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Structure of Atom Notes

Chapter 2 discusses the structure of the atom, beginning with Dalton's Atomic Theory and its limitations, followed by the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It covers various atomic models including Thomson's, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's quantized orbits, as well as the quantum mechanical model developed by Schrödinger. The chapter concludes with rules for filling orbitals and examples of electronic configurations.

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14 views2 pages

Structure of Atom Notes

Chapter 2 discusses the structure of the atom, beginning with Dalton's Atomic Theory and its limitations, followed by the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It covers various atomic models including Thomson's, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's quantized orbits, as well as the quantum mechanical model developed by Schrödinger. The chapter concludes with rules for filling orbitals and examples of electronic configurations.

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sathyasai728573
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 2: Structure of Atom

1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory & Limitations


Dalton proposed that matter consists of indivisible atoms. His theory explained laws of
chemical combination but failed to explain existence of subatomic particles and isotopes.

2. Discovery of Subatomic Particles


• Electron (J.J. Thomson, 1897): Discovered using cathode ray tube.

• Proton (E. Goldstein, 1886): Discovered as canal rays.

• Neutron (James Chadwick, 1932): Neutral particle in nucleus.

Cathode Ray Experiment

When high voltage is applied across electrodes in a discharge tube at low pressure,
invisible rays travel from cathode to anode. They cause fluorescence on striking glass.

Key Properties of Cathode Rays:


1. Travel in straight lines. 2. Negatively charged. 3. Deflected by electric & magnetic fields.
4. Possess mass (move paddle wheel).

Charge of electron (Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment):


e = 1.602 × 10■¹■ C

3. Thomson’s Model of Atom


Atom as a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded like seeds in watermelon.
Disproved later.

4. Rutherford’s Nuclear Model


Gold foil experiment (α-particles striking thin gold foil). Observations: Most passed
undeflected, few deflected at large angles. Conclusion: Nucleus is small, dense, and
positively charged.

5. Bohr’s Atomic Model


Bohr postulated quantized orbits for electrons. Angular momentum quantized:

mvr = nh/2π
Energy difference between levels corresponds to radiation:
∆E = hν

6. Hydrogen Spectrum
Spectral lines due to electron transitions. Series:

• Lyman (UV) • Balmer (Visible) • Paschen (IR) • Brackett (IR) • Pfund (IR)

Rydberg Formula:
1/λ = R (1/n■² – 1/n■²)

7. Dual Nature of Matter


De Broglie: λ = h/mv
Heisenberg Uncertainty: ∆x·∆p ≥ h/4π

8. Quantum Mechanical Model


Developed by Schrödinger. Describes electrons as wave functions. Orbitals are regions
with high probability of finding electrons.

Quantum Numbers:
n → principal (size) l → azimuthal (shape) m → magnetic (orientation) s → spin (±1/2)

9. Shapes of Orbitals
s → spherical p → dumbbell d → clover-leaf

10. Rules for Filling Orbitals


• Aufbau Principle: Fill lowest energy first. • Pauli Exclusion: No two electrons can have
same 4 quantum numbers. • Hund’s Rule: Maximum multiplicity.

n + l Rule Order:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d <
7p

11. Electronic Configurations


Examples: H: 1s¹ O: 1s² 2s² 2p■ Na: 1s² 2s² 2p■ 3s¹

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