1.

Find an iterative formula to find N where N is a positive number and hence find 5
Ans :
If x = N then x 2 − N = 0 is the equation to be solved.
Let f ( x) = x 2 − N , f ' ( x) = 2 x
By N.R rule, if xn is the nth iterate,
f (x ) x 2−N 2x 2 − x 2 + N
xn +1 = x − n =x − n = n n
n ' n 2x 2x
f (x ) n n
n
x 2+N 1 N
= n = x +  , n = 0,1,2,......
2x 2 n x 
n  n
To find 5
Put N = 5 also x = 5 lies between 2 and 3
Let x0 = 2

1 N
xn +1 =  x + 
2 n x 
 n
1 5
x1 =  x +  = 2.25
2 0 x 
 0
1 5
x2 =  x +  = 2.2361
2 1 x 
 1
1 5
x3 =  x +  = 2.2361
2 2 x 
 2
Here x2 = x3 = 2.2361
2. Arrive a formula to find the value of √ , where N≠0 , using Newton-Raphson method.
Solution:
Let x = N 1/ 3 3 Let f ( x) = x 3 − N , f ' ( x) = 3x 2
( ie ) x = N

f (x ) x 3 − N 
N-R formula : x =x − n = x − n 
n +1 n f ' (x ) n  2 
n  3 xn 
1 N 2 N
= x − x + = x +
n 3 n 3x 2 3 n 3xn
2
n

 
1 N 
= 2x + , n = 0, 1, 2, ...... .
3 n x 2
 n 

3. Mention the order and condition for the convergence of Newton Raphson method.
Ans :
 The order of Convergence is 2.
Condition of convergence is| ′′ |<| ′ |

4. Find the real positive root of 3x- cos x – 1 = 0 by Newton’s method correct decimal
places.
Ans :
Let f (x) = 3x- cos x – 1
f ( 0 ) = − 2 ( − ve )

f (1) = 1.4597 ( + ve )

A root is nearer to 1
⇒ Let x = 0.6
0
f (x )
n '
x =x − f ( x) = 3x − cos x − 1 and f ( x ) = 3 + sin x
n +1 n '
f (x )
n

f (x )
0 f (0.6)
= 0.6 −
 3(0.6) − cos(0.6) − 1 = 0.607108
x =x − = 0.6 -  3 + sin(0.6) 
1 0 '
f (x ) f ' (0.6)
0

f (x ) f (0.607108)
x =x − 1 = 0.607108 -
2 1 '
f (x ) f ' (0.607108)
1

 3 ( 0.607108 ) − cos ( 0.607108 ) − 1

= 0.607108 −   = 0.607102
 3 + sin ( 0.607108 ) 
f (x ) f ( 0.607102 )
x =x − 2 = 0.607102 −
3 2 '
f (x ) f ' ( 0.607102 )
2

 3 ( 0.607102 ) − cos ( 0.607102 ) − 1 

= 0.607102 −   = 0.607102
3 + sin ( 0.607102 )

5. Find a real root of the equation x = e x , using Newton-Raphson method.

Ans :
Let f ( 0 ) = x − e − x then f ( 0 ) = − 1 , f (1) = 0 .6321
f (x )
Choose x = 1 then x =x − n
0 n +1 n f '( x )
n
 0.6321
x =1− = 0.5379
1 1.3679
f ( x ) = − 0.0461
1
(−0.0461)
x = 0.5379 − = 0.5670
2 1.584
f ( x ) = − 0.0002
2
∴ The root is x = 0.567

6. Perform four iterations of the Newton-Raphson method to find the smallest positive
root of the equation f ( x ) = x 3 − 5 x + 1 = 0 .
Ans :
Let f ( x ) = x 3 − 5 x + 1 = 0
f (0) = 1 ( + ve )
f (1) = 1 − 5 − 1 = − 3 ( − ve )
A root is nearer to 0 and 1
Let x = 0
0
f (x )
x =x − n f ( x ) = x 3 − 5 x + 1 = 0 and f ' ( x) = 3x 2 − 5
n +1 n f '( x )
n
f (x )
x =x − 0 = 0 - f (0) = 0 −  1  = 0.2
 − 5 
1 0 f '(x ) f ' (0)
0
 3 
1 = 0.2 - f (0.2) = 0.2 −  0.2 − 5(0.2) + 1 = 0.2016393
f (x )
x =x −
2 1 f '(x ) f ' (0.2)  3(0.2 2 ) − 5 
1
f (x )
x =x − 2
3 2 f '( x )
2
f (0.2016393)  0.20163933 − 5(0.2016393) + 1
= 0.2016393- = 0.2016393 −  
f ' (0.2016393)  3(0.20163932 ) − 5 
= 0.2016397
f (x )
x =x − 3
4 3 f '( x )
3
f (0.2016397)  0.20163973 − 5(0.2016397) + 1
= 0.2016397- = 0.2016397 −  
f ' (0.2016397)  3(0.20163972 ) − 5 
= 0.2016397
Hence the approximate root is 0.2016397

7. Obtain the iterative formula to find

1
using Newton-Raphson’s method.
N
 1 −1
Ans : Let x = 1 − N , f ' ( x) =
(ie ) N =
1
Let f ( x) =
N x x x2
 1 
 −N
=x −
f (x ) x
n = x − n  = x + x2  1 − N 
n  x 
N-R formula : x
n +1 n f '(x ) n  1  n 
n  −   n
2
 xn 

