 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. c
C 1. d 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. c

D. Writing
1. The debate revealed much about how society viewed Black English.
2. The Board hoped that by recognizing the language gap the schools could better teach the students in
the Oakland public schools.
3. Many Americans felt that AAVE was simply incorrect, a poor form of English marred by ignorant
mistakes in pronunciation and grammar.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
The public announcement made by the School Board of Oakland to recognize African-American Vernacular English as
a legitimate second language started a national controversy across the United States.
2 Paragraph 2:
The Board hoped to teach the students better by recognizing AAVE as a second language.
3 Paragraph 3:
When the news regarding the Board? decision became public to the nation, many people opposed the decision
made by the Board.
4 Paragraph 4:
The media did not accurately describe the objectives made by the Oakland School Board and instead focused on
how society viewed Black English.

Confusing Words
1. district
2. exist
3. form
4. framed
5. offense
UNIT 7
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. were associated with 2. rare 3. bitter 4. mold
5. consume 6. warned 7. treats 8. influence 9. presented
10. relaxation

B Matching
1. precious 2. uncooked 3. Avoid

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. d
C 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. d

D. Writing
1 It is xocolatl and means “bitter water.”
2 They used cacao beans as money and medicine.
3 It was not until the 19th century that chocolate bars for consumption were mass-produced by
an Englishman named Joseph Fry in 1847.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Chocolate has been used by people in a variety of ways since it was first consumed thousands of years ago.
2 Paragraph 2:
The Aztecs are the first people known to have enjoyed eating chocolate.
3 Paragraph 3:
Chocolate went through many changes after it was introduced to Europe.
4 Paragraph 4:
Many people are now eating chocolate to keep their hearts healthy.

Grammar Plus
1 It was not until her fifth movie that she became popular as an actress.
2 In the movie, it was not until she said this famous line that her friends recognized her.
3 It was not until I ate the fifth slice of pizza that my stomach became full.
UNIT 8
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. emerged 2. section 3. grueling
4. endurance 5. modified 6. maximize
7. designations 8. Stroke 9. executed
10. transition
B Matching
1. energetically 2. rival 3. Unite

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b
C 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. a
D. Writing
1 The goal of the triathlon is to complete all three courses, swimming, cycling, and running, with
the best total finishing time.
2 To beat the clock, athletes competing in a triathlon perform each individual sport differently
than they would if they were doing each separately.
3 It means hard cycling followed by hard running.
E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
In a triathlon, swimming, cycling, and running are merged into one grueling event that athletes execute in special
ways.
2 Paragraph 2:
The goal of the triathlon is to complete all three courses, swimming, cycling, and running, with the best total finish
time.
3 Paragraph 3:
To beat the clock, athletes competing in a triathlon perform each individual sport differently than they would if they
were doing each separately.
4 Paragraph 4:
Triathlons also execute the cycling and running events differently.

Confusing Words
1. merge
2. completed
3. altered
4. loose
5. preparing
 UNIT 9
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. species 2. flips 3. fertilized
4. Sturdy 5. current 6. hatch
7. abundance 8. perform 9. mature
10. fascinating
B 1. feature 2. reproduce 3. Repeat

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T
B 1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b
C 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. b

D. Writing
1 Other people visualize this sturdy fish as struggling to swim upstream against strong currents,
jumping and flipping wildly in the air above a river, trying to avoid being caught and eaten by
hungry bears.
2 The most remarkable characteristic of the “salmon runs” is the fact that, when they return to
fresh water to lay their eggs, they go to the exact place where they were born.
3 They gave thanked when “salmon runs?” recurred because these people relied on “salmon runs”
for food.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
There are many reasons why salmon is such an interesting fish.
2 Paragraph 2:
Salmon spend part of their lives living in salt water and another part in fresh water because of their unusual mating
habit.
3 Paragraph 3:
The salmon species have a very fascinating lifestyle, one that finds these fish doing amazing things to survive.
4 Paragraph 4:
Human developments in the areas where salmon migrate have negatively affected the people who depend on the
journey made by the salmon.

