ELE-OE.2.

1-Consumer electronics

UNIT 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR MOBILE

PHONE/SMART PHONE

PARTS OF MOBILE PHONE:

If you take a basic digital cell phone apart, you find that it contains just a few individual parts:

 A circuit board containing the brains of the phone

 An antenna
 A liquid crystal display (LCD)
 A keyboard (not unlike the one you find in a TV remote control)
 A microphone
 A speaker
 A battery

Inside a digital cell phone, you will find a circuit board, battery, speaker and more. Look inside a
digital cell phone with photos and explanations of each part.

Inside a digital cell phone, you will find a circuit board, battery, speaker and more.

The circuit board is the heart of the system. The analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
conversion chips translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming
signal from digital back to analog. You can learn more about A-to-D and D-to-A conversion and
its importance to digital audio in How Compact Discs Work. The digital signal processor (DSP)
is a highly customized processor designed to perform signal-manipulation calculations at high
speed.
The microprocessor handles all of the housekeeping chores for the keyboard and display, deals
with command and control signaling with the base station and also coordinates the rest of the
functions on the board.

The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone's operating system and
customizable features, such as the phone directory. The radio frequency (RF) and power section
handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels.
Finally, the RF amplifiers handle signals traveling to and from the antenna.

The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features in cell phones has
increased. Most current phones offer built-in phone directories, calculators, games, calendars,
notes, Web browsers, and cameras, as well as countless other applications, or apps, to serve
practically any need or want.

Cell phones have such tiny speakers and microphones that it is incredible how well most of
them reproduce sound. As you can see in the picture above, the speaker is about the size of a
dime and the microphone is no larger than the watch battery beside it. Speaking of the watch
battery, this is used by the cell phone's internal clock chip.

Different parts of smart phone

1. Display

Perhaps the most obvious component of a modern smartphone is its display. While every detail
you see is on the outside, it is actually an internal device component. Display technologies in
smartphones of today come in two main types:
 Those based on LCDs (IPS technology and its variations)
 Those based on LEDs (AMOLED or Super AMOLED and its variations)
Difference Between LCD vs LED
The difference is that, on an LCD-based display, there is a backlight shining through some
polarizers and filters. By manipulating the crystal display, you can see a boatload of different
colors on the other side. In layman’s terms is that the light is not being generated by the display
itself; it is being caused by the light behind the display, and only some of it is coming from the
other side.
Now, on an LED-based display, the light-emitting-diodes are doing all the magic. All the pixels
that you can or cannot see are being emitted by these minuscule light-emitting-diodes (also
known as LEDs, producing red, green, and blue colors).
Over here, the display itself generates different and vibrant colors. The advantage of AMOLED
or Super AMOLED displays over its IPS LCD counterparts is that the individual pixels can turn
themselves off. By doing that, they’re not using up any battery, which is why most people
recommend using dark mode and dark wallpapers on phones with AMOLED panels.
However, with an LCD, if you’re seeing black, the crystal display is manipulated so that none of
the light gets through. However, the light behind the display is still being generated, meaning
that the smartphone will be using small bits of the battery.
However, one drawback that we feel the need to mention is that AMOLED panels are more
expensive than IPS, so if you see a phone with such a display and it carries a slightly higher price
tag, you will know that the display is one of the many contributing factors for that price.
2. Battery

Batteries of phones typically use lithium-ion technology that is either removable or non-
removable in mobile devices. With these batteries, which are an essential component of a
smartphone, you will not have to worry about ‘calibration’ or ‘testing’ issues that were plagued
with nickel-based cells. Still, this does not mean that current-generation batteries are not filled
with their issues, and users have to be very careful when handling and using volatile components
like these.
3. ‘System-on-a-chip’ or SoC

The SoC is perhaps the most essential

component present in a smartphone, and
some users might confuse it as the device’s
processor. However, it is far more than that;
the SoC not only comprises the smartphone’s
CPU, but GPU, LTE modem, display
processor, video processor, and other bits of
silicon that turn it into a functional ‘system’
in a phone.
While you might see phones touting different SoCs from Qualcomm, MediaTek, Samsung,
Huawei’s own Kirin, and Apple’s own developed chipsets, they are using the same system
architecture from ARM. ARM functions by producing their own processors and GPUs and
licensing their design and system architecture to other companies so they can use their
technology to make powerful and efficient SoCs.
Some companies also use architectural licenses to make their proprietary processors for use in
smartphones as long as they are compatible with ARM’s system architecture. Examples of these
will be Apple’s custom-made chipsets running custom-developed Cyclone processing cores or
Qualcomm’s Kryo processors.
4. Memory and storage

No smartphone can function without RAM and memory

(system storage).
As for internal storage, it exists as flash memory, ranging
from 32GB, and can go all the way up to 256GB on some
phones. Naturally, as users’ requirements rapidly increase
based on the amount of storage that they use, phone
manufacturers will exponentially increase the amount of
RAM present in smartphones. When you fire up your device for the very first time, one thing
that you’ll notice is that the advertised storage is not the same value as running on the phone.
For example, a phone featuring 64GB of storage will probably have between 53-55GB available
for your personal use. Well, that’s because the smartphone’s operating system and pre-installed
applications require that initial internal memory.
The flash memory used in smartphones comes in two types—eMMC and UFS.

5. Modems

Since smartphones are just phones at the end of

the day, they need communication components to
receive and send text messages and calls. That’s
where modems come in, and every SoC
manufacturer has their own brand of modems,
including Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei, and
several others.

6. Camera
All smartphones come with a rear-facing and front-shooting camera. A smartphone comprises of
three main parts:
 The sensor (which detects light)
 The lens (the component in which light comes through)
 The image processor
While the megapixels on the smartphone are still an essential part of the camera, it carries less
importance than they did a while back. Instead, the primary limiting factor is the phone’s camera
sensor and how sensitive it is when light passes through the lens.
Remember, each sensor behaves very differently in different smartphones, so every image or
video you capture will vary in contrast, color accuracy, saturation, and several others compared
to a different handset. Most camera apps have manual settings to capture an image or video
based on your settings, but most devices don’t have such an extended list of controls.
Since smartphones have small sensor sizes, they tend to perform poorly in low-light areas. This
is an area where camera sensor manufacturers have worked incessantly to improve considerably,
but they have a long road ahead of them, it appears.

7. Sensors
There are five primary sensors in a smartphone that allow it to give you the functionality of a
‘touch-enabled smart device.’ The names of all these sensors and their importance have been
detailed below:
1. Accelerometer: Used by apps to detect the orientation of the device and its movements,
as well as allow features like shaking the phone to change music.
2. Gyroscope: Works with the Accelerometer to detect the rotation of your phone, for
features like tilting phone to play racing games or to watch a movie.
3. Digital Compass: Helps the phone to find the North direction, for map/navigation
purposes.
4. Ambient Light Sensor: This sensor is automatically able to set the screen brightness
based on the surrounding light, and helps conserve battery life. This would also explain
why your smartphone’s brightness is reduced in low-light environments, so it helps to
reduce the strain on your eyes.
5. Proximity Sensor: During a call, if the device is brought near your ears, it automatically
locks the screen to prevent unwanted touch commands.

GPS NAVIGATION SYSTEM

A GPS navigation system is a GPS receiver and audio/video (AV) components designed for a
specific purpose such as a car-based or hand-held device or a smartphone app.

The global positioning system (GPS) is a 24-satellite navigation system that uses multiple
satellite signals to find a receiver’s position on earth. GPS was developed by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD). The technology was originally used for military purposes. Since
1980, when GPS technology was made available to the consumer market, it has become common
in cars, boats, cell phones, mobile devices and even personal heads-up display (HUD) glasses.
GPS receivers find their location by coordinating information from three or four satellite signals.
That information includes the position of the satellite and the precise time of transmission. With
three signals, any 2D position can be found on earth; additional satellite signals make it possible
to find altitude.

GPS technology works in almost any condition and is accurate to within 3-15 meters, depending
on the number of signals received, the spread of satellites in the sky and the technologies used in
the receiver.

Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about 12,000
miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at
any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky.

A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out the distance to each,
and use this information to deduce its own location

WORKING OF A DISHWASHER

 Firstly, water is added to the basin at the bottom inside the appliance.
 A pre-wash sprays the dishes using the spray arms that rotate inside the appliance.
 The internal heater heats the water to the correct temperature for your selected
programme.
 The detergent is released into the appliance by the timer.
 The hot water and detergent are sprayed by the rotating arms around the dishwasher,
cleaning off dirt and debris.
 The dirty water is drained away.
 Fresh water is added to rinse the dishes.
 The rinse water is drained and the dishes are dried using residual heat inside the
appliance.
 WORKING OF REFRIGERATOR

 Cool refrigerant is passed around food items kept inside the fridge.
 Refrigerant absorbs heat from the food items.
 Refrigerant transfers the absorbed heat to the relatively cooler surroundings outside.

