IWCF WELL INTERVENTION

PRESSURE CONTROL LEVEL 3 / 4

TITLE:COMPLETION OPERATION

NAME :

ID :

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Course Summary and Objectives

• Overview of well completions

• Overview of well intervention techniques

• Overview and details of Well Integrity requirements

for the above

• Prepare delegates for the IWCF WIPC Exams

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Course Schedule

Monday
• Completion Operations – Hydrostatic / Volumetric calculations
• Completion Equipment

Tuesday
• Completion Operation’s – Well Kill Methods
• Barriers

Wednesday*
• Wireline
• Coiled Tubing

Thursday*
• Snubbing
• Review of course material

*Selection day can be change accordingly to elective subject

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Course Schedule

Friday – 8:30am
• Exam

• Start time 8:30am

• IWCF Invigilator

• Passport / ID card - Pen - Non programable calculator

• 5 Papers – 4 Hours, 5 mins

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Course Exam Details

Compulsory Examination

• Completion Operations – 46 questions – 105 minutes

• Completions Equipment – 28 questions – 35 minutes

Optional Examination (minimum of one subject)

• Wireline – 28 questions – 35 mins

• Coiled Tubing – 28 questions – 35 mins
• Snubbing – 28 questions – 35 mins

All nominated exams must be passed for certificate

• Pass mark - 70% for each nominated paper

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Course Exam Details

IWCF Re-sit Policy – Summary

• 66% - 69% - Immediate Re-sit or Re-sit another Friday

• Less than 66% - No immediate re-sit (Extra classroom training)

• IWCF Decision tree – with ADS admin

Temporary eCert (valid for 3 months)

• This will be available through your IWCF Forum account shortly after
successfully passing exams (email will be sent once available)

• Within the 3 month period a further e-mail will be received by the

candidate from the IWCF informing them that the 2 year eCert is now
available to view, download and print.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 IMPACT OF WELL CONTROL
INCIDENT ON INDUSTRY

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Impact on Industry

WIPC Training and Assessment – Why?

• Competency

• Capability to apply Well Intervention Pressure Control skills

• Prevent a well intervention pressure control incident

• Reduce the severity a well intervention pressure control incident

• Responsibility of colleagues

• Trust of stakeholders

• Regulatory requirements.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Impact of Well Control Incidents
Well Control events can have an impact on:

1. Personnel – Loss of Life, Injury, Loss of employment

2. Assets
3. Environment
4. Operations
5. Reputation
6. Society

Well Control Incidents can result in:

1. Capital loss
2. Over regulation
3. Loss of stakeholders trust
4. Moratorium on drilling
5. Limiting areas of operations. (Urban, Artic, Coastal waters)
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 When it Goes Wrong: Macondo

The incident on 20th April, 2010 occurred when high pressure gas from the reservoir
entered the wellbore and was allowed to expand before it was detected.
The subsequent delay in closing the well allowed the gas to eventually reach the
surface and ignite.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Example of Uncontrolled Flow
Blowout of the Macondo Well

• Loss of 11lives

• Destruction of the drilling unit Deepwater

Horizon

• Uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbon into

Gulf of Mexico for 87 days

• About 4.9 million barrels of crude oil -

the largest accidental marine oil spill in
the history of the petroleum industry

• Affected BP & Transocean reputations.

• Society suffered from this oil spill for

long time.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Impact on Industry

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Human Factors
OGP Report 460 July 2012

Following Macondo the industry became more interested in the human

factors that can lead to a well control incident:

• Situational awareness

• Cognitive bias

• Interpersonal behaviour

• Awareness of safety critical human tasks.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Human Factors

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Judgment and Decision Making

Judgement and decision making is biased by emotion

and lack of rationality
We are all prone to cognitive bias:

• “It worked before therefore it will work again”

• “We took this risk last time and nothing happened so it will be OK to do
the same again”

• “I haven’t seen this happen before therefore it will not happen ever”

• “I am going to overtake …. whatever happens”

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Reacting to Signals

• PCE - Failed Press test

Strong
Not inclined to act –
• BOP – function test closure assume another
Very likely to act
time explanation
• Leaking stripper / stuffing box