Grammar Plus
1 He was imprisoned on purpose so that he could save his brother from death.
2 I did my best so that I could prove your innocence.
3 She got up early so that she could see the sunrise.
UNIT 10
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. habitat 2. descended 3. pronounced
4. Pack 5. domesticated 6. breed
7. reduction 8. theory 9. overall
10. docile
B 1. relationship 2. Face 3. enticement

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
B 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. d
C 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. d

D. Writing
1 Wild wolves first started to become domesticated or adapted to live with humans a little more
than 10,000 years ago.
2 Early human hunter-gatherers searching for seasonal foods and wild game encountered wild
wolves because they shared the same habitat and hunted the same prey. Furthermore, like
people, wolves (and later dogs) are social creatures that live in groups and work together as a
team.
3 Yet another theory is that wolves adapted to living with people by being first employed as
beasts-of-burden, such as those used for pulling sleds in the winter.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
The modern domesticated dogs have evolved from wild wolf-dogs slowly at first since the beginning of human
history.
2 Paragraph 2:
Commonalities shared between the wild wolves and humans in early history are used to theorize why it was easy for
wild wolves to join human packs.
3 Paragraph 3:
There are different theories on how wolves became domesticated by humans in early history.
4 Paragraph 4:
The results of the domestication of wolves took various forms.

Confusing Words
1. descended
2. social
3. pile
4. breed
5. reduction
UNIT 11
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. captured 2. Stereotype 3. scraggly
4. condemned 5. hostage 6. theft
7. Uncivilized 8. roams 9. ransom
10. Survived
B Matching
1. desire 2. asset 3. inhumane

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
B 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. a
C 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. d 8. b

D. Writing
1 It was from the 1680’s to the 1720’s.
2 The life of a seaman aboard British warships during the 17th and 18th centuries was often
terrible. So, in order to be free from suffering under brutal conditions, crew sometimes decided
to take their chances and follow a life of piracy.
3 Modern piracy is theft committed by criminals who use boats to capture cargo vessels.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Most people have a certain stereotype and simplified picture of pirates, however, they are very real and very
dangerous.
2 Paragraph 2:
The life of a pirate during the Golden Age of Piracy was not very easy and far from being “olden”, despite the
popular image of pirates we have today.
3 Paragraph 3:
Most pirate bands were formed from seaman who wanted to be free from the brutal conditions endured on the
British warships.
4 Paragraph 4:
Piracy still exists today and is nothing at all similar to the popular image many have of it.

Grammar Plus
1 Some employees tried to rob the company of its top secrets.
2 The mugger robbed the pedestrian of his wallet and emptied it of its money.
3 In Atlanta alone, armed criminals emptied more than 300 banks of their cash in 2007.
UNIT 12
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. eradicated 2. Discrimination 3. intermingle
4. oppression 5. Conflict 6. extinction
7. vanish 8. Indigenous 9. obsolete
10. Abuse
B Matching
1. stimulate 2. impartial 3. burst

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c
C 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. d 8. a

D. Writing
1 Ethnology is the study of cultural changes that tries to understand the origin of cultures and to
find ways to preserve them.
2 Another area of interest to cultural anthropologists concerned with ethnology is the traditional
culture of Tibet.
3 It seeks to help indigenous people understand their rights and to fight abuse and discrimination
by raising awareness.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Ethnology is the study of cultural change that tries to understand the origin of cultures and to find ways to preserve
them.
2 Paragraph 2:
Ethnology raises issues about the preservation of indigenous languages, many of which are threatened with
extinction due to government policies.
3 Paragraph 3:
The division between the cultures of Tibet and China is another area of interest to cultural anthropologists concerned
with ethnology.
4 Paragraph 4:
Ethnology is a science that requires ethnologists to maintain an objective view of facts, but these facts often spur
people to take action.

Confusing Words
1. Constant
2. processes
3. erupt
4. raised
5. require
UNIT 13
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. free of charge 2. Duplicated 3. store
4. protected 5. Phonograph 6. Breakthroughs
7. fine 8. involve 9. ensure
10. worth

B Matching
1. banned 2. provide 3. accessible

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
B 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. d
C 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. b

D. Writing
1 With the rise of the Internet, however, it became easy to duplicate and distribute music as
electronic files.
2 As a result, music artists and record companies have lost revenue they would have made selling
their products and prepackaged recorded music.
3 Using this method, people can pay only for the songs they like. And the music industry is
working hard to make music widely available online while ensuring that artists get paid for their
works.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
With the rise of the Internet, it has become easy to duplicate and distribute music as electronic files.
2 Paragraph 2:
It was possible to download almost any song free of charge because the Internet allowed many individuals to join
networks where members could share music files with each other.
3 Paragraph 3:
However, the sharing of music files is considered illegal because the songs are protected under copyright laws.
4 Paragraph 4:
The music industry is employing different innovative methods to provide music to the consumers via the Internet
while ensuring that the artists get paid for their work.

