Chapter 1 - Computer
System
IPO Cycle
IPO Cycle
A computer is a data processing machine.
Data refers to the raw facts which are entered through the
input devices.
Information on the other hand is, data is processed and
obtained as the result through output devices.
IPO Cycle
During the functioning of a computer.
The first stage (things to work upon) is called input stage.
The second stage (the actual work being performed) is called
process stage.
The third stage (the result) is called output stage.
Every task follows this Input-Process-Output cycle
Example
Computer Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer that
you can touch and feel.
Hardware components are referred to as computer
peripherals
Computer Hardware
Hardware
Output Input
Device Device
Computer Hardware
Input Peripherals
Or
Input Device
Keyboard
Keyboard is primarily used input device.
It has letters, numbers and special keys.
It can be connected to CPU through cable or wireless
QWERTY is the most common modern day keyboard layout.
Mouse
It is a pointing device. It helps to draw, colour, play games and point
different things on computer
The arrow on the monitor is called mouse pointer. It shows the movement
of mouse.
Ball Mouse Wireless Mouse
Optical Mouse
Trackball
A trackball is a pointing device that has a ball on the top that can rotate
freely.
Instead of moving the device you can roll the ball with your fingers to
move the mouse pointer.
Touchpad
A touchpad is a touch sensitive pad that allows you to control the
mouse pointer by making a motion with your finger.
They are common on laptop computers.
Touchscreen
A touchscreen recognises touch within the display region as input.
You will find touchscreen on mobile phones, tablets, ATM machines etc.
Microphone
A microphone is used to record different sounds into the computer
Joystick
A joystick is used in playing computer games.
It has a stick, when moved controls the mouse pointer on the screen.
Scanner
A scanner copies pictures or text on a paper onto a computer.
It converts paper pages into digital pages.
Barcode Reader
It is commonly used in shops and super markets.
A barcode is a group of thin and thick lines that is placed on a product
so that a computer can get the price of the product and information
about it.
Web Camera
A web camera is used to take live photos and videos.
OCR Reader
OCR – Optical Character Recognition
Converts data on paper into digital format.
If a document is scanned it can easily be edited in a word
document.
OCR scans the text character by character.
MICR Reader
MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MICR is widely used in banks.
Numbers and characters found on the bottom of the cheque which
is printed using magnetic ink. It helps to prevent forgery.
Computer Hardware
Output Peripherals
Or
Output Device
Monitor
A computer monitor looks like a television, It is also known as VDU
(Visual Display Unit).
It comes in different sizes like 10, 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches.
Two types of Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
It is heavy in size and produces lot of heat.
Two types of Monitor
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor
It is light in weight. It produces less heat.
It has better picture quality.
LCD monitors are commonly used these days.
Printer
Printer is used to print information that you see on the monitor onto a
paper.
Different types of printers
❑ Impact Printers
❑ Non-Impact printers
❑ Plotter
Impact Printers
It makes contact with the paper.
It has a print head that moves horizontally and vertically.
It forms the print by pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using
the pins.
These printers are slow and noisy.
Examples: Dot Matrix printer, Daisy wheel printer, Line printer
Impact Printers
Dot Matrix printer
Daisy wheel printer
Line printer
Non-Impact Printers
Non-Impact printers do not use a striking device to produce
characters on paper.
They do not have contact between print head and paper.
These printers produce less noise and better quality.
Examples: Laser printer and Inkjet printer.
Non-Impact Printers
Inkjet printer
Laser printer
Plotter
It is bigger in size than a printer.
It prints high quality graphics such as charts, diagrams and maps.
It is used by engineers and architects.
Types of plotter: Drum Plotter, Inkjet Plotter and
Flatbed plotter
Plotter
Computer Software
Software refers to the set of computer programs that are required for
effective running or operating a computer system.
The stepwise instructions that are given to the computer are called
programs.
Types of Software
System Software
System Software controls and coordinates the hardware of the
computer.
It enables smooth running of the various application software.
Operating System
The operating system is the most important program of the
computer.
Every computer must have an operating system to work and run
other programs.
It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
Operating System
The operating system is the most important program of the
computer.
Every computer must have an operating system to work and run
other programs.
It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
Operating System
Operating System performs
the following tasks
Recognising input from the keyboard.
Sending output to the monitor.
Keeping track of files from the hard disk.
Controlling peripheral devices.
Starting WINDOWS 7
When you switch ON a computer, you hear a beep sound.
The operating system gets loaded.
The process of loading the operating system is called booting.
Desktop
The first screen that you see after booting is the desktop.
Desktop is where all the icons are placed.
Icons
Icons are little pictures displayed on the desktop that represent a
program, file or folder.
Icons
Taskbar
Taskbar is the bar displayed at the bottom of the desktop.
It shows you which program is running on the system and allows you
to switch between them.
The Start button present at the extreme left.
Notification area display a clock and small group of icons.
Show Desktop button is a rectangular bar at the very end of the
taskbar.
Features of Windows 7
Desktop Gadgets
The gadgets provide information at a glance.