• Trip tank volumes

Signal strength
• Pressure test volumes
discrepancies

• Intervention panel - kicking in

occasionally to maintain press Not inclined to act – Inclined to act
assume there is no even if in doubt
problem
• Coil – weight indicator
readings discrepancy actual v
Weak

modelled
Low High
Willingness to act on signal

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 RISK ASSESSMENT

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Risk Assessment

A systematic process conducted when planning an operation and on site to

evaluate the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity,
especially:

1. New or non-standard operations.

2. Operations involving use of new or modified equipment.
3. Hazardous operations.
4. Change in actual conditions which may increase the risk.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Risk Management

The forecasting and evaluation of risks together with the identification of

procedures to avoid or minimize their impact.

ASSESS REDUCE
Exposure Exposure

IDENTIFY RECORD MANAGE

Hazard Risk Register Remaining Risk

ANY SITUATION
CHANGES?
Stop and re-assess!

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Risk Management

• Identify the hazard

• Assessment of the hazard
• What is the probability of the hazard causing harm
• What is the severity of the hazard
• Record the hazard
• Provide an accurate record of identified risk
• Allow new personnel to the project to quickly asses risk
• How can the risk be mitigated or controlled
• If possible, eliminate the risk by removing the hazard
• If not possible, minimize the risk as far as reasonably practicable
• Isolate the risk, implement procedures, wearing correct PPE etc
• How to recover from the actual event when the consequence is
realised
• How to mitigate from further escalation

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Risk Assessment Matrix
Concequences Increasing Likelihood

1 2 3 4 5
Severity

Environment

Reptutation
Never heard of Heard of in the Has happened Has happened Has happened

Assests
People
in the industry Industry in the at the more than once
organisation or locationor per year at the
more than once more than once location
per year in the per year in the
industry organisation

no injury or
0 health effect No damage No effect No impact
Slight injury
or heath
1 effect Slight damage Slight effect slight impact
Minor injury
or heath Minor
2 effect damage Minor effect minor impact
Major injury
or heath Moderate Moderate moderate
3 effect damage effect impact

PTD or up to 3 Major
4 fatalities damage Major effect Major impact

More than 3 Massive Massive

5 fataliteis damage Massive effect impact

Risk = Probability x Severity

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Management of Change

 Management of change is a systematic way to deal with change

within an organization in order to effectively deal with the change
and to analyse any new or introduced hazards

 Change management includes adapting to the change, controlling

the change and effecting new change

 This change has to be identified, risk assessed and mitigated,

justified and signed off by an authorized manager.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Emergency Drills

• Drills are carried out to enhance crew competency on the rig with the safety
procedures and the actions that must be taken in the event of a real
emergency.
• Drills should be carried out at regular intervals
• Drills are required to
• Improve response times during emergency, well and pressure control
situations
• Increase familiarity with well and pressure control procedures
• Increase familiarity with well and pressure control equipment
• Enhance understanding of roles and responsibilities
• Identify equipment failures
• The main purpose of a drill is to acquaint each member of the crew with their
role and that of their colleagues during a well control incident so that they
can perform their duties in a safe and efficient manner.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Emergency Drills

• Drills should be conducted operations permitting

• Drills must be supervised by the supervisor or designee

• Drills should be documented, executed, repetitive and followed up to correct

identified errors (API RP59)

• Drills should be clearly announced so all concerned know that a drill, not an
actual event is taking place (API RP59)

Drills should be reported on the daily drilling report and include:

• Type of drill
• Reaction times
• Total time to complete drill
• Identified areas of improvement

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pre-Job Safety Meeting

The purpose of this meeting is to familiarise personnel on

the rig with:

• Define roles and responsibilities before starting certain operation.

• Discuss hazards/ risks associated with that specific operation.

• Discuss actions to be taken in case of emergency.

• Ensure procedures to be undertaken are understood.

