SEMESTER-2 (HONS.

)
GEO-A-CC-2-04-P&TH
THEMATIC MAPPING ND SURVEYING LAB
TOPIC : 4 (P) &3 (TH)

Semester II
Geological map
Lecture : 1
NAME OF TEACHER:
MOUMITA MONDAL
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
RAMMOHAN COLLEGE
• What is a Map?
• A map is a picture or representation of the Earth's surface,
showing how things are related to each other by distance,
direction, and size.
• Maps are a way of showing many things about a portion of
the earth's surface on a flat piece of paper that can be carried
and transported easily.
• A map is not a photograph of the Earth's surface. It can show
many things that a picture cannot show, and as a result, a map
looks different in many ways from a photograph of the Earth's
surface.
Geological map
• Geological map
• Geological maps show the geographical pattern of
the composition of the earth surface by means of
lithology, stratigraphic structure and succession of
geological formation.
• It is representation of the rocks as exposed on the
surface of the earth. Portions of the rocks exposed on
the surface of the earth are called as the ‘outcrops’.
• A geologic map records the distribution of rock
and soil materials.
• It provides to identify and protect valuable
resources, avoid risks from natural hazards.
• A geologic map is a map of the different types of rocks or
structures that are on the surface of the Earth.
• By mapping different rock types and structures, geologists
can determine the relationships between different rock
formations which can then be used to find mineral resources,
oil, and deposits.
• Geologic maps are used to interpret the structure,
mineralogy, paleontology, and the historical record of the Earth's
crust.
• Geologic maps are our most important and complete
compilation of information about the solid Earth we live on, and
we cannot understand the Earth without them. We use geologic
maps and the fundamental information they provide in many
ways.
• The object of a geologic map is to convey as accurate a sense as possible of the rock
identities and structures of the bedrock of a region - i.e. what lies beneath the cover
of vegetation, soil, buildings, water, and regolith.
• Usually, this must be inferred from fragmentary information coming from: Outcrops,
Drilling, Seismic stratigraphy

❑A geologic map involves three levels of information, that we will consider in turn:
• The information that any map needs to function as a scale model of the world,
including:
• A scale
• An indication of the location in the real world that it represents.
• Representations of roads, bodies of water, buildings, etc.
• Information about the surface topography of the mapped region:
• Topographic counter lines
• Information about the bedrock:
• The identity of the rocks
• The orientation of strata
• The presence of structures such as faults, folds, domes, and basins.
 Lithological map
Topographical map
 • Basic map information:
• Scale: Like any map, geologic maps have scale. In addition, a scale indicating
the equivalency of a unit of measure on the map to one in the real world will
be present. E.G., "Scale 1:50,000" means "one unit of measurement on the
map equals 500,000 unit in the real world." This applies to any unit.
• In the US, scales of 1:62,500 and 1:125,000 are often used because they roughly make
one inch on the map equal one or two miles respectively on the map.
• In other countries, scales of 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 are common.
• Location: Like any map, geologic maps have titles indicating the general
location they represent. In addition, most contain indication of longitude and
latitude in their margins.
• Contour lines: Information about the three-dimensional surface of the Earth
can be compressed onto a two dimensional map using contour lines. Contour
lines display the intersection between an imaginary horizontal plane with
the actual ground surface.
• Rock beds: homogenous sedimentary rock layers are called beds.
• Bedding plane: the plane that separates two successive beds are called
a bedding plane.
➢A rock bed is bounded by two bedding planes, namely: upper bedding
plane and lower bedding plane.
➢The bedding plane may be horizontal, vertical, folded, faulted etc.
➢Dip: the inclination of a bedding plane with respect to the horizontal
plane is called dip.
• Dip True dip

Apparent dip

• Dip direction: the geographical direction in which the beds dip is

called the dip direction.
• Strike: the direction perpendicular to the direction of true dip is called
the strike. And a line drawn in this direction is called a strike line.
Geological map
Lecture:2
 Rock bed – bedding plane - sequences
Younger bed
Rock beds: Homogenous individual sedimentary rock
layers are called beds.

sequence
Thickness of bed may vary from thin layer bed to very
thick layer bed.

