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Computer Basics and Components Guide

The document provides an overview of computer basics, including definitions, components, types, and functions of computers. It covers hardware and software distinctions, various number systems, computer memory, operating systems, networking, internet technologies, security, programming languages, cloud computing, IoT, and artificial intelligence. Charles Babbage is acknowledged as the 'father of the computer.'

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Apu Kumar Giri
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98 views5 pages

Computer Basics and Components Guide

The document provides an overview of computer basics, including definitions, components, types, and functions of computers. It covers hardware and software distinctions, various number systems, computer memory, operating systems, networking, internet technologies, security, programming languages, cloud computing, IoT, and artificial intelligence. Charles Babbage is acknowledged as the 'father of the computer.'

Uploaded by

Apu Kumar Giri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Basic

Charles Babbage is "father of the computer"


1. What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs
tasks based on instructions (software).

2. Basic Components of a Computer

Hardware: Physical parts of a computer.

Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner.

Processing Unit: CPU (brain of the computer).

Memory: RAM (temporary) & Storage (HDD, SSD).

Output Devices: Monitor, printer, speaker.

Software: Programs that run on a computer.

System Software: Operating System (Windows, Linux).

Application Software: MS Office, browsers.


3. Types of Computers

Supercomputer: Used for scientific research.

Mainframe Computer: Used by banks, airlines.

Microcomputer: Laptops, desktops.

Embedded Systems: Computers in washing machines, ATMs.

4. Number System in Computers


Computers use different number systems:

Binary (Base 2): Uses 0 and 1.

Decimal (Base 10): Regular counting (0-9).

Octal (Base 8): Uses numbers 0-7.

Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses 0-9 and A-F.

5. Computer Memory
Primary Memory: RAM (temporary) & ROM (permanent).

Secondary Memory: Hard drive, SSD, pen drive.

Cache Memory: Fast storage near CPU.

6. Operating System (OS)


The Operating System controls the computer’s hardware and software.
Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android.
Functions: Manages memory, files, and hardware.

7. Computer Networks
A network connects computers to share data.

LAN (Local Area Network): Small area like an office.

WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large areas (Internet).

Network Devices: Router, Switch, Modem.


8. Internet & Web Technologies

Internet: A global network of computers.

Web: Websites, emails, and online services.


Web Technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript.

9. Computer Security
Protecting computers from threats like:

Viruses & Malware (harmful programs).

Hacking & Phishing (stealing data).


Protection Measures: Use antivirus, strong passwords, and firewalls.

10. Programming Languages

Used to write software:

Low-Level: Machine code, Assembly.

High-Level: C, Java, Python, JavaScript.

11. Cloud Computing & IoT


Cloud Computing: Storing and accessing data online (Google Drive,
AWS).

IoT (Internet of Things): Smart devices connected to the internet


(smartwatches, home automation).

12. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI enables computers to think and learn like humans (e.g., voice


assistants like Alexa).

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