• Ensure Equipment required is available and suitable

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Roles and Responsibilities
Level 2 – Assistant Operator

• Follows procedures and instruction

• Performs equipment preparation, and maintenance as per instructions,

manuals and guide lines

• Attends and inputs to tool box talks, risk assessments and JSA

• Follows instructions from senior operator or supervisor

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Roles and Responsibilities
Level 3 –Operator

• Follows procedures and instruction

• Operates equipment as per instructions

• Understands the contingency plans

• Reports, corrects and communicates malfunctions to the supervisor

• Attends and inputs to tool box talks, risk assessments and JSA

• Follows instructions from supervisor

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Roles and Responsibilities
Level 4 –Supervisor

• Responsible for crew to follow procedures, programs, work instructions

etc

• Responsible for equipment operations

• Conduct and supervise the contingency plans

• Reports, corrects and communicates malfunctions to all parties involved

and acts as focal point

• Responsible for organizing work permits and performing toolbox

meetings, risk assessments and JSA’s

• Follows instructions from client

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Well Handover

Prior to accepting handover of any well, the integrity of that

particular well must be verified.

This includes checking,

• The well handover document has all the complete and correct information on it
• Clearly identifies the equipment and responsibilities being signed for
• The status of all the valves on the well handover document and that they have
been physically checked against the handover with the current well owner
• All barrier element test charts should be correctly annotated and signed by an
approving authority

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Well Handover

Continued…..

• Any issues with the current well conditions must be documented and
brought to the attention of the proposed well owner
• Any changes to the well operating parameters must also be documented
and brought to the attention of the proposed well owner

Once the well handover document has been accepted

and signed the new well owner is now accountable for the
integrity of that well.
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Checklist

Checklists are valuable tools for enhancing safety, efficiency, and

reliability
1.Enhanced Safety:
2.Improved Operational Efficiency:
3.Consistency:
4.Risk Management:
5.Compliance:
6.Training and Onboarding:
7.Documentation:
8.Communication and Collaboration:

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 COMPLETION OPERATIONS (CO)

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pressure & Volume Calculation

1. Pressure
• Hydrostatic Pressure
• Surface Pressure, SITHP
• Bottomhole Pressure
• Formation Pressure
• Fracture Pressure

2. Capacities and Volumes

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Hydrostatic Pressure – (Use TVD)

Other factors include:

 Fluid Density

 Fluid Temperature

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Hydrostatic Pressure Calculations

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Fluid density (ppg) x 0.052

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) x TVD = Hydrostatic Pressure

10,000ft TVD

OR

Fluid density x 0.052 x TVD = Hydrostatic Pressure

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pressure calculations - Liquids

10ppg x 0.052 = 0.52 psi/ft

0.52 psi/ft x 10,000 TVD = 5,200psi Hydrostatic Pressure

10ppg
Brine 10,000ft TVD
OR

10ppg x 0.052 x 10,000 ft = 5,200psi Hydrostatic Pressure

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pressure Calculations - BHP
Shut in Well Head Pressure
(SIWHP)

+
Hydrostatic Pressure
(HP) 10,000ft TVD

=
Bottom Hole Pressure
(BHP)

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pressure calculations - SIWHP
Shut in Well Head Pressure
(SIWHP)

=
Hydrostatic Pressure
(HP) 10,000ft TVD

-
Bottom Hole Pressure
(BHP)

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Calculating fluid weight

Hydrostatic Pressure ÷ 0.052 ÷ TVD = Fluid Density (ppg)

5,200 psi ÷ 10,000 ft = 10 ppg

10,000ft
TVD

Hydrostatic Pressure = 5,200 psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Calculating TVD

Hydrostatic Pressure ÷ Density ÷ 0.052 = TVD

5,200 psi ÷ 10 ppg = 10,000 ft 10ppg ?

Brine

Hydrostatic Pressure = 5,200 psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Calculations – Rounding rules
Pressures Example
•P.S.I. to nearest whole P.S.I. 525.6psi = 526psi
•More than .5 round up
525.4psi = 525psi
•Less than .5 round down

Volumes
Example
•bbls to 1 decimal place
•More than .05 round up 132.46bbls = 132.5bbls
•Less than .05 round down 132.44bbls = 132.4bbls

Strokes Example
•to nearest whole stroke
2568.6stks = 2569stks
•More than .5 round up
•Less than .5 round down 2568.4stkd = 2568stks

Density's Example
•PPG to 1 decimal place 11.46ppg = 11.5ppg
•Always round up
11.43ppg = 11.5ppg
Gradients Example
•To at least 3 decimal places 0.433psi\ft

