CLASSIFICATION &
PRESENTATION OF DATA
D R. QU A ZZAF I RA BB ANI
D E PA RT M EN T OF M AT H EM AT IC S & ST A T I ST I C S
I NTE GRA L U NIV E RSI TY, LU CK NO W
ema il : qu azza f i@ iul .ac.i n
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Module-2 Classification & Presentation of Data
Geographical classification
Chronological classification
Qualitative classification
Quantitative classification
Bar diagram
Histogram
Pie chart
Box plot
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
➢ Introduction
➢ Meaning & Definitions
➢ Characteristics
➢ Objectives
➢ Rules
➢ Types
Introduction
The raw data collected in any statistical investigation
are usually large and crude in form.
They cannot be easily understood, and are not
directly fit for further analysis and interpretation.
After having collected and edited the data, the next
step is to organize it in a systematic manner.
Meaning & Definition
By organization of data we mean the classification of
data in such a way that the data becomes easy and
convenient to use and handle.
The various authors have defined “Classification of
data” by different ways.
According to R.L. Connor
“Classification is the process of arranging things
(either actually or notionally) in groups or classes
according to their resemblances and affinities, and
giving expression to the unity of attributes that may
subsist among a diversity of individuals”
According to Prof. J.R. Hicks
“Classified and arranged facts speak themselves;
unarranged, unorganized they are dead as mutton”.
According to Secrist
“Classification is the process of arranging data into
sequences and groups according to their common
characteristics or separating them into different but
related parts”.
According to Stockton & Clark
“The process of grouping large number of
individual facts and observations on the basis of
similarity among the items is called classification”.
Characteristics of Classification
Classification forms homogeneous group of data
The units having similar characteristics are placed in
one class or group.
The basis of classification is unity in diversity
The classification may be either real or imaginary
Objectives of Classification
To simplify and condense the large data
To present the facts in easily understandable form
To allow comparisons
To help further analysis
To eliminate unwanted data
To prepare tabulation
Rules of Classification
Each and every item in data must belong to one of
class.
Avoid to introduce the residual/ miscellaneous class.
It should be flexible enough to accommodate new /
changed situations.
Only one principle must be maintained throughout
the classification
Types of Classification
Classification can be done by the following ways:
➢ Geographical (on the basis of area or region)
➢ Chronological (on the basis of temporal/time)
➢ Qualitative (on the basis of character / attributes)
➢ Quantitative (on the basis of magnitude)
Geographical Classification
The classification is based on the geographical
regions at same point of time
Example: sales of the company (region – wise)
Chronological Classification
The classification is based on different points of
time.
Example: Monthly sales reported by a departmental
store
Qualitative Classification
The classification is based on some attributes/quality
characteristics which are observed by their presence
or absence in given units.
Example: Sex, Literacy, Education, Class grade etc.
Further, it may be classified as : Simple & Manifold
Simple classification
The qualitative classification is done only into two
classes
Population
Male Female
Manifold classification
The qualitative classification is based on more than
one attribute at a time
Population
Male Female
Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate
Employed Unemployed Employed Unemployed
Quantitative Classification
This classification is based on quantitative
measurements of some characteristics, such as age,
marks, income, production, sales etc.
The quantitative phenomena under study are known
as variable
Variables are of two kinds: Continuous case &
Discrete case
Continuous Case Classification
The variables which can take all the possible values
in a given specified range are known as continuous
case
Example: The monthly income of the employees of a
company is classified as follows
Discrete Case
The variables which cannot take all the possible
values within a given specified range are known as
discrete (discontinuous) case
Example: The height of the person is classified as
follows
PRESENTATION OF DATA
➢ Introduction
➢ Types
Introduction
Once the data has been classified and organized in
accordance with their nature/ characteristics
Presenting data effectively and efficiently is an art, it
is a good idea to present data as tables, charts,
diagrams.
Most people find ‘pictures’ much more helpful than
‘numbers’ in the sense that, in their opinion, they
present data more meaningfully.
Types of Presentation
Data can be presented by the following ways:
➢ Textual Presentation
➢ Tabular Presentation
➢ Graphical Presentation
Textual Presentation
The small size data are presented in paragraph form.
It is a combination of texts and figures.
it is used to explain results and trends and provide
contextual information
Example: On inspection of the Universities, the
following complaints were noted: 27 for lack of books
in the library, 20 for lack of laboratory equipment, 17
for a not well maintained university buildings
Tabular Presentation
The raw data presented in rows and columns.
Each row and column has an attribute.
It is designed to simplify the presentation and to
facilitate quick comparison.
A table shows all data at once in a precise way.
A table may includes totals or percentages
The tabular presentation has following forms:
Arrays, Simple table, and Multiple table.
Arrays
An array is a matrix of rows and columns of
numbers which have been arranged in some order
(preferably ascending).
It is probably the most primitive way of tabulating
information but can be very useful if it is small in
size.
Some important statistic can immediately be located
by mere inspection.
Arrays (cont…)
Example: Marks of 25 students
We can easily get following summary:
• Number of observations = 25
• Minimum value = 3
• Maximum value = 66
• Mode = 20
• Median = 24
Simple Tables
Simple table presents only one variable
Example: Distribution of age of students
Compound Tables
A compound table is just an extension of a simple
in which there are more than one variable.
Example: Data related to course wise result:
Graphical Presentation
Graphs simplify complex information by using
images and emphasizing data patterns or trends.
It is also useful for summarizing, explaining, or
exploring quantitative data.
It may be effective for presenting large amounts of
datasets.
It includes Line graph, Bar chart, Histogram, Pie
chart, Frequency polygon, Scatter diagram, and Box
plot etc.
Single Line Graph
This Graph displays information concerning one
variable only , in terms of its frequencies
Example:
Multiple Line Graph
This graph displays information on several variables
so that comparison is possible between them
Example:
Simple Bar Chart
This chart displays categorical data in the form of bars
whose heights are proportional to the frequencies
Example:
Multiple Bar Chart
This chart represents multiple categorical data. The
bars are piled next to one another for each attribute.
Example:
Histogram
A two-dimensional vertical bars whose areas are
proportional to the frequencies of the classes and is
used to display continuous variables
Example:
Frequency Polygon
The straight lines joining the midpoints of the upper
horizontal side of each rectangle of a histogram
Polygon ends both side by touching the base line
Example:
Pie Chart
A circular graph that displays the relative figure of
(proportion/percentage) of each category.
Example:
Box Plot
It displays the five-number summary that includes
the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile,
and maximum values of a set of data.
Example:
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