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Atomic Structure Notes Part1

The document provides an overview of atomic theory, detailing the contributions of key scientists such as John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr. It explains the structure of atoms, including subatomic particles, atomic models, quantum mechanics, and electronic configuration. Additionally, it introduces concepts like isotopes, isobars, and isotones, along with practice questions for further understanding.

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24 views3 pages

Atomic Structure Notes Part1

The document provides an overview of atomic theory, detailing the contributions of key scientists such as John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr. It explains the structure of atoms, including subatomic particles, atomic models, quantum mechanics, and electronic configuration. Additionally, it introduces concepts like isotopes, isobars, and isotones, along with practice questions for further understanding.

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s21nchem1m01018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Atomic Structure - Part 1

1. Introduction to Atomic Theory

- Matter is made up of atoms.

- John Dalton (1803) proposed the first scientific atomic theory.

Dalton's Atomic Theory:

1. All matter is made up of atoms (indivisible and indestructible).

2. Atoms of the same element are identical in mass and properties.

3. Compounds are formed by a combination of atoms in simple ratios.

4. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.

(Note: Some parts were later modified.)

2. Subatomic Particles

Particle | Symbol | Charge | Relative Mass | Discovered By

------------------------------------------------------------

Electron | e- | -1 | 1/1836 | J.J. Thomson (1897)

Proton | p+ | +1 |1 | Ernest Rutherford (1911)

Neutron |n |0 |1 | James Chadwick (1932)

3. J.J. Thomson's Experiment (Cathode Ray Tube)

- Discovered electrons using cathode ray tube.

- Proposed Plum Pudding Model: Atom is a sphere of positive charge with embedded electrons.

4. Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment (1911)

- Bombarded alpha particles at gold foil.

Observations:

- Most particles passed through.

- Some deflected.

- Few rebounded back.

Conclusions:

1. Atom is mostly empty space.


Atomic Structure - Part 1

2. Dense, positive nucleus at center.

3. Electrons revolve around nucleus.

-> Rutherford's Nuclear Model

5. Bohr's Atomic Model (1913)

- Electrons revolve in fixed orbits with fixed energy.

- Do not radiate energy in orbit.

- Energy is absorbed/released when jumping levels.

Formulas:

- Energy of orbit (En): En = -13.6 Z^2/n^2 eV

- Radius of orbit (rn): rn = 0.529 x n^2/Z Angstrom

6. Quantum Mechanical Model

- Introduced by Schrodinger.

- Electrons found in orbitals (not fixed paths).

- Based on wave nature and probability.

7. Quantum Numbers

Describes position and energy of electrons:

Principal (n): Energy level -> 1, 2, 3,...

Azimuthal (l): Subshell (s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3)

Magnetic (m): Orientation -> -l to +l

Spin (s): +1/2 or -1/2

8. Electronic Configuration

- Electrons fill orbitals using:

1. Aufbau Principle

2. Pauli Exclusion Principle

3. Hund's Rule
Atomic Structure - Part 1

Example: Oxygen (8e-): 1s2 2s2 2p4

9. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones

Isotopes: Same element, different neutrons (1H, 2H, 3H)

Isobars: Different elements, same mass (40Ca and 40Ar)

Isotones: Same neutrons (14C and 15N)

10. Practice Questions

1. Define isotopes with examples.

2. Calculate energy of electron in 2nd orbit of hydrogen atom.

3. Which orbital fills first: 3d or 4s?

4. Write quantum numbers for last electron in chlorine.

5. State Bohr's postulates.

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