INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER ENGINEERING
WEEK-1
Dr. İdris KAHRAMAN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING

User Information System Product/

requests Development System

Analysis Design Realization Test

RESEARCH AREAS
Computer graphics

RA Computer vision
Artificial Intelligence
Bioinformatics
Embedded systems
Robotics
Computer networks
Cyber security
Database systems
Parallel computing
…
APPLICATION AREAS
Information Management for Defense Industry and Military Applications

AA Electronic Government (e-government) Applications

Computing Systems for Public Organizations
Hospital Information Systems Automation
Banking Systems
Computer Aided Manufacturing Systems
Automotive Systems
Education
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Entertainment
…
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
▪ It is a machine that processes raw data with the methods taught to it and presents us the
results obtained as a result of these processes.
▪ It is an electronic machine consisting of hardware and software that performs arithmetic
and logical operations on the data it receives from the outside world with input units,
transmits this processed information to users with output units, and can store this
information when desired.

Enterprise/factory

Machinery,
Raw Material equipment etc. Product

Human

Computer

Data Program Result/Output

Human
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
▪ Computer, calculator…

▪ To compute, computing…

What is the difference between Calculation and Computation

▪ Calculate comes from the Greek word Κάχληκα or gravel in English because Greeks used gravel for counting. In
English, calculation involves numbers and the word usually connotes (akla getirmek) a simple process, but
computation may be done by applying specific rules, with or without numbers, and the word is chosen for more
complex tasks. Calculation is a prerequisite for computation. The difference in the meaning of calculation and
computation appears to originate from the late medieval period.
▪ Computation is a general term for any type of information processing that can be represented mathematically. This
includes phenomena ranging from simple calculations to human thinking. In a more narrow meaning, computation
is a process following a well-defined model that is understood and can be expressed in an algorithm, protocol,
network topology, etc.
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
▪ Translates the data you enter into machine language.
▪ It only works with 0s and 1s, but this work is very fast and continuous.
▪ Personal computers are small computers used in homes and workplaces.(PC: Personal
Computer)
▪ The first real PC was launched by IBM in 1981.
▪ A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a
set of arithmetic or logical operations.
COMPUTER TYPES BY GENERATION
▪ 1st Generation Computers; They are very heat-emitting and large volume computers working
with radio lamps. It starts with the construction of ENIAC. UNIVAC. Basic Technology: Vacuum
tubes
▪ 2nd Generation Computers; These are computers that emerged with the discovery of the
transistor in 1952, with smaller volumes and different computing speeds. simple high-level
programming languages (COBOL, FORTRAN) began to be used. Basic Technology: Transistors
▪ 3rd Generation Computers; These are the computers that emerged with the development of
Integrated Circuits in 1958. In these computers, concepts such as multitasking and remote
access were born. More advanced programming languages (C, BASIC) appeared. Basic
Technology: Integrated circuits (IC).
▪ 4th Generation Computers; are computers that started in 1965 with the invention of the
complex integrated circuit and are still in use today. Personal computers (PCs) were
developed in this generation. Technologies such as graphical user interfaces (GUI), mouse,
touch screen became widespread. Internet and network connectivity have improved. Basic
Technology: Microprocessors
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) Universita' della
Pennsylvania, 1946
1948
The Manchester Mark 1
was one of the world's
first stored program
computers.
1971
▪ Intel develops the first microprocessor, the 4004.
▪ Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are building and selling "blue boxes" in
Southern California in 1971.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
▪ A computer can be classified according to its processing speed, memory capacity, data transmission speed and the
number of users who can use it at the same time.
▪ Personal Computer-PC or Microcomputer:
▪ They are computers that are usually used by one person.
▪ That is why these computers are called personal computers or PCs.
▪ Microcomputers became widespread after the 1970s and found many uses.

▪ Why are the called as «micro»? ☺ They are really micro by comparing the big machines of 50’s…
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
▪ Mini Computers (Frame): ????
▪ Unlike a PC, it is a multi-user type of computer.
▪ With a suitable keyboard and screen, up to 100 people can use it at the same time.
▪ The computer in bank branches is a good example of this type of computer.

▪ MainFrame/Servers:
▪ Computers serving more than 100 users. Used in very large workplaces.