. Refrigerators work by causing the refrigerant circulating inside them to change from a liquid
into a gas. This process, called evaporation, cools the surrounding area and produces the desired
effect. You can test this process for yourself by taking some alcohol and putting a drop or two on
your skin. As it evaporates, you should feel a chilling sensation - the same basic principle gives
us safe food storage.

To start the evaporation process and change the refrigerant from liquid to gas, the pressure on the
refrigerant needs to be reduced through an outlet called the capillary tube. The effect is similar to
what happens when you use an aerosol product such as hair spray. The contents of an aerosol can
is the pressure/liquid side, the outlet is the capillary tube, and the open space is the evaporator.
When you release the contents into the lower pressure open space, it turns from a liquid to a gas.

To keep a refrigerator running, you need to be able to get the gaseous refrigerant back to its
liquid state, so the gas needs to be compressed to a higher pressure and temperature again. This
is where the compressor comes in. As mentioned earlier, the compressor provides a similar effect
to that of a bike pump. You can sense the heat increase in the pump while you pump and
compress the air.
Once the compressor has done its work, the gas should be under high pressure and hot. It needs
to be cooled in the condenser, which is mounted on the back of the refrigerator, so its contents
can be cooled by the ambient air. When the gas cools off inside the condenser (still under high
pressure), it changes back into a liquid.

Then, the liquid refrigerant circulates back to the evaporator where the process starts all over
again.

WORKING OF VACUUM CLEANER

The simplest way to explain how vacuum cleaners can suck up debris is to think of each like a
straw. When you take a sip of drink through a straw, the action of sucking creates a negative air
pressure inside the straw: a pressure that is lower than that of the surrounding atmosphere. Just
like in space films, where a breach in the spaceship’s hull sucks people into space, a vacuum
cleaner creates a negative pressure inside, which causes a flow of air into it.

Electric motor

Vacuum cleaners use an electric motor that spins a fan, sucking in air – and any small particles
caught up in it – and pushing it out the other side, into a bag or a canister, to create the negative
pressure. You might think then that after a few seconds it would stop working, since you can
only force so much air into a confined space. To solve this, the vacuum has an exhaust port that
vents the air out the other side, allowing the motor to continue functioning normally.

Filter

The air, however, does not just pass through and get ejected out the other side. That would be
very harmful to people using the vacuum. Why? Well, on top of the dirt and grime that a vacuum
picks up, it also collects very fine particles that are almost invisible to the eye. If they are inhaled
in large enough quantities, they can cause damage to the lungs. Since not all of these particles are
trapped by the bag or canister, the vacuum cleaner passes the air through at least one fine filter
and often a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Arresting) filter to remove almost all of the dust.
Only now is the air safe to be breathed again.

Attachments

The power of a vacuum cleaner is determined not just by the power of its motor, but also the size
of the intake port, the part that sucks up the dirt. The smaller the size of the intake, the more
suction power is generated, as squeezing the same amount of air through a narrower passage
means that the air must move faster. This is the reason that vacuum cleaner attachments with
narrow, small entry ports seem to have a much higher suction than a larger one.

There are many different types of vacuum cleaner, but all of them work on the same principle of
creating negative pressure using a fan, trapping the sucked-up dirt, cleaning the exhaust air and
then releasing it.

WORKING OF MICROWAVE OVEN

Microwave ovens work on the principle of conversion of electromagnetic energy into thermal
energy.

 Inside the strong metal box, there is a microwave generator called a magnetron. When
you start cooking, the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it
into high-powered, 12cm (4.7 inch)(2.24GHz) radio waves.
 The magnetron blasts these waves into the food compartment through a channel called a
wave guide.
 The food sits on a turntable, spinning slowly round so the microwaves cook it evenly.
 The microwaves bounce back and forth off the reflective metal walls of the food
compartment, just like light bounces off a mirror. When the microwaves reach the food
itself, they don't simply bounce off. Just as radio waves can pass straight through the
walls of your house, so microwaves penetrate inside the food. As they travel through it,
they make the molecules inside it vibrate more quickly.
 Vibrating molecules have heat so, the faster the molecules vibrate, the hotter the food
becomes. Thus the microwaves pass their energy onto the molecules in the food, rapidly
heating it up.