METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION subdivided into a number of slices that represent the various

1. TEXTUAL/NARRATIVE PRESENTATION categories.

 Used in presenting data in paragraph or narrative form. It is simple but appropriate when there are - It should be drawn so that the size of each slice is proportional to the
few numbers to be presented. percentage corresponding to that category.
 describes the data by enumerating some of the highlights of the data set like giving the highest, - Pie charts are effective whenever the objective is to display the
lowest or the average values. In case there are only few observations, say less than ten observations, components of a whole entity in a manner that indicates their relative
the values could be enumerated if there is a need to do so. sizes.
 EXAMPLE: The country’s poverty incidence among families as reported by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA), the agency mandated to release official poverty statistics, decreases from 21% in d) Histogram
2006 down to 19.7% in 2012. For 2012, the regional estimates released by PSA indicate that the - A bar graph associated with an FDT.
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is the poorest region with poverty incidence - Constructed by marking off the true class boundaries along the
among families estimated at 48.7%. The region with the smallest estimated poverty incidence horizontal axis erecting over each class interval a rectangle with height
among families at 2.6% is the National Capital Region (NCR). equaling to the frequency of that class.
2. TABULAR PRESENTATION
It is a systematic way of arranging data in columns and rows according to classifications or categories. Tabular
form is a very effective and efficient means of organizing and summarizing data because a lot of information can be
seen from a single table, and it makes comparison of figures quick under each category. THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
 A tabular presentation of qualitative or quantitative data grouped into
Table 5.1 Regional estimates of poverty incidence among categorical or non-overlapping numerical intervals or called classes
families based on the Family Income and Expenditures Survey together with the number of observations in each class.
conducted on the same year of reporting.
a. Table title includes the number and a short description of what is STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING FDT (for quantitative data with wide range of
found inside the table. values)
1) Determine the range for the set of observations.
b. Column header provides the label of what is being presented in a
Range= Maximum Value-Minimum Value
column. 2) Determine the approximate number of class interval k
c. Row header provides the label of what is being presented in a row. k =√ N where N =number of observations
3) Obtain the class size c.
d. Body is the information in the cell intersecting the row and the
column. R
c=
3. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
k
The class size must have the same decimal digit as the raw data and round off to an odd number.
A graph or chart is a pictorial presentation of a set of data. It shows a general
4) For the Class Intervals CI, the Lowest Value will be the first Lower Limit and the class size c is added
situation immediately. Each graph or chart must have a figure number and a title. If data is based on another source,
a source note should be included. Some of the most common used graphs are: successively. The Upper Limit =Lower Limit +c−1 unit measure
a) Bar Graph
- represents the frequency or magnitudes of quantities of each of the categories as a bar rising a) True Class Boundaries
vertically from the horizontal axis with height of each bar proportional to the frequency or magnitude LTCB=¿−0.5
of the corresponding category.
- It may be simple, compound and can be vertically or horizontally arranged. UTCB=UL+0.5
- Used for both qualitative and quantitative data. b) Class Mark (CM)- midpoint of each class interval
b) Line Graph 1
- Obtained by plotting the frequency of a category above the point on the horizontal axis representing CM = ( ¿+UL )
that category, and then joining the points with straight lines or broken lines. 2
- Used to show fluctuations and trends in the components of the total over time, or pattern of changes
in the data. c) Relative Frequency (RF)- Proportion of observation in each CI
- Used for continuous quantitative data. f f
RF= ∨ × 100 %
c) Pie N N
Graph
- A d) Cumulative Frequency (cF)
circle
¿ cF=summing up the frequencies starting withthe frequency of the lowest valued CI
¿ cF=summing up the frequencies starting withthe frequency of the highest valued CI
e) Relative Cumulative Frequency
¿ RCF=fraction of the total number of observations greater than∨equal ¿ the≪of the class

¿ RCF=fraction of the total number of observationsless than∨equal ¿ the UL of the class