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Hydrostatic pressure

Base oil HP = 6.8 x .052 x 5,500 = 1945 psi

5,500ft +
Fresh water HP = 8.33 x .052 x 1250 = 541psi

6,750ft +

Formation water HP = 9.6 x .052 x 2450 = 1223 psi

= 3709 psi
9,200ft Base oil 6.8ppg
Fresh water 8.33 ppg
Formation water 9.6 ppg

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Formation pressure

Oil HP – 0.362 x 6500 = 2353 psi

+
Fresh Water HP – 0.433 x 1250 = 541 psi

+
Formation water HP - 9.6 x .052 x 450 = 225 psi
= 3,119 psi HP

+ 2,000psi SITHP

= 5,119 psi
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Closed In Tubing Head Pressure
?
Oil Gradient 0.316 psi/ft
psi Fresh water Gradient 0.433 psi/ft
Formation water 0.455 psi/ft

Oil HP = 0.316 x 7550 = 2386psi

7,550ft +
Fresh water HP = 0.433 x 1400 = 606psi

8,950ft
+
Formation water HP = 0.455 x 1250 = 569 psi

= 3,561psi HP
10,200ft
- 7625 psi FP
FP = 7625 psi = 4064psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Gases
3,000PSI

Well Data :

SIWHP = 3000 psi

Gas Gradient = 0.04 psi/ft
TVD = 8000ft,
Gas
Gradient
Question : 0.04psi/ft

Calculate the pressure

exerted at the base of the
320psi
column
Hydrostatic pressure of gas column =
8000 x 0.04 psi/ft = 320psi

3,320psi 8,000ft TVD

BHP = Hydrostatic + CITHP = 3,320psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Liquids and Gases
2480
psi Gas Gradient 0.066 psi/ft
Zero
psi Oil Gradient 0.373 psi/ft
Formation water 9.6 ppg
Brine 9.85 ppg
3560ft

7840ft

10230ft

SPM (with Dummy)

10280ft

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Formation Pressure
2480 Gas Gradient 0.066 psi/ft
psi
Zero Oil Gradient 0.373 psi/ft
psi
Formation water 9.6 ppg
3,560 ft Brine 9.85 ppg
3560ft
0.066psi/ft x 3560ft = 235psi

4,280 ft
0.373psi/ft x 4280ft = 1596psi
7840ft

10230ft 9.6ppg x 0.052 = 0.499psi/ft x 2440ft = 1218psi

2,440 ft
SPM (with Dummy) + 235 psi
+ 1596 psi
10280ft + 1218 psi
+ 2480 psi (CITHP)
= 5529 psi FP

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Differential Pressure at SPM
2480
psi
Gas Gradient 0.066 psi/ft
Zero
Oil Gradient 0.373 psi/ft
psi
Formation water 9.6 ppg
3,560 ft Brine 9.85 ppg
3560ft
0.066 psi/ft x 3560 ft = 235 psi

4,280 ft
0.373psi/ft x 4280ft = 1596psi
7840ft
2,390 ft
10230ft 9.6ppg x 0.052 = 0.499psi/ft x 2390ft = 1193psi

Annulus Pressure at SPM Tubing Pressure at SPM

SPM (with Dummy)
9.85ppg x 0.052 x 10230ft = 5240psi + 235 psi
+ 1596 psi
10280ft
+ 1193 psi
∆P = Tubing Pressure – Annulus pressure
2480 psi
= 5,504psi – 5,240psi = 264psi
( in favour of the tubing ) = 5504 psi
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 FORMATION PRESSURE ( Pf)

It is the pressure exerted by the fluids within the

Definition
formations

The sedimentary rocks usually contain fluid due to their

mode of formation.
Most sedimentary rocks are formed as accumulations of rock
debris or organic material, underwater.
The vast majority of sedimentary rocks are laid down as
marine sediments in the shallow seas around the land areas.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 FORMATION PRESSURE ( Pf)
Formation pressure is equal to the hydrostatic
Normal pressure of the native water column extending from
Formation the surface to the subsurface formation.
Pressure Average Gradient 0.433 – 0.465 psi/ft

Formation pressure is lower than normal formation

Subnormal pressure. (<0.433 psi/ft)
Formation Depleted reservoirs, unconsolidated highly permeable
Pressure low pressure formations, natural fractures, vugs and
caves.