Grammar Plus
1 Get up right now, you lazy boy. Otherwise, you will get no breakfast.
2 Call me at least ten times a day. Otherwise, I can be sure of your love.
3 She helped me in many ways. Otherwise, I couldn’t have completed the novel.
UNIT 14
ANSWER KEY

Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. On behalf of 2. Corruption 3. Dictatorship
4. Representative 5. Turnout 6. Privileges
7. Constraints 8. Election 9. Democracies
10. Criminals
B Matching
1. partake 2. Transform 3. Voice
Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
B 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d
C 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. a 8. c
D. Writing
1 In general, low voter turnout may be due to disappointment, indifference, or contentment.
2 Unlike the direct democracy of ancient Greece, people today cannot participate in deciding
many important matters, mainly due to the large populations.
3 Voting in elections is to select representatives who will make decisions on behalf of society and
it can be a constraint to prevent political corruption.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
The right to vote has often been won through hard struggles against dictatorship.
2 Paragraph 2:
The steady decline of voter turnout in many democratic countries can be attributed to people not feeling the
responsibility to vote.
3 Paragraph 3:
If individuals give up the right to vote then they will have no influence on politicians who decide on matters that can
influence the future.
4 Paragraph 4:
Giving up the right to vote can lead to political corruption.

Confusing Words
1. rules
2. declined
3. population
4. electing
5. corrupt
UNIT 15
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. renewable 2. Scarcity 3. alternative
4. absorb 5. Skeptics 6. pollution
7. released 8. Widespread 9. replaced
10. agricultural

B 1. Plentiful 2. Preservation 3. point out

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b
C 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. c

D. Writing
1 1) Earth has only a limited supply.
2) It can cause global warming.
2 Bio-fuels are created from renewable resources like food crops, such as corn or soybeans.
3 1) In fact, to satisfy a mere 5% of the global need for diesel, nearly 60% of all soybeans
produced must be used for fuel.
2) In fact, studies indicate that producing bio-fuels requires about 29% more energy than the fuel produces.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Bio-fuel is one of the sources of alternative energy that can replace petroleum without the negative effects.
2 Paragraph 2:
There are some advantages to replacing fossil fuels with organic bio-fuels.
3 Paragraph 3:
Although bio-fuels are easier to use than other alternative energy sources, there are problems in
producing them.
4 Paragraph 4:
Another problem limiting the use of bio-fuels is that creating these fuels consumes more energy than the
fuels themselves will produce.

Grammar Plus
1 There were very famous cars, such as Ferraris and Lamborghinis in the exhibition.
2 Avoid eating nuts, such as peanuts and macadamias in case of the allergic reactions.
3 There can be some negative side effects of the drug, such as a headache, stomachache, and
sleeplessness.
UNIT 16
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. estimate 2. combat 3. flourishing
4. progress 5. distinct 6. lush
7. drained 8. ranching 9. exploiting
10. deforestation

B Matching
1. productive 2. Breakable 3. operation

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
B 1. b 2. b 3. b 4. d
C 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. a

D. Writing
1 The river is located in a vast area, known as the Amazon Basin, where it drains into the Atlantic
Ocean. It is also where the largest forest in the world, the Amazon Rainforest is located.
2 Trees and plants living in the Amazon Basin, as part of their natural lifecycles, absorb large
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
3 Human activities like logging, cattle ranching, modernization, and slash-and-burn agriculture
have been the cause of much damage to the fragile ecosystem.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
The Amazon Rainforest with its countless plants and animal species is essential to the well-being of the
Earth? environment.
2 Paragraph 2:
Biodiversity in the Amazon Rainforest is the largest found in the world.
3 Paragraph 3:
Global warming is one of the most serious problems facing Earth and the Amazon Rainforest does much
to stop its progress.
4 Paragraph 4:
Due to a number of factors mostly caused by economic needs, the Amazon Rainforest has been terribly
exploited and exposed to harmful effects of deforestation.
Confusing Words
1. located
2. lush
3. extinct
4. absorbed
5. scrub
UNIT 17
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. boredom 2. look away 3. disbelief
4. distance 5. stared 6. are likely to
7. Tilting 8. depends on 9. signals
10. revealed

B Matching
1. motion 2. properly 3. Impact

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
B 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. a
C 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. d

D. Writing
1 The two basic methods of communication are speaking and body language.
2 It might suggest that one is thinking deeply about what is being discussed and is giving it
serious thought.
3 Sometimes people are unaware of their body language and accidentally reveal their true feelings
and opinions, which they might otherwise want to keep hidden.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
One of the most basic forms of communication is body language which is used to express emotion and share ideas.
2 Paragraph 2:
Body languages such as crossing the arms can have many different meanings according to the situation it is used in.
3 Paragraph 3:
Boredom and disbelief are also two feelings that are frequently communicated through body language.
4 Paragraph 4:
Although body language is sometimes used unknowingly, most people are aware of their body language and use it
to express their ideas more clearly.