▪ Supercomputer:
▪ Although the number of users is not high, it is used in scientific studies that require very high
processing speed.
▪ It is used in scientific institutions such as large universities or NASA.
▪ In our country, TUBITAK has initiated studies to establish a supercomputer
 Components that make up a
computer

Hardware Software

Hardware refers to the Software is the general

physical appearance name for the programs
of the computer. used by the computer.
HARDWARE
▪ The physical parts of computers that can be held by hand and
seen by the eye are called hardware.
▪ Internal Hardware: The hardware inside the computer case. -
motherboard, microprocessor, memory, hard disk, ...
▪ External Hardware: Hardware located outside the case. There are
2 different types of external hardware:
▪ Input devices: keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, ...
▪ Output devices: screen, printer, speaker, plotter, ...
SOFTWARE
▪ The programs needed to use the hardware are called software. They are not
held by hand. They are installed (loaded) into the computer to perform a
specific operation [setup (install)]
▪ Software, Program, Programme, (By developing software/program, coding,...)
▪ Word processor programs enable users to write, spread sheet programs
enable users to do calculations, presentation programs enable users to make
presentations with the computer.
▪ There are many different types of software, such as programs that play MP3
audio files, programs that show movie files, etc.
▪ Thousands of different kind of softwares for different purposes.
OPERATING SYSTEMS
▪ It is the most basic software required for the computer hardware to function.
▪ It provides communication between peripherals and programs. (Copying a text file to a
floppy disk, printing it from a printer, ... etc. are the tasks of the operating system.)
▪ Provides data communication between programs (allows the user to issue various
commands and run programs)
▪ It manages the system's memory and provides additional facilities such as disk cache to
ensure that memory is used efficiently.
▪ Creates a file management system to access files on storage devices in a certain order.
▪ Provides secure access to resources, especially in multi-user systems.
▪ Some of OS are; DOS, Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac OS...
COMPUTER CASE
▪ Computer case is electrostatic box.

▪ It contains in itself CPU,RAM and other expansion card.

▪ It protects them from physical damage.

▪ The paradigm is changing day by day…

MAINBOARD, MOTHERBOARD
▪ The motherboard are made from fiberglass. There are
copper pathways on the motherboard. The motherboard
is usually dark green sheet.
▪ Units are located on the motherboard:
▪ microprocessor,
▪ memory,
▪ expansion slots,
▪ BIOS and
▪ other auxiliary circuits.

▪ The motherboard is called the mother of all cards.

▪ All components of the computer is connected to the
motherboard.
▪ Computer’s nervous system is on the motherboard.
MAINBOARD
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESS UNIT)
The hardware in a computer that executes, controls, directs,
calculates, finds results and directs the operation of other devices
is called the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU is often
described as the brain of the computer. Because all operations
are done by the CPU. Therefore, the processing capability and
speed of a computer is directly related to the capability and
speed of its processor.
The processor consists of two parts:
▪ Control Unit It is the unit that controls all the operations
performed on the computer. It is responsible for ensuring that
the operations are carried out in a healthy and proper way. The
Control Unit (CU-Control Unit) can be thought of as a manager
in a company.
▪ Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) performs arithmetic 4
operations and logical comparisons in the computer.
MEMORY
They are environments where information is stored permanently or temporarily.
Main Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory):Temporary and erasable memory. As a
computer user, the RAM we hear refers to memory. Phrases we hear in everyday
life such as "How much RAM does this computer have", "It has 2 Gigabytes of RAM",
"I increased the RAM" actually refer to the main memory of the computer. In a
computer, before the data is processed in the processor, it comes to the main
memory where it waits for its turn to enter the processor. There can be many
processes and data waiting for their turn inside the main memory. We can think of
main memory as a data repository. The queued data is taken to the processor for
processing, and the data processed in the processor is sent back to main memory.
In other words, main memory is a temporary storage of data to be processed in the
processor. When the computer is turned off, the data in main memory disappears.
MEMORY
Cache Memory
It is a memory that acts between main memory and the central processing unit and is much faster than
main memory. This memory unit is used as a "flip chart" for computer instructions and temporarily stored
information that is used frequently during processing. It reduces the time the CPU spends fetching data
from main memory, which speeds up the computer. When the CPU needs to retrieve data from main
memory, it checks to see if this data is in the internal cache. The internal cache stores a copy of the data
that the CPU has last processed. If the searched data is not found in the internal cache, the external
cache is checked. Data not found in the external cache is retrieved from main memory. This is a slower
process than caching.
Caches are divided into primary cache (Level 1, L1) and secondary cache (Level 2, L2). They are further
classified as internal and external. Internal caches are inside the processor. External caches are outside
the processor. The primary cache (L1) is the one close to the processor. Usually the primary caches are
inside the processor and the secondary cache (L2) is outside.
External Memory
RAM is a type of memory in which programs and storage data are stored and can be recalled. These are
magnetic media (Hard disk, Compact Disk, SSD, Flash disk, Floppy disk, Cartridge, Tape, Punched
Card, etc.).
Task of the
Memory