Formation pressure higher than normal formation

Abnormal pressure. (>0.465 psi/ ft)
Formation
Under compacted shale, salt domes, tectonic stresses
Pressure and charged zones.
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Surface Pressure Behaviour

Pressure build up at surface after

shutting a well in at surface

1st: Initial wellhead pressure – due to

pressure from reservoir
2nd: Subsequent slow build up of wellhead
pressure – due to gas migration as gas
comes out of solution

Other factors to consider could also include

thermal expansion and pressure build up

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Surface Pressure Behaviour

Gas at surface

BHP = Formation

Pressure stable – no more gas migration,

Well Shut in No more flow to or from the formation.
Pressure increase due to gas migration
Buildup to and expansion – if the formation is not
balance pugged
Stabilised Shut-in Tubing head Press
formation
Record psi & time.
Tubing Press –>

press
Until pressure is steady.
Allow for:
1. Gas migrates – due to gravity! • Formation re-charge
2. Well pressures increase, • Gas bubble migration
BHP> Form Press • Temperature equilibrium
Flowing Press 3. Some oil or water is forced back into 1. If there is oil and water, the oil will
formation - unless the formation is rise. The HSP on it will decrease
plugged. 2. If the pressure decreases below
4. Gas expands, balances BHP the bubble point, gas will expand
Gas migrates more, and the process and force water or oil back into the
continues while gas continues to formation – unless the formation is
migrate. plugged
Time –>

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Influx characteristics – Shut In

Well Shut In Well Shut In Well Shut In

0 psi 1,700 psi 3,400 psi

0 psi 0 ft 1,700 psi 0 ft Gas Bubble 3,400 psi 1 bbl 0 ft

1,700 psi 5,000 ft Gas Bubble 3,400 psi 1 bbl 5,000 ft 5,100 psi 5,000 ft

HP 3,400 psi HP 5,100 psi HP 6,800 psi

FP 3,400 psi 1 bbl 10,000 ft FP 3,400 psi 10,000 ft FP 3,400 psi 10,000 ft

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Formation Gradient
0 psi

• Is the gradient of a single fluid

required to exactly balance
formation pressure with zero
overbalance and zero surface
pressure 0.538psi/ft
=
• When given the formation gradient
10280ft
multiply by the TVD to get formation ÷
5530psi 10280 ft TVD
pressure 5,530psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Kill Fluid Gradient
zero

• Is the gradient of a single fluid required to 10.8ppg

over balance the formation pressure by a =
given amount and with zero surface 10.72ppg
=
pressure
0.052
• Overbalance should be specified ÷
0.558psi/ft
=
• If no overbalance specified - work out 10280ft
gradient to balance formation then round ÷
up ppg (don’t add your own overbalance)
5730psi
For a 200psi overbalance 5,730psi 10280 ft TVD
5,530psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Formation Fracture Gradient
0 psi

• Is the gradient of a single fluid required to

fracture the formation with zero surface
pressure

• Fracture pressure should be specified

0.680psi/ft
• When given the fracture gradient =
10280ft
• Multiply by the TVD to get fracture pressure ÷
7000psi
7,000psi 10280 ft TVD
Never exceed the fracture pressure 5,530psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 LOT – Leak Off Test

• The “Leak Off Pressure” is the surface

pressure that can be added to the
Leak Off Pressure
hydrostatic head of the mud in the well
that will cause the mud to be injected into
P
the formation
r
X
e
• The maximum mud weight can be s
calculated using the data obtained from s x
the LOT u x
r
• The “Leak Off Pressure” should never be e x
exceeded as this may lead to fracturing of
x
the formation especially in an
unconsolidated formation where Volume (1/4 barrels)
uncontrollable losses could occur.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 MAASP
Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface
Pressure
MAASP is the maximum surface pressure that can be tolerated before the
formation (at the shoe) breaks down

MAASP is the maximum annular pressure calculated from the original LOT / FIT
tests with the fluid weight in use at that time

If the fluid density changes, MAASP must be recalculated:

Fluid Weight then MAASP

If MAASP is exceeded then formation breakdown is likely to occur

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Calculating MAASP
Formation breakdown pressure:
= Applied surface pressure + hydrostatic pressure of the original fluid in the well
Example
MAASP = Formation breakdown pressure* – HP of fluid used for the LOT
6,000 psi – 5,460 psi = 540 psi
MAASP = 540 psi

During the life of a well the MAASP may have to be re-calculated to take into
account possible corrosion, erosion, pressure and temperature changes. These
effects will reduce the MAASP.

