A transformer works on the principle of
mutual induction, which states that a
change in the current flowing through
one coil induces an electromotive force
(EMF) in a neighboring coil. This is
based on Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, which states
that achanging magnetic field in a coil
induces an EMF in another coil placed
nearby.
Construction of Transformer
A transformer consists of:
1. PrimaryCoil (Primary Winding) -
The coil to which the input
alternating current (AC) is applied.
2. Secondary Coil (Secondary Winding)
- The coil from which the output
voltage is obtained.
3. Iron Core - A laminated iron core
that provides apath for magnetic
flux and increases efficiency.
Working of Transformer
" When an alternating voltage is applied
to the primary coil,an alternating
current flows through it, generating a
changing magnetic field.
" This changing magnetic field induces
an EMF inthe secondary coil due to
mutual induction.
" If the secondary coil is connected to a
circuit, a current flows through it,
providingoutput voltage and power.
" The voltage transformation depends
on the turns ratio of the primary and
secondary coils.
The relation between the input and
output voltage is given by:
N,
N,
" V, and V, are the secondary and
primary voltages, respectively.
"N, and N, are the number of turns in
the secondary and primary coils,
respectively.
The current transformation follows:
Ns
ls Np
" Ip and , are the currents in the
primary and secondary coils,
respectively.
Types of Transformers
1. Step-Up Transformer
o Increases the voltage.
N, > N, (More turns in the
secondary coil).
o V,>, (Output voltage is greater
than input voltage).
o Used in power transmission from
power plants to reduce energy
losseS.
2. Step-Down Transformer
o Decreases the voltage.
o N, < N, (Fewer turns in the
secondary coil).
oV,< V, (output voltage is lower
than input voltage).
oUsed in power distribution,
electronic devices, and chargers.
1. Copper Loss
oDue to the resistance of the
windings, power is lost in the form
of heat.
o P=I'R, where Ris the
resistance of the coil.
oReduced by using thick copper
wires with low resistance.
2. Iron (Core) Loss
oCaused by eddy currents and
hysteresis in the iron core.
o Eddy Current Loss: Smal
circulating currents induced in the
iron core cause heating.Reduced
by using laminated cores.
o Hysteresis Loss: Due to repeated
magnetization and
demagnetization of the core.
3. Flux Leakage
oSome magnetic flux does not link
both coils, reducing efficiency.
o Reduced by winding coils close
together and using a proper core
design.
4. Dielectric Loss
o Due to energy loss in the
insulation material.
o Reduced by using high-quality
insulation.
5. Mechanical Vibrations (Noise Loss)
o Due to vibrations of the core,
causing sound and energy loss.
Efficiency of Transformer
Efficiency n is given by:
Output Power x 100%
Input Power
Conclusion
Transformers play acrucial role in
electrical power systems by efficiently
transferring electrical energy with
minimal losses. They are widely used in
power transmission, distribution, and
various electrical appliances.
AnAC generator, also knownas an
alternator, works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, which states
that when aconductor moves through a
magnetic field, an electromotive force
(EMF) is induced in the conductor.
Principle:
The principle behind the working of an
ACgenerator is Faraday's Law of
Induction. Accordingto this law,
whenever a conductor(like acoil of
wire) moves through a magnetic field, an
electric current is induced in the
conductor. The direction of the induced
conductor. The directionof the induced
current changes as the position of the
conductor changes in the magnetic
field.
Working:
1. Construction:
The AC generator consists of a
coilof wire (called the
armature) that rotates within a
magnetic field produced by
permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
The armature is connected to a
mechanical rotating source,
such as aturbine or engine,
which causes it to rotate.
" The ends of the armature coil
are connected to external
circuits through slip rings,
which allow the continuous
rotation of the coil.
2. Induction of Current:
When the coil rotates in the
magnetic field, the magnetic
flux linked with the coil
changes, which induces an
changes, which induces an
electromotiveforce (EMF) in
the coilaccording to Faraday's
Law.
" As the coil rotates, the
direction of the induced EMF
changes periodically,
alternating the direction of the
current flowing through the
external circuit.
3. Slip Rings:
Slip ringsare used to maintain
continuOus contact between
Continuos contact between
the rotating armature and the
external circuit. The slip rings
do not reverse the current
direction, but the brushes that
maintain contact with the slip
rings allow the current to flow
in the external circuit as the
coilrotates.
4. AC Output:
" As the coil rotates, the current
alternates in direction, creating
alternates in direction,creating
alternatingcurrent (AC) in the
external circuit. The frequency
of the alternating current
depends on the speed of
rotation of the coil and the
number of poles in the
magnetic field.
In summary, an ACgenerator converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy
by rotating a coil in a magnetic field,
thereby inducing an alternating current
in the circuit.
