MODULE 2

Calculus 1
General Formulas

Objectives of the Module

At the end of this module, the

students should be able to

 Use the basic formulas to

derive the general
formulas for the derivative
of functions.

 Apply the General

Formulas to solve for the
first derivative.
 PRE-TEST

Multiple choice
1. True or False
I. The slope of all linear functions is constant.
II. The slope of constant functions is 0.
a. 𝐼 only b. 𝐼𝐼 only c. both true d. neither
2-5. Consider the following functions
I. 𝑦 = −10 V. 𝑥 = −1
II. 𝑦 = −10𝑥 VI. 𝑦 = 10𝑥 + 7
III. 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 10 VII. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
IV. 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 VIII. 𝑦 = 𝑥
2. Which is NOT a linear function?
a. III & IV
b. I and V
c. I and II
d. V and VII
3. Which will have a derivative of 0?
a. I & II b. I and V c. I only d. VII
4. Which linear functions will have the same derivatives?
a. III & I
b. III & IV
c. I & II
d. II & VI
5. Which will have a derivative of 1?
a. VIII b. VI c. III d. V
 2.0 From the Basic Formula to the General Formula

From Module 1, you learn that the derivative of a constant function is 0.

𝑑(𝑐) = 0
and

𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
the derivative of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of 𝑥. So from the basic formulas, you have the first general
formula
D1 𝑑
(𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥
where c is a constant
Illustrations:
1. 𝑦 = 5
𝑦′ = 0
3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = − 7
𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
3. 𝑦 = 0.001
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
where 𝑑𝑥 (read as derivative of y with respect to x) is another way of writing y’ or
𝑓′ (𝑥) since 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
The second general formula deals with the Derivative of a constant times a function u.
D2 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Illustrations:
1. 𝑦 = 0.01𝑥 100
where 𝑐 = 0.01
𝑢 = 𝑥 100
𝑦 = 0.01 (100𝑥 99 )
′

= 𝑥 99
3
2. 𝑦 = 16 𝑥 5
3
𝑦′ = (5𝑥 4 )
16
15
= 𝑥4
16
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1000𝑥 −1
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 1000(−1𝑥 −2 )
= −1000𝑥 −2
−1000
= 𝑥2
Since a function can be the sum or difference of two functions u and v, the following is the
Derivative of the Sum or Difference of two functions u and v.
D3 Illustrations:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(𝑢 ± 𝑣) = ± 𝑦 ′ = 7𝑥 6 − 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 100 − 𝑥 1000
100 1000

𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 99 − 𝑥 999

1 2 1
3. 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 4 − 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 − 10
Next is the Derivative of a Product of u and v. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥
D4

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 ⋅ +𝑣 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Illustrations:
1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑢 𝑣
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 2 − 1) ⋅ 𝑑 (𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝑥 2 + 1) ⋅ 𝑑(𝑥 2 − 1)
= (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥)
= (2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥) + (2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 8)(𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 64)
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 2 + 8)(4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥) + (𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 64)(2𝑥)
= 4𝑥 5 − 16𝑥 3 + 32𝑥 3 − 128𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 − 16𝑥 3 + 128𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 5
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 3 − 6)(𝑥 4 + 8)

𝑢 𝑣
𝑦′ = 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 6)(4𝑥 3 ) + (𝑥 4 + 8)(3𝑥 2 )] + (𝑥 3 − 6)(𝑥 4 + 8)(2𝑥)
( 2 )[( 3

= (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 3 − 6)(4𝑥 3) + (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 4 + 8)(3𝑥 2) + (𝑥 3 − 6)(𝑥 4 + 8)(2𝑥)

𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑢 𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑤 𝑑𝑢
4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 2
= 2(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 2)
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 1)3
= (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 3 − 1)
𝑢 𝑣
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 3 − 1) 𝑑(𝑥 3 − 1) + (𝑥 3 − 1) ⋅ 𝑑[(𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 3 − 1)]
= (𝑥 3 − 1)2 (3𝑥 2) + (𝑥 3 − 1) [(𝑥 3 − 1)(3𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 3 − 1)(3𝑥 2)]
= (𝑥 3 − 1)2 (3𝑥 2) + (𝑥 3 − 1)2 (3𝑥 2) + (𝑥 3 − 1)2 (3𝑥 2 )
= 3(𝑥 3 − 1)2(3𝑥 2)
Activity 2a

1. Refer to the Illustration #3

𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 3 − 6)(𝑥 4 + 8)
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
What do you think will be the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤?

𝑑
(𝑢𝑣𝑤 ) =
𝑑𝑥

2. Refer to Illustration #4 and #5 with the following results:

a. 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)2
𝑦 ′ = 2(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 2)

b. 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 1 )3
𝑦 ′ = 3(𝑥 3 − 1)2 (3𝑥 2 )

If 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑛, what is the formula for 𝑦′ ?

