CompTIA A+ Core 1 Exam 220-1101
Lesson 5
Configuring Network Addressing and
Internet Connections
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Objectives
• Compare Internet connection types
• Use basic TCP/IP concepts
• Compare protocols and ports
• Compare network configuration concepts
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Lesson 5
Topic 5A
Compare Internet Connection Types
Copyright © 2022 CompTIA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org
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Internet Connection Types and Modems (Slide 1 of 2)
• The Internet
• Internet eXchange Points (IXPs)
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• Point of presence (PoP)
• Point-to-point WAN links
• Digital modem types
• Routers versus modems
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Internet Connection Types and Modems (Slide 2 of 2)
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Digital Subscriber Line Modems
• Broadband Internet access over
last mile copper telephone wiring
• Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL)
• Faster downlink than uplink
• Symmetric DSL
• DSL modem
• RJ-45 cable to router
• RJ-11 cable to phone point Image © 123RF.com
• Splitters to filter voice calls
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Cable Modems
• Cable access TV (CATV)
networks
• Hybrid fiber coax (HFC)
• Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification (DOCSIS)
• Cable modem
• RJ-45 cable to router
Image © 123RF.com
• Coax cable with F-type connector
to external port
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Fiber To the Curb and Fiber to the Premises
• Fiber to the curb (FTTC)
• Service provider runs fiber to a street
cabinet
• Very high bit rate DSL (VDSL) over last
300m or 100m
• Fiber to premises (FTTP) or “full fiber”
• Passive optical network (PON) serves
multiple subscribers
• Fiber is run to optical network terminal
(ONT) installed at customer premises Image by artush © 123RF.com
• ONT converts optical to electrical and is
connected to customer router
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Fixed Wireless Internet Access
• Geostationary orbital satellite Internet access
• High latency
• Digital Video Broadcast Satellite (DVB-S) modem
• Low Earth orbital satellite Internet access
• Antenna alignment
• Wireless Internet service provider (WISP)
• Point-to-point microwave
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Cellular Radio Internet Connections
• 3G
• Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) providers
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) providers
• 4G
• Long Term Evolution (LTE) converged standard using SIM cards
• 5G
• Connection through array of massive MIMO antennas
• Roaming and fixed access
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Routers
• Logical network addressing and
forwarding in an internetwork
• LAN router
• Establish logical subnetworks
• WAN router
• Connect LANs to the Internet
• Connect LANs across
Image © 123RF.com public/service provider networks
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Firewalls
• Enforce rules for allowed and
blocked traffic
• Network access control list (ACL)
• Source and destination network
addresses
• Protocol types and ports
• Allow versus block
• Implementation
• Dedicated appliance
• Built in function of router
Screenshot used with permission from OPNsense
• Network firewalls versus
personal/host firewalls
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Review Activity: Internet Connection Types
• Internet Connection Types and Modems
• Digital Subscriber Line Modems
• Cable Modems
• Fiber to the Curb and Fiber to the Premises
• Fixed Wireless Internet Access
• Cellular Radio Internet Connections
• Routers
• Firewalls
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Lesson 5
Topic 5B
Use Basic TCP/IP Concepts
Copyright © 2022 CompTIA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org
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TCP/IP
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IPv4 Addressing
• 32 binary digits
• 11000000101010000000000000000001
• Divide into four octets
• 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000001
• Express each octet as decimal value (dotted decimal)
• 192 . 168 . 0 . 1
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Network Prefixes
• IPv4 address encodes two values
• Network number (network ID)
• Host number (host ID)
• Portions are distinguished by a network
prefix
• Bits in prefix set to 1 represent network ID—for
example, 24 bits
• 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
• Written in slash notation as /24
• Can be expressed as subnet mask in dotted
decimal
• 255.255.255.0
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IPv4 Forwarding
• Host must determine whether
destination address is on the
same network as its source
address
• Uses mask to compare network
ID in source IP address and
destination IP address
• Most hosts send traffic for
other networks to the router
configured as a default gateway
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Public and Private Addressing
• Public addresses are routable across the Internet
• Private addresses are restricted to local networks
• 10.0.0.0/8 (255.0.0.0)
• 172.16.0.0/12 (255.240.0.0)
• 192.168.0.0/16 (255.255.0.0)
• Address classes and default subnet masks
• Internet access for privately addressed hosts
• Network address translation (NAT)
• Proxy service
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IPv4 Host Address Configuration
• IPv4 address and subnet mask
• First IP in range is network
address
• Last IP is broadcast addresses
• Hosts can be assigned addresses
in-between
• Default gateway
• Domain Name System (DNS)
server addresses
Screenshot courtesy of Microsoft
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Static versus Dynamic Host Address Configuration
• Uses and disadvantages for
static addressing
• Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
• Automatic Private IP
Addressing (APIPA)
• 169.254.x.y
Screenshot courtesy of TP-Link
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SOHO Router Address Configuration
• Router’s LAN interface
• Web management interface
• Administrator password
• Router’s public/WAN interface
• Static versus dynamic addressing
• Line protocol settings and
monitoring
Screenshot courtesy of TP-Link
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IPv6 Addressing
• IPv6 address format
• Hex digits and canonical notation
• Network prefixes
• Fixed-length 64-bit host identifier
• Network prefix masks first 64 bits
• Global and link-local interface addresses
• Global addressing (start with 2 or 3)
• Link-local addressing (fe80::)
• Static address assignment versus StateLess Address Auto Configuration
(SLAAC)
• Dual-stack hosts operate both IPv6 and IPv4 at the same time
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Review Activity: Basic TCP/IP Concepts
• IPv4 Addressing
• Network Prefixes
• IPv4 Forwarding
• Public and Private Addressing
• IPv4 Host Address Configuration
• Static Versus Dynamic Host Address Configuration
• SOHO Router Configuration
• IPv6 Addressing
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Lab Activity
• Assisted Lab: Configure a SOHO Router
• Use the GNS3 network simulator to configure a home network
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Lesson 5
Topic 5C
Compare Protocols and Ports
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Protocols and Ports
• Transport layer
• Identify each application protocol
• Track sessions
• Protocol ports
• Server port
• Client port
Image © 123RF.com
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Transmission Control Protocol
• Connection-oriented transport protocol
• Establish connection
• Assign each packet sequence number
• Allow the receiver to acknowledge (ACK)
• Allow the receiver to send a negative
acknowledgement (NACK)
• Allow the graceful termination of a session
• TCP-based application protocols
• HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
• Secure Shell (SSH)
Screenshot courtesy of Wireshark
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User Datagram Protocol
• Connectionless, unreliable
delivery
• Smaller header
• UDP-based application
protocols
• Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol Screenshot courtesy of Wireshark.
(TFTP)
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Well-known Ports
Networking
NBT SNMP LDAP
DNS DHCP
UDP/TCP UDP/161 TCP/389
UDP/53 TCP/53 UDP/67 UDP/68
137-139 UDP/162
Remote access
SSH Telnet RDP
TCP/22 TCP/23 TCP/3389
File transfer
FTP HTTP HTTPS SMB
TCP/20 TCP/21 TCP/80 TCP/443 TCP/445
Email
SMTP POP3 IMAP
TCP/25 TCP/110 TCP/143
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Review Activity: Protocols and Ports
• Protocols and Ports
• Transmission Control Protocol
• User Datagram Protocol
• Well-known Ports
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Lesson 5
Topic 5D
Compare Network Configuration
Concepts
Copyright © 2022 CompTIA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• DHCP scope
• Range of addresses in a subnet offered
by the server as leases
• DHCP leases
• Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge
(DORA)
• UDP/67 server port and UDP/68 client
port
• DHCP reservations
• Lease the same IP address based on
client’s MAC address or other interface Image © 123RF.com
identifier
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Domain Name System
• Resolve “friendly” names assigned
to hosts to IP addresses
• Host name
• Fully Qualified Domain Name
(FQDN)
• DNS hierarchy
• Root servers
• Top Level Domains (TLDs)
• Domain names
Image © 123RF.com
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DNS Queries
Image © 123RF.com
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DNS Record Types
• Address records
• A records resolve to an IPv4
address
• AAAA records resolve to an IPv6
address
• Mail Exchanger (MX) records
• Identify address record providing
mail services
• Can create multiple records with Screenshot courtesy of Microsoft
priority values (lowest numbered is
highest priority)
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DNS Spam Management Records
• Text (TXT) records store free form text to support services
• DNS can record authentication data for the domain’s mail servers
• Recipients can check these records to block unwanted and spoofed messages (spam
management)
• Sender Policy Framework (SPF)
• Identifies hosts authorized to send mail
• DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)
• Uses cryptography to allow validation of mail source
• Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC)
• Framework to ensure that SPF and DKIM are being utilized effectively
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Virtual LANs
• Divide local network into separate
broadcast domains
• Configured on managed switches
• Each switch port can be configured with
a VLAN ID from 2 to 4094
• Switch ports with same ID are in the
same VLAN and broadcast domain
• Unconfigured switch ports default to
VLAN ID #1
• Traffic between VLANs must be sent
via routers
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Virtual Private Networks
• Join a local network from a
remote location
• Local network traffic is
tunneled over a
public/untrusted network
• Uses authentication and
encryption to prevent
unauthorized access Image © 123RF.com
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Review Activity: Network Configuration Concepts
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Domain Name System
• DNS Queries
• DNS Record Types and Spam Management Records
• Virtual LANs
• Virtual Private Networks
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CompTIA A+ Core 1 Exam 220-1101
Lesson 5
Summary
Copyright © 2022 CompTIA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org
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