INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(IT)
The combination of computer and communication Technology is
called Information Technology. Information Technology is the
technology that uses computing with high speed communication
links to spread information from one place to another place.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
A Latin word “compute” which means to “calculate”
Definition:
Computer is an electronic machine which receives
commands (data) from user and process it, after processing
it gives result (solution) quickly and accurately.

Processes the data as

per instructions.

It receives data & Provides the result

instructions from the It is used to store data (output) in a desired
input device and instructions. form.
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The history of computers dates back to ancient times, with the abacus,
used as early as 2400 BC and believed to have originated in
Mesopotamia and later used in ancient China, being one of the earliest
computing tools. In 1812, Charles Babbage, an English mathematician
from Cambridge University often referred to as the "Father of
Computers," designed the Difference Engine, a mechanical device
capable of calculating mathematical functions. Babbage also
conceptualized the Analytical Engine, a general-purpose machine
intended to perform various arithmetic and algebraic calculations, store
data, and print results. Although the Analytical Engine was never
completed, it significantly influenced future research in computing. In
1946, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert developed the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) at the Moore School of
Engineering and Technology in Pennsylvania, USA. ENIAC was the first
fully operational electronic computer, marking a major advancement
after earlier mechanical computers like the Mark I and Mark II
developed at Manchester University.
Abacus Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

Mark 1 Mark 2
ENIAC
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

SR NO Generation and Description

First Generation
1 The period of First generation: 1940-1956 (Vacuum tube based)

Second Generation
2
The period of Second generation: 1956-1963 (Transistor based)

Third Generation
3
The period of Third generation: 1964-1971 (Integrated Circuit based)

Fourth Generation
4
The period of Fourth generation: 1971-Present (Microprocessor based)

Fifth Generation
5
The period of Fifth generation: Present and Beyond (Artificial Intelligence)
 PARTS OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
Hardware:
Those parts of computer which can be touched by hands.
OR
All physical components of computer is called hardware.
Example: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse etc…….

Software:
Those parts of computer which cannot be touched by hands.
OR
All programs and applications of computer are called
software.
Example: MS Office, Notepad, Media player etc…….
 TYPES OF HARDWARE
INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES
Input device:
Those devices which receive commands from user and send them to
C.P.U are known as input devices.
Example: Keyboard, Mic, Scanner etc.......

Output device:
Those devices which receive results from C.P.U and send them to user
are known as output devices.
Example: Monitor, Speaker, Printer etc…….

CPU(Central Processing Unit):

 INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES

Joy Stick Printer

Joy Pad LCD

Web Cam Sound Card

Digital Camera Plotter

Touch Screen Projector

Thumb Scanner LED

 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
SYSTEM & USER SOFTWARE
System software:
Those software which are required by system are called system
software.
Example: Windows, DOS, BIOS etc…….

User software:
Those software which are required by user are called user software.
Example: MS Office, Notepad, Media Player…….
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
Digital computer:
Those computers which consists of digits are called digital computers.
Example: Digital Watches, Calculators, PC etc…….

Analog computer:
Those computers which consists of pulleys are called analog computers.
Example: Analog Watches, Speedo meters etc……..

Hybrid computer:
A computer system consisting of a combination of analog and
digital components.
Example: Petrol Pump Systems,
Medical Equipment etc……….
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
ACCORDING TO SIZE & SPEED
Microcomputer:
A small single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

Minicomputer:
A multi-user computer supporting up to hundreds of users.

Mainframe Computer:
A powerful multi-user computer supporting upto many
hundreds or thousands of users.

Supercomputer:
A super computer is most powerful computer that can handle
huge amounts of data and complex tasks.
 COMMON COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER

• Keyboard

• Mouse

• Monitor

• CPU
 KEYBOARD
A keyboard is an input device that allows users to enter data,
such as letters, numbers, symbols and some other instructions
into a computer.

Types of keys in Keyboard:

There are five types of keys in Keyboard.
(1) Alphabetical keys (A to Z)
(2) Numerical keys (0 to 9)
(3) Function keys (F1 to F12)
(4) Arrow keys (Right, Left, Up, Down)
(5) Special keys (Tab, Shift, Alt, Enter etc…….)
 MOUSE

A mouse is an input device that you move around with your hand
to control the movement of a pointer on the screen. It usually has
two buttons (left and right) and sometimes a scroll wheel in the
middle. By clicking these buttons, you can select items, open
files, and perform other actions on your computer.
 MONITOR

A monitor is a screen that displays information from a computer.

It shows information like text, pictures, and videos, allowing you to
see and interact with what’s happening on your computer.

Types of Monitor:
There are three types of Monitor.
(1) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
(2) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
(3) LED (Light Emitting Diode)
 CPU
(CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

The Central Processing Unit is the brain of the computer.

It performs calculations and manages data flow between
hardware components, enabling the computer to operate and
execute tasks.
 PARTS OF CPU
CU & ALU
(1) C.U (Control Unit)

The Control Unit directs the CPU's

Operations by fetching, decoding, and

executing instructions. It manages data

flow and coordinates the activities of the

processor and other hardware components.

(2) A.L.U (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

The ALU Performs arithmetic and logical

operations.
 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS OF
COMPUTER
❖No Fatigue

❖High Speed

❖Accurate Result

❖Large Memory

❖Decision Making Abilities.

 ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER:
❖Hardware

❖Software

❖User (Operator)

❖Procedure

❖Communication
 DATA & INFORMATION
Data
Raw, unprocessed facts and figures without
context or meaning. Data can be numbers, text,
or other values.

Information
Data that has been processed, organized, or
interpreted to provide meaning or context.
Information is what you get when you analyse or
interpret data.
 TYPES OF DATA

(1) Digital Data

Data typed in computer with the help
of Keyboard is called Digital Data.
Generally, any type of data that is stored
on computers is called Digital Data.

(2) Manual Data

Data written by hand on paper is called
Manual Data.
 KINDS OF DATA
Alphabetical ( Abc )

Numerical ( 123 )

Audio ( Voice, Music )

Video ( Pictures, Videos )

Raw ( Unprocessed )
 MEMORY
The ability to store data is called Memory.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Volatile memory that temporarily stores data and programs that
the CPU is currently using. The data is lost when the power is
turned off.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Non-volatile memory that permanently holds essential
instructions for booting up the computer.
 STORAGE DEVICES
These devices are used to permanently store data in a computer.
These devices retain data even when the power is off.

❖Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

❖Solid State Drive (SSD)

❖Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

❖Universal Serial Bus (USB)

❖Compact Disc (CD)

❖Digital Video/Versatile Disk (DVD)

 OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system is system software that

manages a computer's hardware and software
resources. It acts as an intermediary between
users and the computer, providing a user
interface, managing hardware resources, and
running applications.

Example: Windows, macOS, Linux, DOS,

Android, iOS etc……….
 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

A GUI (Graphical User Interface) is a visual way for users to interact

with a computer or software using graphical elements like windows,
icons, buttons, and menus. It allows users to perform tasks through
mouse clicks and touch gestures instead of typing commands, making it
more user-friendly.
GUI is commonly used in modern operating systems like Windows,
Android, Macos etc….
 COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
A CLI (Command Line Interface) is a text-based way for users to
interact with a computer by typing commands. Users enter specific
commands to perform tasks, manage files, and run programs.
CLI was used in earlier operating systems like DOS (Disk Operating
System) and Unix as a Primary Interface. It is also included in modern
operating systems.
 COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers and

devices that can communicate and share resources. This setup
allows users to share data, files, and communicate easily.
Example: Internet, Cellular Network etc………