Exercise 5:

a) Briefly describe what the Domain Name Service (DNS) is and what it is
used for. Would internet work without a DNS?

• DNS is the system that translates domain names into IP addresses, which
allows users to access websites using easy-to-remember web addresses
instead of complex IP addresses.
• Yes, Internet would work even without the DNS but, users would have to
manually enter the IP address of servers.

b) Describe the difference between an IP number and a port number. For

what are these two numbers used?

• An IP address identifies a device on a network,

• while a port number is used by applications running on those devices to
communicate with each other.

c) How is an IP (Version 4 and Version 6) numbers constructed?

• In IPv4, an IP address consists of four bytes in decimal representation

ranging from 0-255.
• Each byte is separated by a period if there is more than one digit.
• Example: 192.168.1.1

• In IPv6, an IP address consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits

separated by colons.
• Each group is ranging from 0-FFFF.
• Example: 2001:db8::8888

d) Give one example of an arbitrary, but valid IP address version 4 and

version 6 IP.

• Valid IPv4 Address: 10.0.0.1

• Valid IPv6 Address: fe80::1
Exercise 6:

What is a typical use case to use 'threads' in a program, when you write a
program, which acts as a server (in the client-server model)?

• Threads are used in a server program to handle multiple client connections

concurrently.
• Each client connection is typically assigned to a separate thread, allowing
the server to serve multiple clients simultaneously without blocking or
delaying other clients' requests.

Exercise 7:

a) Describe the difference between a Type-1 and a Type-2 hypervisor.

1. Type-1 Hypervisor:
• Runs directly on the physical hardware of the host system.
• It does not require a separate underlying operating system.
• Provides high performance and efficiency.
• It needs appropriate drivers to communicated with the hardware.
• Eg: VMware ESX, Microsoft Hyper-v
•
2. Type-2 Hypervisor:
Runs on top of a conventional operating system (the host OS).
• Requires the host OS to manage hardware resources.
• Simpler to install and configure compared to Type-1 hypervisors.
• E.g.: KVM, Virtual Box.
b) Describe the difference between Full and Para Virtualisation.

c) Describe the problems occurring with input devices (Keyboard, mouse) when
running a virtual machine. Describe possible solutions and their advantages
and disadvantages. (6 marks).

Problems:
• Input lag
• Inconsistent input
• Device Compatibility
• Mouse not visible in VM
Solutions:
• Enable hardware-assisted virtualization (e.g., Intel VT-x or AMD-V)
• update the VM's guest additions or integration services to the latest
version provided by the hypervisor to improve input device handling.
• install virtualized drivers within the guest operating system.
• Click “Right-Ctrl” Button and mouse integration feature is enabled in the
VM settings.
Exercise 8:

a) Briefly explain the differences between bridge network and host

networking in Docker. (3m)
Bridge Networking:
• Containers within a bridge network can communicate with each
other and with host. But cannot communicate outside the network.
• Containers have their own IP addresses.
• Ports need to be mapped to the host's ports.
• More Secured because of network isolation
Host Networking:
• Containers share the host's network namespace.
• Containers use the host's IP address.
• Ports are directly accessible on the host.
• Less Secured.

b) Briefly explain what happens in every step of the following Dockerfile.

Focus on the Docker commands, not what the Linux commands are
doing.(6m)
c) From nginx:1
d)
e) RUN apt-get update \
f) && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends\
g) curl \
h) imagemagick
i)
j) RUN mkdir /fgallery \
k) && curl -sL "https://github.com/wavexx/fgallery/fgallery-
1.8.2.tar.gz" \
l) | tar xz -C /fgallery
m)
n) COPY docker-entrypoint.sh /
o) RUN chmod +x /docker-entrypoint.sh
p) COPY noimages.html /
q) VOLUME /images
r) WORKDIR /images
s) ENTRYPOINT ["/docker-entrypoint.sh"]
• RUN apt-get update \
This command updates the package lists for packages that need upgrading
and installs any upgrades if required.

• && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends\ curl \ imagemagick

This command installs the curl and imagemagick packages without
installing recommended packages. The -y flag is used to automatically
answer yes to prompts.

• RUN mkdir /fgallery \

This command creates a directory named fgallery in the root directory (/).

• && curl -sL "https://github.com/wavexx/fgallery/fgallery-1.8.2.tar.gz" \ |

tar xz -C /fgallery
This command downloads the fgallery-1.8.2.tar.gz file from the specified
GitHub URL, extracts its contents, and places them into the /fgallery
directory.

• COPY docker-entrypoint.sh /
This command copies the docker-entrypoint.sh file from the build context
(the directory containing the Dockerfile) to the root directory (/) in the
Docker image.

• RUN chmod +x /docker-entrypoint.sh

This command makes the docker-entrypoint.sh file executable by changing
its permissions.

• COPY noimages.html /
This command copies the noimages.html file from the build context to the
root directory (/) in the Docker image.

• VOLUME /images
This command creates a mount point named /images for external volumes.

• WORKDIR /images
This command sets the working directory for any subsequent RUN, CMD,
ENTRYPOINT, COPY, and ADD instructions to /images.
 • ENTRYPOINT ["/docker-entrypoint.sh"]
This command sets the default executable to run when the container starts
as the docker-entrypoint.sh script.

Additional:
Q: What is the difference between TCP and UDP? In which Situation would
you use which of the two protocols? (2m)

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection-oriented, reliable (no

data loss), and ensures ordered data delivery. Used when a reliable
connection is need like “e-mail services".
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is connectionless, unreliable, and prioritizes
speed over reliability (Data loss). Used when speed is needed like “live
telecasting”.

Q: Can sockets communicate platform-independent? Where do you see that

in real life? (2m)

Yes, sockets can communicate platform-independently using standardized

networking protocols and APIs. This is seen in real-life applications like web
browsing, instant messaging, online gaming, and video streaming services, where
users can interact across different devices and platforms seamlessly.

Q: What are the main reasons for using virtual machine? (3m)

The main reasons for using virtual machines (VMs) are:

• Independent Operating System (OS),
• isolation and security,
• Portability and Migration,
• flexibility and scalability,
• Testing and Development.
Q: Write Docker Code.
# Use the official Python image as the base
FROM python:3.9

# Download and copy the Python file from the URL

ADD http://wouachimmer.uni-wuppertal.de/exam/run_webserver.py .

# Install the required packages

RUN pip install flask

# Expose port 9999 for the web server

EXPOSE 9999

# Run the Python file when the container starts

CMD ["python", "run_webserver.py"]

2. # Build the image with the name "webserver"

docker build -t webserver .

# Run the container with the name "webserver" and publish port 9999
docker run --name webserver -p 9999:9999 webserver