*Note – Formation breakdown pressure is derived from the previous LOT,

10.5 ppg (fluid weight) x 10,000 ft (shoe depth) x 0.052 + 540 psi = 6,000 psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 MAASP
Causes of annulus pressure build up:
• Thermal effect
• Channeling through bad cement job
• Leak in casing or tubing

Consequences:
• Collapse of inner casing / tubing
• Burst of outer casing
• Fracture of outer casing shoe

Action:
• Bleed off pressure and record rate of decline and build up.
• Record volume and nature of returns – oil / gas / brine etc

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 PRESSURE & FORCE

A differential pressure across a plug results in a force:

Formula 10
• Area of circle (inch2) = 0.785 x Diameter2 (inch)
Formula 11
• Force (lbs Force) = Pressure (psi) x Area (inch2)
• Consider a plug set in a 4 ½” Nipple, bore ID = 3.812”,
with a 10,000 psi pressure below it, and zero above:

Area exposed to pressure = 0.7854 x 3.8122 = 11.41 sq in

Force = Press (psi) x Area (sq in)

= 10,000 x 11.41
= 114,129 lb force upwards

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 PRESSURE & FORCE
Consider the force on a packer in casing:
Example: 7” 26 lb/ft casing, bore ID = 6.276”, and 3 1/2” OD tubing with a
10,000 psi below it, and empty casing above

• Area inside casing = πr2= 0.7854 x d2

= 0.7854 x 6.2762 = 30.9354 sq in

• Area of tubing OD = πr2 = 0.7854 x d2

= 0.7854 x 3.52 = 9.6211 sq in

• Annulus area of Pkr = 30.9354 - 9.6211 = 21.3143 sq in.

• Differential pressure = 10,000 psi

• Force = Differential Press (psi) x Area (sq in)

= 10,000 x 21.3143
= 213,143 lb force upwards

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 U – Tube Calculation

There is a plug in the end of tubing (EOT)

EOT = 10,100 ft MD & TVD
The tubing is full of seawater, gradient 0.447 psi/ft
The annulus is full of brine, 9.7 ppg.
The SSD at 10,000 ft MD & TVD is open.
What is the tubing head pressure (THP)?

*** Draw a diagram!!!

WIPC Formula 3

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 U – Tube Calculation
There is a plug in the end of tubing (EOT)
EOT = 10,100 ft MD & TVD
The tubing is full of seawater, gradient 0.447
SW psi/ft
0.447
psi/ft The annulus is full of brine, 9.7 ppg.
The SSD at 10,000 ft MD & TVD is open.
Brine
What is the tubing head pressure (THP)?
9.7 ppg

Annulus HSP = 9.7 x 0.052 x 10,000 = 5044 psi

Tubing HSP = 0.447 x 10,000 = 4470 psi

SSD THP = 5044 – 4470

10,000 ft
= 574 psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 CAPACITIES AND VOLUMES

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes – (Use M.D.)

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes

The Capacity of casing or tubing is expressed as The volume per unit of length
(MD) i.e, Barrels for foot (bbl/ft) – from tubing tables,

Formula 6:

Tubing Capacity (bbl/ft) = Tubing ID2 (in) ÷ 1029.4

Formula 7:

Annular Capacity (bbl/ft) = (casing ID2 (in) - tubing OD2 (in)) ÷ 1029.4

Formula 8:

Volume (bbl) = Capacity (bbl/ft) x MD (ft)

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes
Pipe & Annulus Capacity & Displacement:
Casing Capacity
= white plus blue plus beige
(All inside the Casing ID)
COD
CID Casing metal displacement
(OE Displacement)
= Inner annulus (blue)

Annulus Capacity
Tod = Outer annulus (white)

Tid
Tubing Capacity
= centre circle (beige)

Tubing metal displacement

(OE Displacement)
= Inner annulus (blue)

Tubing Closed-end Displ.