Grammar Plus
1 They started to make tools by breaking and grinding stones into the shape of knives.
2 The driver tried to put on the brakes and avoid the accident.
3 This machine can be started by pushing the button or pulling the bar on it.
UNIT 18
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing the Sentences
1. blessings 2. set out 3. coached
4. Reflect 5. definition 6. Devising
7. Intensively 8. attitude 9. cultivate
10. theorized

B 1. Carry out 2. Reveal 3. impulsive

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
B 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a
C 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. d

D. Writing
1 The examples of unusual techniques are spontaneous dancing in the supermarket, hugging a
tree, and by visiting graveyard to reflect on the preciousness of life.
2 The experimenters theorized that in learning life-skills to improve personal feelings of happiness,
the 50 volunteers would bring the newfound skills and attitudes back into the community and
change its mood for the better.
3 One of the most important ideas uncovered by the experiment in Slough is a very old truth in
that to be truly happy, each person must closely examine their personal definition of
“Happiness”.
E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
In 2005, a group of psychologists started an experiment to prove that a group of happy people could raise the level
of happiness of their town.
2 Paragraph 2:
The volunteers were trained with life-skills that were theorized to make would change the mood of the community
for the better.
3 Paragraph 3:
After the volunteers attempt to make the town happier, it was difficult to determine whether the town was
measurably happier or not.
4 Paragraph 4:
What was uncovered from the experiment was that to be truly happy each person must closely examine their
personal definition of happiness.
Confusing Words
1. experiment
2. prove
3. attitude
4. treat
5. remained
UNIT 19
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing Sentences
1. sealed 2. practical 3. responsibility
4. feature 5. refused 6. lacks
7. prepayment 8. reform 9. ensure
10. profile

B 1. transfer 2. control 3. enhance

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. c
C 1. d 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. a

D. Writing
1 It was the British Postmaster General, Sir Rowland Hill.
2 The idea, part of his Post Office Reforms law, allowed people to mail a half-ounce message
anywhere on the British Isles for the price of one penny.
3 Because it was printed in black ink and cost a penny, the stamp quickly became known as the
Penny Black.
E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
The invention of the postage stamp, which was not used prior to the mid-19th century, did much to change the way
postage mail is sent today.
2 Paragraph 2:
Before the use of the postage stamp, it was the responsibility of the person receiving the letter to payfor the cost of
delivering the message.
3 Paragraph 3:
In 1837, the British Postmaster General, Sir Rowland Hill, thought of an idea to have mail paid for before being
delivered which would prevent people from not paying for the delivery.
4 Paragraph 4:
The postage stamp improved the way people sent and received messages because it ensured that all mail carried by
letter carriers were important enough to be paid for.
Grammar Plus
1 It was often very expensive to pay for the carried message.
2 It is impossible to master English without practice.
3 It is common to use a postage stamp when sending a letter through regular postal service.
UNIT 20
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing Sentences
1. outbreak 2. aviator 3. alliance
4. Mechanized 5. entrenched 6. deadlock
7. mobilize 8. choked 9. efficient
10. unleashed
B Matching
1. Happen 2. standstill 3. period

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
B 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c
C 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. d 6. c 7. d 8. c
D. Writing
1 From 1914 to 1918, much of the world was at war. Most of World War I was fought on fronts, or
battle lines, that encircled the European continent.
2 The Triple Entente Powers which included France,the United Kingdom, and Russia, and The
Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire fought in
World War I.
3 They are widespread of poison gas and mechanized fighting.
E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Most of World War I was fought on fronts that encircled the European continent, but the battles on the Western
Front between France and Germany were the most notable battles.
2 Paragraph 2:
The Western Front is unique because of the stalemate that existed there.
3 Paragraph 3:
In order to break the stalemate, the armies of both The Central Powers and The Triple Entente Powers employed new
horrifying techniques.
4 Paragraph 4:
New technologies used in the mechanized warfare of the Western Front changed the warfare to be more brutally
efficient.
Confusing Words
1. divides
2. consumed
3. progress
4. warfare
5. efficient
UNIT 21
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing Sentences
1. diverse 2. distributed 3. restricted 4. capacity 5. content
6. widespread 7. uploaded 8. mainstream 9. encyclopedia 10. popularity

B Matching
1. part 2. inexpensive 3. share

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
B 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. b
C 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. b

D. Writing
1 Today, because of affordable and advanced technologies, almost everyone can create and share
original and creative content with the world.
2 YouTube, Wikipedia, MySpace, Facebook, CNN iReport, and uReport.
3 In America, both “CNN” and “Fox News” have added UCC segments to their regular news
broadcasts that feature such content called “CNN” “iReport” and “Report.”