The processor accesses

memory in different
ways, as shown in the
picture on the right.
Whether the data comes
from a external storage
source (hard disk) or
from an input source
(keyboard, mouse),
most of it first goes to
RAM (Random Access
Memory). After that, the
processor stores the
small pieces of data it
needs in buffer memory
(Cache).
RAM TYPES
Only the type of RAM suitable for the motherboard can be used.
RAM types differ in terms of speed, power consumption, and use cases, catering to
different computing needs, from general-purpose computers to high-performance
graphics and mobile devices.
▪ DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
▪ SRAM (Static RAM)
▪ SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
▪ DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
▪ GDDR (Graphics DDR)
▪ LPDDR (Low Power DDR)
▪ ECC RAM (Error-Correcting Code RAM)
▪ RAMBUS (RDRAM)
TASK OF RAM MEMORY
▪ Technically, memory is the process of storing electrical data in any form, but
today it is used to mean fast and temporary storage. If your computer's
processor had to constantly access your hard disk, its performance would be
severely degraded. When data is stored in your computer's memory, your
processor can access it many times faster.
▪ All the parts of your computer (such as the processor, hard disk and operating
system) work as a team. From the moment you turn on the computer until you
turn it off, your processor uses the memory.
▪ At this stage, we can liken the computer to an office to make it easier to keep
in mind. The processor is the person working in the office, the hard disk is the
cabinet where you store your files, and the RAM memory is your desk. For
quick access to the files you want to use, it's wise to keep them on your desk
so you don't have to go and get them out of the cabinet every time. RAM
Memory, that is, the desk is one of the indispensable parts in offices.
ROM/BIOS
BIOS (Basic İnput Output System)
▪ BIOS chip (integrated) during the boot process includes a program which control partsand brings them to a ready
for the operation. This is a program stored on the memory (Read Only Memory) type.The information in this type
of memory card is not deleted once the computer is turned off.
▪ Bıos is registered on the flash ROM. The content of the memory of this type will not be deleted when the
computer is turned off, but can be changed by running a special program. Thus, the BIOS contains errors can be
resolved.
▪ BIOS 's first task,such as memory during the boot process by controlling the various parts,If you have a problem is
to alert the user.
▪ During the opening of computer if you pressed a special (usually DEL key), you will see the BIOS setup screen.If
you need this screen you can adjust various information and settings such as the type of hard disk drive.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
▪ During the production process are programmed memory types with specific information.
▪ ROM chips are used not only in the computer but also in many electronic devices.
▪ Basically, there are five ROM type:
▪ ROM (Read Only Memory)
▪ PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
▪ EPROM (Electrically Programmable Read OnlyMemory)
▪ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
▪ Flash memory

▪ There are basically two aspects to all although the different types of ROM.
▪ 1. This type of information is not lost even if electric memory.
▪ 2. The information stored in these type of memory must be replaced or special procedures are required
to be replaced.
HARD DISK
(HDD: HARD DISC DRIVE VE SOLID STATE DRIVE)

▪ The hard disk is a repository where information is stored, the desired information
and files are read from the hard disk, transferred to memory and made available for
processing.
▪ Hard disks are produced in different storage capacities and at different speeds
▪ Although SSDs have much faster access than HDDs, hard disks run slower than main
memories. This is why main memories are needed. The data stored on the computer
is stored on hard disks. When this data needs to be used, the data on the hard disk is
transferred to main memory. There is very fast communication between the main
memory and the processor. If there were no main memory, the processors would
have to wait for the data on the slow hard disks, which would cause unbearable
decreases in the performance of the computer.
HDD – HARD DISK DRIVE
A hard disk is a magnetic recording unit.
A hard disk consists of one or more aluminum disks covered with a magnetically writable film,
placed in a vacuum (deaerated and friction minimized) metal box.
Hard disk speed, known as RPM, means that the higher the RPM, the faster it runs. (The faster it
runs, the faster it transfers data.)
The hard disk is made up of millions of tiny magnets, and the positions of these magnets
relative to each other form the numbers "0" and "1".
A 1 Gb disk has 8,589,934,592 (8 billion 589 million 934 thousand 592) small magnets and data
can be read or changed by changing the direction of millions of them per second.
HDD
Drive motor
Read / write heads
Stepper motor
The control circuit.
SSD
▪ There is no rotating disc in SSDs. SSDs
contains the memory module
inside,there are no moving parts. They
have to high speed data replication and
writing.SSDs are resistant to impact.
SSDs are not affected by vibration.
MEMORY UNITS
▪ Bit is called the smallest memory unit.
▪ 1 Bit consist 0 or 1 (closed circuit = 0, open circuit = 1).
▪ Byte is used to express a character formed by a combination of 8 bits.
▪ 1024 Byte = 1 KiloByte (KB)
▪ 1024 KB = 1 MegaByte (MB)
▪ 1024 MB = 1 GigaByte (GB)
▪ 1024 GB = 1 TerraByte (TB)
GRAPHIC CARD
▪ Display is the computer's image output
unit.
▪ Image occurs on the screen.
▪ Digital information generated by the
computer is sent to the screen by
turning the video signal.
▪ This unit also called graphics card can be
an individual card sometimes it
produced as integrated on the
motherboard.