(CE Displacement) Tbg cap +
tbg metal = (inner blue + beige)

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes

Casing Tubing Metal Annular

CETD
Capacity Capacity Displacement Capacity
Casing Cap = Tubing cap. + Metal Displ. + Annular cap.

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Annular Capacities

To calculate the Annular Capacity you must subtract the

CETD from the Casing Capacity
Example
Closed End Tubing Displacement = 0.02bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.05bbl/ft
Annulus capacity = 0.05bbl/ft – 0.02bbl/ft = 0.03bbl/ft
MD to end of tubing = 10,000ft
Annulus Volume = 0.03bbl/ft x 10,000ft = 300bbls

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes

How to calculate capacities

Example:
9 5/8” Casing, 47lbs/ft, ID - 8.681”

ID² ÷1029.42

(8.681” x 8.681”) ÷ 1029.42 = 0.0732 BBL’s/ft

OR

ID² x 0.0009714

(8.681” x 8.681”) x 0.0009714 = 0.0732 BBL’s/ft

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes
Bottoms Up
Reverse circulation - pump down the annulus take returns
up the tubing –
Volume to pump = tubing volume = 150bbls

Forward circulation - pump down the tubing take returns up

the annulus –
Volume to pump = annulus volume = 300bbls

Circulating volume
System Volume
10,000 ft MD
Wellbore volume
Full Circulation
Total volume
=
Tubing Annulus
Tubing volume + Annulus volume = 450bbls
Capacity Capacity
0.015 bbls/ft) 0.03 bbls/ft)
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Bottoms Up

Bottoms up is - circulating what’s at the bottom up to the top

Direction of circulation should be specified – Forward or Reverse

− Volume required (bbls)

− Time required (mins)
− Number of strokes required (stks)

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes

Volume to pump – 100bbls

Time to pump 100bbls

Pump Rate = 2 bbls/min
Time to pump = 100/2 = 50 mins

How many strokes to pump 100bbls

Rig pump displacement = 0.02 bbl/stroke
Strokes to pump = 100/0.02 = 5,000 strokes

How long to pump 5,000 strokes

Pump rate = 100 strokes / min
Time to pump = 5,000/100 = 50 mins

Volumes – to circulating point

Volumes – if not specified – to end of the tubing
Annulus volume – greater than tubing volume
Bottoms up – if not specified assume forward circulation

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities and Volumes

Using the Tables calculate the following:

• Reverse circulation bottoms up

• Forward bottoms up

• Total Circulation volume

• Pump rate required to complete a full circulation in 71 minutes

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities & Volumes
TUBING VOLUME ANNULAR VOLUME BETWEEN ONE STRING
OF TUBING AND CASING

Casing Data Size OD Weight Inside Drift Barrels Feet per

Inside tubing OD 2.875
OD - 7" Inches lbs/ft dia dia per foot barrel
ID - 6.154" Outside Casing
Weight - 30 lbs/ft 2.375 3.10 2.125 1.901 0.0044 227.97 Size OD Weight Inside Barrels Feet per
3.32 2.107 1.901 0.0043 231.88 Inches lbs/ft dia per foot barrel
Tubing Data
OD - 2.875" 4.70 1.995 1.901 0.0041 247.12
ID - 2.441" 5.30 1.939 1.845 0.0037 273.82 5.5 15.50 4.95 0.0158 63.4
Weight - 6.4 lbs/ft 5.95 1.867 1.773 0.0034 295.53 17.00 4.892 0.0152 65.71
20.00 4.778 0.0141 70.68
2.875 6.40 2.441 2.347 0.0058 172.56 23.00 4.67 0.0132 76.01
7.90 2.323 2.229 0.0052 190.76
6.625 17.00 6.135 0.0285 35.05
8.70 2.259 2.165 0.0051 201.72 20.00 6.049 0.0275 36.34
9.50 2.195 2.101 0.0047 213.66 22.00 5.989 0.0268 37.29
8210 ft SSD
26.00 5.855 0.0253 39.57
3.5 9.30 2.992 2.867 0.0087 114.99
8260 ft PACKER
10.30 2.992 2.797 0.0083 120.57 7.00 20.00 6.456 0.0325 30.81
12.95 2.75 2.625 0.0073 136.13 26.00 6.276 0.0302 33.08
15.80 2.548 2.423 0.0063 158.56 29.00 6.184 0.0291 34.34
8310 ft FORMATION 30.00 6.154 0.0288 34.77
4.5 12.75 3.958 3.833 0.0152 65.71
9.625 29.30 9.063 0.07175 13.935
13.50 3.92 3.795 0.0149 66.99 32.30 9.001 0.07067 14.149
15.50 3.826 3.701 0.0142 70.32 36.00 8.921 0.06927 14.434
19.20 3.64 3.515 0.0129 77.69 38.00 8.885 0.06865 14.565