Older bed

Bedding plane: the plane that separates two

successive beds are called a bedding plane.
A rock bed is bounded by two bedding planes, namely:
upper bedding plane and lower bedding plane.
• The bedding plane may be horizontal, vertical, folded, faulted etc.
structure?
 Dip and strike lines

Horizontal plane

Dip: (1) True Dip and (2) Apparent Dip

True Apparent
dip dip

Dip direction
 TRUE Apparent dip
DIP
strike X
O

B
Z

Y
A
Outcrops and cross section and
dip direction: Outcrop

A B
Line of unconformity:
Map reading:
 True Apparent
dip dip

c e
Dip
direction

a
b
d a
G – Map
Lecture -3
contours

bedding
planes
 Draw strike lines
Secondary
strike line
(1000)

Dip
direction

A
B
Calculate Dip Angle:
2000

1500

1000

500
 GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG AB LINE
W E
2000
Elevation in ft.

1500

1000

500

A B

LEGEND
Sequences of
rock beds

SCALE: 1 inch TO 1000 ft.

 N

Section line

contours

Put the strip in

Bedding this way
plane

Scale: 1 inch to 1000 ft.

 Height in ft.

500
1000
1500
G - Map
Lecture: 4
 S.S.L. P.S.L.
600 500

Structure
?
contours

Series ?

Bedding
planes
 True Apparent
dip dip

c e
Dip
perpendicular

direction

perpendicular
a
b
Base d Base a
 S.S.L. P.S.L.
600 500
Calculate Dip Angle

Strike intercept
V.I.(Level difference
between P.S.L. & S.S.L.)
GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG AB LINE

Index
Sequences of rock
bed

young

old
G-Map-5
Folded structure
Folded structure:

Anticlines are folds in which

each half of the fold dips away from the crest.

Synclines are folds in which each half of the

fold dips toward the trough of the fold.
How to identify?
• The outcrops of the beds repeat themselves.
• Contours will cross the bedding planes.
• There will be one or more core rock.
• Most of the time , beds are found to dip in opposite directions in both
sides of the core bed.
Core bed?
GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG AB LINE

1000

500

600
800

600
800

700
900
700
GEOLOGICAL MAP
LECTURE :6
Series?

800
structure?

700

600
Interpretation of geological map
Introduction :
• The geological map ( scale: 1: 1000ft) has been analysed and
interpreted with the help of a geological section line drawn along the
line _____ ; extended from north east to south and the length of the
line is ______inch on the map or ________ft on the ground.
General geology:
• There are two series of formations- carboniferous and Ordovician.
Carboniferous is the younger formation consisting of two sedimentary
beds ( upper shale and middle shale). The older Ordovician formation
consists of five sedimentary beds ( ) and one igneous intrusion in the
form of Batholyth.
Topography:
• Topographically it is a low plateau region with general slope of the
land from north to south. The maximum elevation lies about 900 ft
while the minimum elevation lies about 500ft.
Geological structure:
• There are two series of formations- carboniferous and Ordovician.
The younger carboniferous series constitutes a horizontal structure
and the older Ordovician series constitutes an uniclinal structure
having ____ apparent dip and ________true dip.
Sequence Thickness Dip Remarks
of Beds Symbol Formation True Apparent True dip Apparent dip
Youngest bed horizontal
structure

Oldest bed

Line of unconformity
Youngest bed

Uniclinal structure

oldest bed
Geological history:
Topography and it’s relation with geological structure:
• REFERENCES:
• SARKAR, A, 2015. PRACTIAL GEOGRAPHY: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
• BOLTON. T. 2009 GEOLOGICAL MAPS: THEIR SOLUTION AND
INTERPRETATION
• GOKHALE, N.W. MANUAL OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS