Practical 1

Topic Computer and working of computer

Computer

A computer is an electronic device that receives input, processes that input, and produces
output. The input can take many forms, such as instructions, text, image, audio and video. The
computer then processes this input using a central processing unit (CPU) and produces output in
the form of text, images, sound, or other media.

Working Process of Computer

The working process of a computer can be divided into three main stages: input, processing, and
output. Here we have discussed each stage:

 Input:
The input stage is the first step in the working process of a computer. This is where data
and instructions are entered into the computer for processing. Input devices such as
keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones are used to enter data, while software
applications are used to provide instructions to the computer. The input data is then
converted into a binary code that the computer can understand and process.
 Processing:
The processing stage is where the computer performs all the necessary computations and
manipulations on the input data. This stage involves using the central processing unit (CPU)
and other hardware components such as memory and storage. The CPU executes instructions
and performs calculations, while memory and storage are used to temporarily or permanently
store data and programs.
 Output:
The output stage is the final step in the working process of a computer. This is where the
processed data is presented to the user in a human-readable form. Output devices such as
monitors, printers, and speakers are used to display, print, or play back the results of the
processing stage.
Overall, the working process of a computer involves the input of data and instructions, the
processing of that data and instructions, and the output of the results of that processing.
 Practical 2:

Identify the various components of computer

The computer system mainly consists of two components, i.e.

1) Hardware
2) Software.
Hardware:-
Computer hardware is a physical device of computers that we can see and touch. For
e.g. Monitor, Central Processing Unit, Mouse, Joystick, etc. Using these devices, wes can
control computer operations like input and output.
Software :
Software is a set of program that enables the hardware to work in a desired manner.
Program is a set of instructions which are used to perform a particular task. For example
operating system, MS word.
A computer is a combination of hardware and software resources which integrate together
and provides various functionalities to the user.
 Practical 3:

Identify various computer hardware

Computer hardware is a physical device of computers that we can see and touch.
Hardware refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform
major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and more.
There are two types of computer hardware: external and internal.
Internal Hardware

The internal hardware components are the ones that are installed inside a computer.
Example- motherboard and Central Processing Unit (CPU).

 Motherboard

Motherboard is the main printed circuit board that contains a large no of registers,
capacitors, and a group of ports to connect all hardware components. It assigns power to the
other components and is also responsible for coordinating different components by enabling
communication between them.

 Power supply

All computer components require direct current (DC) to work. Hence, a computer system must
have hardware that converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). It is where power
supply comes into role. To prevent overheating of the system, a power supply also controls
voltage.

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A CPU also called brain of computer is the hardware responsible for processing all the
information from the programs run by a computer.

 Random Access Memory (RAM)

 RAM is temporary memory storage found in motherboard’s memory slots that makes
information immediately accessible to programs; RAM is volatile memory, so stored data is
cleared when the computer powers off.

 Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

The primary data storage device of a computer is the HDD. The hardware component stores
software titles, operating systems, and files.

External Hardware

External hardware are that hardware that are often externally connected to the computer
to control either input or output. These hardware devices are designed to either provide
instructions to the software (input) or render results from its execution (output).
External Hardware can also be further classified in
Input Device
Output Device
Storage Device
Input Device
Input devices which are used to input the data and instruction into computer and
convert it into computer readable form
Various input devices are:

 Mouse. A mouse is a hand-held pointing device that moves a cursor around a computer
screen and enables interaction with objects on the screen. It may be wired or wireless.

 Keyboard. A keyboard is an input device featuring a standard QWERTY keyset that enables
users to input text, numbers or special characters.

 Microphone. A microphone is a device that translates sound waves into electrical signals and
supports computer-based audio communications.

 Scanner: it scans images, documents, etc., and converts them into digital form and that can
be further edited and used.
 Camera. A camera captures visual images and streams them to the computer or through a
computer to a network device.

Output Device

Output devices are the devices that accept the processes data and present
these data to user in human readable form. Various Output Devices are:

 Monitor. A monitor is an output device similar to a TV screen that displays information,

documents or images generated by the computing device.

 Printer. Printers render electronic data from a computer into printed material.

 Speaker. A speaker is an external audio output device that connects to a computer to generate
a sound output.

 Headphones, earphones, ear buds. Similar to speakers, these devices provide audio output
that's audible only to a single listener.