= x + x − Nx 2 = 2 x − Nx 2 x = x [2 − Nx ] .
n n n n n n +1 n n

8. Using Newton-Raphson method, solve x log10 x =12.34 taking the initial value as 10.
Solution:
Given : x = 12.34
Let f(x) = x − 12.34
Given =10

Newton Raphson formula: = − ! "#

= − !
#
= 10 - !
#

%&'(# ) .*+ ) .*+

= 10 - $ - = 10 - $ -
%&'(# , %&'(# .+*+*
.*+
= 10 + = 11.6315
.+*+*
..* /
= − !
(
= 11.6315 - !
( ..* /
..* /%&'(# ..* /) .* /
= 11.6315 -
%&'(# , %&'(# ..* /
. /+0
= 11.6315 - = 11.5949
./
./0+0
= − !
(
= 11.5949 - !
( ./0+0
./0+0%&'(# ./0+0) .*+
= 11.5949 -
%&'(# , %&'(# ./0+0
. .
= 11.5949 - = 11.5949
.+01.

Here = * = 11.5949.
Hence the better approximate root is 11.5949.

9. Find the +ve root of x 4 − x − 9 = 0 using Newton method.

Ans : Let f (x) = x 4 − x − 9 = 0
f ( 0 ) = − 9 ( − ve )
f (1) = 1 − 1 − 9 = −9 ( − ve )
f ( 2 ) = 16 − 2 − 9 = 5 ( + ve )
A root is nearer to 2 ⇒ Let x = 2
0
 f (x )
n ' 3
x =x − f (x) = x 4 − x − 9 = 0 and f ( x) = 4 x − 1
n +1 n '
f (x )
n
f (x ) f ( 2)  24 − 2 − 9 
x =x −
0 = 2- = 2−  = 1.839
1 0 '
f (x ) f ' ( 2) 3
 4( 2 ) − 1 
0
f (x ) f (1.839) 1.839 4 − 1.839 − 9 
x =x − 1 = 1.839 - = 1.839 −   = 1.814
2 1
f ' (x ) f ' (1.839 )  4(1.839 3) − 1 

1
f (x ) f (1.814) 1.814 4 − 1.814 − 9 
2 = 1.814 − 
x =x − = 1.841-  = 1.813
3 2 '
f (x ) f ' (1.814) 3
 4(1.814 ) − 1 
2
f (x ) f (1.813) 1.8134 − 1.813 − 9 
x =x −
3 = 1.813 - = 1.813 −   = 1.813
4 3 '
f (x ) f ' (1.813) 3
 4(1.813 ) − 1 
3
Hence the approximate root is 1.813

10. Find a positive root for the equation 3 x − cos x = 1 by Newton-Raphson method.
Solution:
 Let f ( x ) = 3 x − cos x − 1, f ' ( x) = 3 + sin x
f (0) = 0 − 1 − 1 = −2 = −ve
f (1) = 3 − cos 1 − 1 = 2 − cos 1 = 1.45968 = +ve
∴ a root lies between 0 and 1.
f (0) > f (1)
Hence, the root is nearer to 1.
Let x 0 = 0.6
f ( xn )
x n +1 = x n −
f ' ( xn )
f ( x0 )
x1 = x 0 −
f ' ( x0 )
f ( 0. 6)
⇒ x1 = 0.6 −
f ' ( 0. 6)
 3(0.6) − cos(0.6) − 1
= 0.6 −  
 3 + sin(0.6) 
= 0.6 − (−0.007101) = 0.607108
f ( x1 )
x 2 = x1 −
f ' ( x1 )
 3(0.607108) − cos(0.607108) − 1 
= 0.607108 −  
 3 + sin(0.607108) 
= 0.607108 − (0.000006) = 0.607102
f ( x2 )
x3 = x 2 −
f ' ( x2 )
 3(0.607102) − cos(0.607102) − 1
= 0.607102 −  
 3 + sin(0.607102) 
= 0.607102 − 0.0000004 = 0.607102
Here, x 2 = x 3 = 0.607102
∴The root is 0.607102 correct to six decimals.

11. Solve the equation x log 10 x = 1 . 2 using Newton – Raphson method.

Ans : Let f ( x) = x log x − 1.2
10
f (1) = log 1 − 1.2 = − 1.2 ( −ve)
10
f ( 2) = log 2 − 1.2 = − 0.598 ( −ve)
10
f (3) = log 3 − 1.2 = 0.231 ( + ve)
10
A root lies between 2 and 3
Let x = 2.7
0
f ( x) = x log x − 1.2
10
  1 
f ' ( x ) =  x log e  + log x = log 10 e + log x
 x 10  10 10
f (x )
x =x − n
n +1 n f '( x )
n
0 = 2.7 - f (2.7) = 2.7 −  (2.7) log10 (2.7) − 1.2  = 2.740
f (x )
x =x −  log e + log 2.7 
1 0 f '(x ) f ' (2.7)
0  10 10 
f (x )
x =x − 1
2 1 f '(x )
1
f (2.74)  (2.74) log10 (2.74) − 1.2 
= 2.740 - = 2.74 −   = 2.741
f ' (2.74)  log10 e + log10 2.74 
f (x )
x =x − 2
3 2 f '( x )
2
f (2.741)  (2.741) log10 (2.741) − 1.2 
= 2.741 − = 2.741 −  = 2.741
f ' (2.741) log e + log 2.741 
 10 10 
Hence the root is 2.741