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
The advent of the Internet coupled with affordable and advanced technologies have allowed people to create and
share original and creative content with the rest of the world.
2 Paragraph 2:
User Created Content, which is content created and distributed by people outside of the media industry, is becoming
popular and growing rapidly due to websites such as YouTube.
3 Paragraph 3:
People are able to share their creative works and become closer with others by using the many different types of
networking sites offered by the Internet.
4 Paragraph 4:
With the popularity of User Created Content increasing recently, the mainstream media has begun to use some of
those contents created by nonprofessionals.

Grammar Plus
1 The website is too crowded for people to use the service conveniently.
2 The music in the cafeteria was too loud for me to hear your voice.
3 The girl was too young for her to understand the situation even after some time.
UNIT 22
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing Sentences
1. survey 2. orbit 3. formations
4. diameter 5. Debris 6. classified
7. contemporary 8. Asteroid 9. is made up of
10. Astronomers
B Matching
1. propel 2. remnant 3. bulk
Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
B 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. a
C 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. d 8. c
D. Writing
1 The asteroids are believed to be leftover material from the formation of the solar system. They
are rocky and metallic objects range in size from the size of a pebble to those hundreds of
kilometers wide.
2 Ceres was discovered on January 1st, 1801 by an Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi who first
classified the discovery as a planet.
3 Having a diameter of approximately 950km, Ceres is the largest and most massive object in this
orbit and represents about one-third of the total mass of the asteroid belt.
E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Millions of asteroids that orbit the Sun are considered part of the solar system.
2 Paragraph 2:
An interesting discovery about the asteroid best involves Ceres, which was considered to be an asteroid at one point
after first being considered a missing planet.
3 Paragraph 3:
In 2006, after more than two centuries of being considered an asteroid, Ceres was reclassified as a dwarf planet.
4 Paragraph 4:
In 2007, NASA launched “Dawn” to study the records hidden among the cosmic debris hoping to understand how
the planets in the solar system were first formed.
Confusing Plus
1. astronomers
2. describe
3. mass
4. maintains
5. surveyed
UNIT 23
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing Sentences
1. broke out 2. Protest 3. civil rights
4. Shed 5. stability 6. assassinated
7. fast 8. boycott 9. injustice
10. nationwide
B Matching
1. heritage 2. succeed from 3. cause

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F
B 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b
C 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. d 8. c

D. Writing
1 His victory over the British showed the world how change can come through nonviolent civil
disobedience.
2 It is a body of laws that denied all Indian people their basic civil rights.
3 Give at least three descriptions. Nonviolent, civil disobedience, noncooperation, nonparticipation

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Mahatma Gandhi led the Indian people toward freedom from British control by protesting in nonviolent methods.
2 Paragraph 2:
Gandhi? movement of noncooperation against the British government of India began as a response to justices that
denied all Indian people their basic civil rights.
3 Paragraph 3:
When some people did not adhere to his nonviolent protests and instead used violence to retaliate, Gandhi went into
a fast which almost brought him to his death.
4 Paragraph 4:
Gandhi’s nonviolent protests were so successful that many influential people respected him.

Grammar Plus
1 The conclusion is wrong in that it is based on false premises.
2 Millet’s paintings are unique in that they mainly feature the common people.
3 The ending of the story was strange in that the conflict from the beginning was not resolved.
UNIT 24
ANSWER KEY
Word bank
A Completing Sentences
1. complement 2. interpretation 3. deeds
4. codify 5. forefathers 6. pillars
7. submission 8. prophets 9. Abstain
10. regulate
B Matching
1. assert 2. Affirmation 3. refrain

Comprehension Check Up
A 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
B 1. b 2. b 3. b 4. a
C 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. d 8. c

D. Writing
1 The word “Islam” means “Surrender or submission to the will of God”.
2 Together, the Koran and the Sunnah are taken as the sources of Islam by Muslims.
3 It addresses politics, economics, banking, business, contracts, family life, sexuality, hygiene, and
other social issues.

E. Summary
1 Paragraph 1:
Islam is a monotheistic religion and is considered the second most widely practiced religion in the world with
approximately 1.8 billion Muslims.
2 Paragraph 2:
The Koran and the Sunnah are two holy sources of Islam used by Muslims.
3 Paragraph 3:
Muslims are also guided by the five duties of Islam called the “Five Pillars”.
4 Paragraph 4:
Muslims also adhere to Sharia, the collected body of Islamic religious law which regulates the day-to-day lives of
Muslims.

Confusing Words
1. religion
2. sacred
3. Praying
4. contact
5. legal