 Projector:

Projector is used to project video, slides, and images onto a large surface, such as a
white screen or wall. It is typically used for presentations or for showing videos to a large
group of people.

Storage Device

 CD

A small, portable optical storage device plastic disc that stores and plays digital data, such
as music or video. It is a thin plastic disk coated with metal that can up to 700 MB of data

 DVD

DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc. It is a digital optical disc storage
format that can store high-capacity files like movies and videos. DVDs are the same size as
compact discs (CDs) but can store up to 4.1 GB to 17 GB

 BRD (Blu Ray Disk) :

It is a new optical disk that can store high quality sound, games and movie data. It can
store data from 25 GB to 33 GB
 USB

A USB flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, memory stick, or pen drive, is a small,
portable device that stores and transfers digital files
 Practical 4:

Identify various types of software

Software is a set of program which is designed to perform a well defined function. A Program is
a set of instructions which are used to perform a particular task.Software is responsisble for
controlling integrating and managing the hardware components of a computer system and to
accomplish specific tasks.

There are two types of software

1. System Software
The system software is required to control the overall operation of computer system. Without
it a computer cannot work. So the system software is like a manager of a computer system.
It can be classified in three categories.
1) Operating system
Operating system is a system software that acts as an interface between user and
computer .It controls and mange overall resource of computer. Example Windows
2) Language processor
It translates or converts a program written in a computer language into the machine language
form so that it can be understood by a computer. Example Compiler
3) Utility software
Utility software is the software which help you in keeping the computer parts in
proper working condition. They also make our computer work fast. Disk cleanup, Backup Utility
etc. are the example of Utility software.

2. Application Software
Application software is a setoff programs designed to help the users to perform specific
tasks. They may be installed in a computer depending upon the user's requirement.
Application software can be further be divided into two parts
1) General Purpose Application Software :
These are developed keeping mind the general needs and requirements of large number of
people. Some example are -
a) Word Processing Software :
 A word processor helps us to create text based documents such as letters, reports and
stories. Examples are MS Word and WordPad
b) Electronic Spreadsheet :
A spreadsheet programs helps to perform calculation and display the data in the form of
row and column to analyze in a better way. Example: MS Excel, Lotus123 etc.
c) Presentation Software :
This software is used to create multimedia presentation. Example is MS PowerPoint
d) Database Management System Or Dbms :
DBMS is a software program that lets you store large accounts of data in an organized
manner .Examples – Oracle, MS-Access, FoxPro.
e) Desktop Publishing Software Or Dps :
This software is used for creating designs and layouts of books, journals, brochures,
newspapers etc. Examples -Adobe Photoshop, Page Maker, Corel draw etc.
f) Graphic Software:
This software is used work with images. Examples – Microsoft Picture Manager
g) Multimedia Software:
This software lets you work with images, text, sound etc. Examples –Games software,
Windows Media Player etc.
2) Specific Application Software
It is developed keeping in mind the requirements of an organization or an individual.
Examples – Banking software, Reservation system at railways.
 Practical 5

Operating system and its function of operating system

Operating system is system software that acts as an interface between user and hardware. It
manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It
provides functionality to interact with user. The major functions of operating system are:
(i)File Management:
An operating system keeps track of free storage in a memory, user access
settings, and the status of every file. OS keeps track o information regarding the creation,
deletion, transfer, copy, and storage of files in an organized way. It maintains the integrity of
the data stored in these files, including the file directory structure, by protecting against
unauthorized access.
(ii) Device Management:
An OS manages device communication by using its respective drivers. It keeps
track of all devices that are connected to the system. It also designates a program responsible
for every device. Operating system manages priority and time duration for each device
process. It also allocates and deallocates devices effectively and efficiently. It manages the
working of different input-output devices. It receives requests from these devices, performs a
specific task, and communicates back to the requesting process
(iii) Processor Management:
An operating system manages processor's work by allocating various jobs to it
and allocate time slot to complete a task on the basis of CP scheduling methods. It maintains
the status of processes. It allocates the CPU to a process. De-allocates processor when a
process no longer required.
(iv) Memory Management:
Operating system helps to manage the Main Memory. It helps to store or fetch data from
main memory. Operating system helps to allocate memory when a new data centers and de
allocate when it is removed from memory.