Example: Calendar, Clock, Puzzle etc.
Pinning a Program
Programs and files can be pinned to taskbar to make them
accessible.
Pinning a Program
The taskbar will also tell you which programs are currently open and
running.
Jump List
It contain pinned and recent files.
Right click an icon on the taskbar. It will show a list of recent and
frequent files.
Live Taskbar Preview
You can point to a taskbar button to see live preview of its open
windows.
It is called Aero Peek.
Snap
Snap is a quick way to resize open windows.
Drag them to the edges of the screen.
Depending on where you drag the window, you can expand it.
Aero Shake
It will make the desktop clean and leave the file you want to focus
on.
Click the title bar of the window you want to appear, and shake the
mouse. This will minimise all the other windows on the desktop.
Aero Flip 3D
Allows you to quickly preview all of your open files, folders and
documents without clicking the taskbar.
Press +
Types of Software
Language Processor / Translator
A language translator / processor is a type of software.
Before a program is executed it is converted into binary language.
It translates the program into binary language and vice-versa.
Language Translator Types
Assembler
It is software that converts programs written in assembly language to
machine language.
Interpreter
It is software that converts programs written in high-level language to
machine language.
It converts one instruction at a time.
Hence the errors has to be rectified for each line before the
complete program gets translated.
Example: QBASIC and Python
Interpreter
QBASIC
Interpreter
Error
Compiler
It is software that converts programs written in high-level language to
machine language.
It converts in a single operation.
The errors are reported with line numbers at the end.
Example: C and C++
Compiler
C program
Compiler
Error
The program written in high level language is called source code.
The program written in machine language is called object code.
Utility Software
It is designed to help, manage and ensure smooth functioning of the
computer system.
❖ Backup utility
❖ Data compression program
❖ Disk defragmenter
❖ Antivirus software
❖ Disk Cleaner
Backup Utility
This program helps you to copy the files from one medium to another
in your hard disk as a backup.
This feature helps in case of emergency.
If the original file is crashed, damaged or corrupt, this backup file is
utilised.
Backup Utility
Data Compression Program
This program allows you to compress large volume of data into small
size of a file.
It takes small storage space.
Win Zip 7-Zip RAR
Antivirus / Virus Scanner
Virus may slowdown the working or even damage the computer
system.
To prevent such thing virus scanner or antivirus is used.
Example → Norton, McAfee, AVG and so on.
Antivirus / Virus Scanner
Disk Cleaner
It searches and cleans unnecessary files from the computer system.
It takes up considerable amount of space in the computer system.
Disk cleaner helps you to decide what you can clean when the hard
disk is full.
Disk Cleaner
Disk Defragmenter
Data of some files is scattered across the locations on the hard disk.
Disk Defragmenter
Data of some files is scattered across the locations on the hard disk.
Disk Defragmenter
Data of some files is scattered across the locations on the hard disk.
Presentation Excel
Word 1 Presentation Word 2 Excel Word 3
Disk Defragmenter
Defragmentation is the process of consolidating fragmented (Break)
files on the user's hard drive.
Disk Defragmenter
Files become fragmented when data is written to disk, and there is
not enough contiguous (together in sequence) space to hold the
complete file.
This helps to increase the access speed by rearranging files stored
on a disk.
Disk Defragmenter
Application Software
Application Software is a set of instructions that are designed to
perform specific task.
Application software are divided into two categories
❖ General Purpose Application Software
❖ Specific Purpose Application Software
General Purpose
Application Software
The Software is developed by keeping in mind the general needs of
a large number of people is called general purpose application
Software.
For Example Word, Presentation, Spreadsheet and Database
software, audio, photo, video editing and Desktop Publishing
software etc
General Purpose
Application Software
Specific Purpose
Application Software
The Software is designed according to the specific needs of an
organisation or an individual.
Such software can be very expensive and take time to develop.
For Example: Billing system, Reservation in Railway station and
Airports, Payroll system etc.
Specific Purpose
Application Software
Specific Purpose
Application Software
Specific Purpose
Application Software
Programming Languages
A step by step instruction given to a computer is called a program.
This process is called programming.
The person who writes a program is called programmer.
Programming Languages
Programming Languages are classified as:
❖ First generation languages
❖ Second-generation languages
❖ Third-generation languages
❖ Fourth-generation languages
❖ Fifth-generation languages
First Generation Language
First generation languages used machine language.
It was directly understood by the computer.
It doesn’t require any translators.
The disadvantage is it was difficult to learn and write
First Generation Language
Second Generation
Language
Second generation languages used assembly language.
It uses assembler to translate assembly language to machine
language.
It is referred to as low level programming language
Second Generation
Language
Third Generation
Language
It is similar to English.
It is simple and easy to understand.
They are referred to as high-level language
Example: C, C++, BASIC etc
Third Generation
Language
Fourth Generation
Language
They are user friendly.
Output need to be specified.
They are referred to as very high level programming language.
Example: SQL
Fourth Generation
Language
Fifth Generation
Language
More advanced.
Doesn’t require any specialised knowledge.
Used in Artificial Intelligence.