𝑑 𝑛
(𝑢 ) =
𝑑𝑥
2.1 Derivative of a Power

From the Activity, the Derivative of a Power is

D5 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Illustrations:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (5𝑥 4 − 9)3
using 𝑢 = 5𝑥 4 − 9
𝑛=3
𝑓′(𝑥) = 3(5𝑥 4 − 9)2 (20𝑥)
= 3(20𝑥)(5𝑥 4 − 9)2
= 60𝑥(5𝑥 4 − 9)2

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5)4
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5 𝑤=4
𝑓′(𝑥) = 4(𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5)3 (2𝑥 − 7)
= 4(2𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5)3
= (8𝑥 − 28)(𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5)3

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)4 (𝑥 3 + 1)5

Initially, this is a product.
A product of two powers.
Since 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)4(𝑥 3 + 1)5
Apply D4 using 𝑢 = (𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)4

So that,
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)4 ⋅ 𝑑 [(𝑥 3 + 1)5 ] + (𝑥 3 + 1)5 ⋅ 𝑑 [(𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)4 ]
= (𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)4 ⋅ 5(𝑥 3 + 1)4 (3𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝑥 3 + 1)5 ⋅ 4(𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)3 (3𝑥 2 − 1000)
= 5(𝑥 3 + 1)4(𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)4 (3𝑥 2 + 1) + 4(𝑥 3 − 1)5 (𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)3(3𝑥 2 − 1000)

If you are to simplify, apply factoring, bringing out all common factors:
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 3 + 1)4 (𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)3 [5(𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)(3𝑥 2 + 1) + 4(𝑥 3 + 1)(3𝑥 2 − 1000)
= (𝑥 3 + 1)4(𝑥 3 − 1000𝑥)3 (27𝑥 5 − 18995𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 5000𝑥 − 4000)
Activity 2b

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
If (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
can be simplified as

𝑑 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

This time, derive

𝑑 (𝑢𝑣 −1 ) using Derivative of a Product

2.2 Derivative of a Quotient

The formula for the Derivative of the quotient is.

D6
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣⋅ −𝑢⋅
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣 2

can be simplified as
𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑( ) =
𝑣 𝑣2
Illustrations:
5𝑥−1 𝑢
1. 𝑦 =
5𝑥+1 𝑣
( 5𝑥+1)(5) −(5𝑥−1)(5)
𝑦′ = ( 5𝑥+1) 2
25𝑥 + 5 − 25𝑥 + 5
=
(5𝑥 + 1)2
10
=
(5𝑥 + 1)2
4−𝑥
2. 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑥−4
(𝑥 − 4)(−1) − (4 − 𝑥)(1)
𝑓′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 − 4)2
−𝑥+4−4+𝑥
= ( 𝑥−4)2
=0
𝑥 3−8
3. 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 2) − (𝑥 3 − 8)(2𝑥 + 2)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)2
3𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 + 16
=
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)2
𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 16
=
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)2
=1
Checking:
𝑥3 − 8
𝑦= 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
= 𝑥 −2
𝑦′ = 1
Activity 2c

Solve for y’

4
5𝑥2 −7
1. 𝑦 = ( 2 )
5𝑥 +7

(5𝑥−7) 4
2. 𝑦 = (5𝑥+7)4
2.3 Chain Rule

For more complicated functions

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢)
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)
D7
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Illustrations:

1. 𝑦 = √𝑥 4 − 100𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑦 1 −1
let 𝑦 = √𝑢 = 𝑢 2 = 𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 100𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 3 − 200𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 −1
= 𝑢 2 (4𝑥 3 − 200𝑥)
2
1
= (4𝑥 3 − 200𝑥)
4
2√𝑥 − 100𝑥 2

2𝑥 3 − 100𝑥
=
√𝑥 4 − 100𝑥 2
1−𝑢
2. If 𝑦 = where 𝑢 = cos 2𝑥
1+𝑢
𝑑𝑦
find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑢)(−1) − (1 − 𝑢)(1)
=
𝑑𝑢 ( 1 + 𝑢) 2

𝑑𝑢
= −2 sin2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑢)(−1) − (1 − 𝑢)(1)
= (−2 sin 2𝑥)
( 1 + 𝑢) 2

−2
= (−2 sin 2𝑥)
(1 + 𝑢)2

4 sin2𝑥
=
(1 + cos 2𝑥)2
2.4 Some Special Derivatives

If 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) and it is difficult to have 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then

D8
𝑑𝑥
first
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
then =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
where 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)

What if x and y are expressed in terms of a third variable, say t?

D9
𝑙et 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
then = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

Illustrations:
1. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 25 4. 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡2
= 2𝑦 + 10 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑡
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 + 10 = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑦2 −4 𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 2𝑡
𝑦2 +4 = 𝑑𝑡 = −
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 2 + 4)(2𝑦) − (𝑦 2 − 4)(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 2 + 4 )2 𝑑𝑦
16𝑦 = −1
= 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 + 4)2
Special Example
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 2 + 4)2
= 5. 𝑦 = sin𝑡
𝑑𝑥 16𝑦
𝑥 = cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑡
3. 𝑥 = √𝑦 4 − 100𝑦2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 4 1 = − sin 𝑡
= (𝑦 − 100𝑦2)−2 (4𝑦3 − 200𝑦) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
4𝑦 3 − 200𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑡
= = 𝑑𝑡 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sin𝑡
2√𝑦 4 − 100𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑦 4 − 100𝑦2 = − cot 𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4𝑦 3 − 200𝑦