Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.

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I. INTRODUCTION

Contents

I.1 Introduction
I.2 Analog Integrated Circuit Design
I.3 Technology Overview
I.4 Notation
I.5 Analog Circuit Analysis Techniques
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.0-2
Organization

Chapter 10
Chapter 11
D/A and A/D
Analog Systems
Converters
SYSTEMS

Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9

CMOS Simple CMOS High Performance
Comparators Opamps Opamps
COMPLEX

CIRCUITS

Chapter 5 Chapter 6
CMOS CMOS
Subcircuits Amplifiers
SIMPLE

Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

CMOS CMOS Device Device
Technology Modeling Characterization

DEVICES

Introduction
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I.1 - INTRODUCTION

GLOBAL OBJECTIVES
• Teach the analysis, modeling, simulation, and design of analog circuits
implemented in CMOS technology.
• Emphasis will be on the design methodology and a hierarchical
approach to the subject.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. Present an overall, uniform viewpoint of CMOS analog circuit design.
2. Achieve an understanding of analog circuit design.
• Hand calculations using simple models
• Emphasis on insight
• Simulation to provide second-order design resolution
3. Present a hierarchical approach.
• Sub-blocks → Blocks → Circuits → Systems
4. Examples to illustrate the concepts.
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.2-1

I.2 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN

ANALOG DESIGN TECHNIQUES VERSUS TIME

FILTERS AMPLIFICATION

Passive RLC circuits Open-loop amplifiers

1935-1950

Active-RC Filters Feedback Amplifiers

Requires precise definition
of time constants (RC Requires precise definition
products) of passive components
1978

Switched Capacitor Switched Capacitor

Filters Amplifiers
Requires precise C Requires precise C
ratios and clock ratios
1983

Continuous Time Continuous Time

Filters Amplifiers
Time constants are Component ratios
adjustable are adjustable

1992

? Digitally assisted analog circuits ?

Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.2-2

DISCRETE VS. INTEGRATED ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN

Activity/Item Discrete Integrated

Component Accuracy Well known Poor absolute accuracies

Breadboarding? Yes No (kit parts)

Fabrication Independent Very Dependent

Physical PC layout Layout, verification, and

Implementation extraction

Parasitics Not Important Must be included in the

design

Simulation Model parameters well Model parameters vary

known widely

Testing Generally complete Must be considered

testing is possible before the design

CAD Schematic capture, Schematic capture,

simulation, PC board simulation, extraction,
layout LVS, layout and routing

Components All possible Active devices,

capacitors, and resistors
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.2-3

THE ANALOG IC DESIGN PROCESS

Conception of the idea

Definition of the design

Comparison Comparison
with design Implementation with design
specifications specifications

Simulation

Physical Definition

Physical Verification

Parasitic Extraction

Fabrication

Testing and Verification

Product
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.2-4

COMPARISON OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Analog Circuits Digital Circuits

Signals are continuous in amplitude Signal are discontinuous in

and can be continuous or discrete in amplitude and time - binary signals
time have two amplitude states

Designed at the circuit level Designed at the systems level

Components must have a continuum Component have fixed values
of values
Customized Standard
CAD tools are difficult to apply CAD tools have been extremely
successful
Requires precision modeling Timing models only
Performance optimized Programmable by software
Irregular block Regular blocks
Difficult to route automatically Easy to route automatically
Dynamic range limited by power Dynamic range unlimited
supplies and noise (and linearity)
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.3-1

I.3 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

BANDWIDTHS OF SIGNALS USED IN SIGNAL PROCESSING
APPLICATIONS

Video

Acoustic
Seismic imaging

Sonar Radar

Audio AM-FM radio, TV

Telecommunications Microwave

1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G 100G

Signal Frequency (Hz)

Signal frequency used in signal processing applications.

Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.3-2

BANDWIDTHS THAT CAN BE PROCESSED BY PRESENT-

DAY TECHNOLOGIES

BiCMOS

Bipolar analog

Bipolar digital logic

MOS digital logic

MOS analog

Optical

GaAs

1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G 100G

Signal Frequency (Hz)
Frequencies that can be processed by present-day technologies.
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.3-3

CLASSIFICATION OF SILICON TECHNOLOGY

Silicon IC Technologies

Bipolar Bipolar/MOS MOS

Junction Dielectric PMOS

Isolated Isolated CMOS (Aluminum NMOS
Gate)

Aluminum Silicon Aluminum Silicon

gate gate gate gate
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.3-4
BIPOLAR VS. MOS TRANSISTORS

CATEGORY BIPOLAR CMOS

Turn-on Voltage 0.5-0.6 V 0.8-1 V
Saturation Voltage 0.2-0.3 V 0.2-0.8 V
gm at 100µA 4 mS 0.4 mS (W=10L)
Analog Switch Offsets, asymmetric Good
Implementation
Power Dissipation Moderate to high Low but can be large
Speed Faster Fast
Compatible Capacitors Voltage dependent Good
AC Performance DC variables only DC variables and
Dependence geometry
Number of Terminals 3 4
Noise (1/f) Good Poor
Noise Thermal OK OK
Offset Voltage < 1 mV 5-10 mV
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.3-5

WHY CMOS???

CMOS is nearly ideal for mixed-signal designs:

• Dense digital logic
• High-performance analog

DIGITAL ANALOG

MIXED-SIGNAL IC
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.4-1

I.4 NOTATION
SYMBOLS FOR TRANSISTORS

Drain Drain

Gate Bulk Gate

Source Source/bulk
n-channel, enhance- n-channel, enhance-
ment, VBS ≠ 0 ment, bulk at most
negative supply

Drain Drain

Gate Bulk Gate

Source Source/bulk
p-channel, enhance- p-channel, enhance-
ment, VBS ≠ 0 ment, bulk at most
positive supply
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.4-2
SYMBOLS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Operational Amplifier/Amplifier/OTA

V I

+ +
AvV1 G mV1
V1 V1

- -

VCVS VCCS

I1 I1

Rm I 1 Ai I 1

CCVS CCCS
Allen and Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design Page I.4-3
Notation for signals

Id

id

ID
iD

time