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities and Volumes

From the Tables

Tubing Capacity = 0.0058 bbls/ft
Annulus capacity = 0.0288 bbls/ft

Volumes
Tubing Volume to SSD = 8210 x 0.0058 = 47.6bbls
Annulus Volume to SSD = 8210 x 0.0288 = 236.4bbls

Bottoms Up
Reverse circulation = tubing volume – 47.6bbls
Forward circulation = annulus volume – 236.4bbls

Circulation Volume
Tubing volume + Annulus volume = 284bbls

Required Pump rate

284 bbls ÷ 71 minutes = 4 bpm
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Capacities and Volumes
Example:
7” Casing Capacity: 0.04049 bbl/ft
Tubing, 3 ½” C75 10.3 ppf Hydril CS4:
Tubing Capacity: 0.00829 bbl/ft
Tubing Metal Displacement : 0.00375 bbl/ft
Pump Displacement: 0.0899 bbl/stroke
Pump rate: 100 strokes/min
End of Tubing: 10,200 ft MD, 9,200 ft TVD

a) How many strokes to circulate bottoms up using Reverse

Circulation?
b) How many strokes to displace the entire wellbore?

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pump & circulating pressure

New pump/circulating pressure =

Pump pressure (Psi) x (New pump rate (bbl/min)/Old pump rate
(bbl/min))2
While circulating Kill Fluid you are asked to reduce the flow rate by 25%
The current rate is 2 bbl/min
The initial pump pressure was 2000 psi
What will be the new pump pressure?

(100%-25%) x 2 bbl/min = 1.5 bbl/min

New Pump pressure = 2000 x (1.5 / 2 ) 2

= 1125 psi
Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pump rate and density effects

Rule of Thumb Formula for fluid friction change:

1. Pump Rate Change:

New Fr. Psi = Old Fr psi x (New rate/Old rate)2

2. Fluid Density Change:

New Fr. Psi = Old Fr psi x New ppg / Old ppg

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pump rate and density effects

Well data:
Brine density = 9.3 ppg
Pump speed = 2 bbl/min
Static pressure = 1,000 psi
Pumping pressure = 1,500 psi

Estimate the pump pressure if the pump rate is increased to 3 bpm:

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Pump rate and density effects

Well data:
Brine density = 9.3 ppg
Pump speed = 2 bbl/min
Static pressure = 1,000 psi
Pumping pressure = 1,500 psi

Estimate the pump pressure if the pump rate is increased to 3 bpm:

Friction pressure loss = 1500 – 1000 = 500 psi

New Fr. Psi = Old Fr psi x (New rate / Old rate)2 psi
(New rate and old rate to be in the same units – eg, both bbl/min,
gpm, or SPM)
New fr press = 500 x (3/2)2 = 500 x (1.5) 2 = 500 x 2.25
= 1125 psi

New Pump Press = Static + Fr = 1000 + 1125 = 2125 psi

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)
Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Workover - Cleaning

Velocity affects the efficiency of hole cleaning

• High velocity: better cleaning.
Velocity affects fluid friction
• High velocity: higher pump pressure, higher BHP, More losses to the
formation

Velocity depends on the size and capacity of the pipe or annulus

Whether tubing or annulus has more friction depends on their relative size:
• Annulus Large – low velocity, low friction eg, 3 ½” Tubing in 7 “ Casing
• Annulus Small – high velocity, high friction eg, 5 ½ Tubing in 7 5/8 Casing

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019
 Exercises

1. Pressure Basic One

2. Pressure Basics Two

Ref. no. : WIPC(3&4)/PPT(CO)

Rev. date : 25/7/2019