Foundation of Computer Programming Visual Basic 6.

0 Programming

Instructor: Mr. Nguyen Cao Tri

caotri@dit.hcmut.edu.vn http://www.dit.hcmut.edu.vn/~caotri

Documents: Course syllabus, lectures slide, samples can be found at

http://www.dit.hcmut.edu.vn/~caotri/VB6

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Course Information

Course objectives:

Understand basic theories on Computer software programming Understand Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 syntax and its major features Design and develop GUI Windows applications Develop critical thinking of software programming Visual Basic 6.0 how to program ,Deitel & Deitel Cyber classroom CD :Visual Basic 6.0 how to program Internet Web site access
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Text book/reading material:

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Introduction

Computing concepts Programming concepts Flowchart

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Computing Concepts

Computer

CPU Storage System

Processor I/O devices I/O Devices Storage system: Primary & Secondary

Operating system User interface: command line , GUI Programming concepts:

Whats Program Programming languages: machine code, high level languages Developing environmental Algorithms
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Programming languages & IDE

Programming languages

GO TO Programming : basic, assembly Structured Programming: Pascal, C,.. Object Programming: Java, C++ Visual approach for GUI programming. Interpreter Compiler Project manager, Code editor, debug, compiler

Compiler

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

Whats Object? Object properties Object method Whats Class? Message/Even Object vs. Structure How can an OOP program works? Object and Visual Basic

Object Name (ID) Properties

Methods

Object 1

Messages Object 1

Object 1

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Algorithms & Flowchart

Whats algorithms How to present an algorithms?

Natural language, Programming languages Others?

Flowchart

Characteristic: picture base, chart base Capability Advantage:

Simple Easy to understand Powerful Better view and control of Flowchart

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Flowchart components
Start
Process Flow Input / Output data Start or Begin of algorithms. One START point only.

Process description / data calculation

No Condition Yes

Process Direction Control

Other Process direction Control

Value 1

Evaluation Item
Value i Others

Stop

Stop or End of algorithms. One/Multi STOP point.

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Flowchart Example
Start Read a, b a=0 ?
No Yes

Algorithms ax + b=0 equation solving.

b=0 ?
No

Yes

X=-b/a

No Solution

Any number is solution

Stop

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Control Structures in programming languages

If <condition> then Statement; If <condition> then Statement 1 else Statement 2; Case <Value> of value 1 : Statement 1; .. value n : Statement n; else : Statement 0 end; While <condition> do Statement; Repeat Statement until <condition>; For counter=start value to end value do Statement; For counter=start value downto end value do Statement;

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Other terms in computer programming

Data & Data type Basic data type

integer, long, character, byte, . Real (double, float) Others: string

Structured data type: array, string, record,.. Variable, Constant Reserve words, keywords Error : Syntax error, Semantic error, Run time error Debug : trace, break point, test case Packet & installation tools
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Whats Visual Basic (VB)

Microsoft Windows Programming language Microsoft IDE for Visual studio developer Visual Basic versions

Version history Standard , Professional & Enterprise Windows GUI applications Database applications Computer Graphic applications Internet / WEB applications
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What can programmers do with VB?

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Visual Basic programming steps

User interface design.

Forms design Objects/Components properties define Resource edit : icon, button image,..

Code Writing form even base concept. Compile/Build program Debug source code Packet application Deploy application. Maintenance
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Microsoft Visual Studio IDE

Integrated Development Environment Project Tools Box Form layout Properties Menu Bar and Tool Bar Simple Program develop

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IDE Overview

Menu Bar

Tool Bar

Project Window

Properties Window
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Project Windows Standard EXE application

Title Bar

Project View

Tool Box Properties Form

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Other IDE Components

Tool Box

Content all objects/components for FORM design. Control all properties of Form/Objects/Components

Properties Windows

Display, font, format, enable,

Project Windows

Project folder view Form view Code view

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Simple Welcome Program

Program description

The program will show/hide the text Welcome to Visual Basic 6.0 when button Show/Hide is clicked The exit button used to exit the program. It is available after first click of Show button only.
Design form with Label object name Label1 and caption Welcome to Visual Basic 6.0 Set it visible properties to false. Add button cmdShowHide & Button cmdExit to form. Click on each button for writing code to it base on Click even Click Play button on IDE to run program.

How to do that with Visual Basic 6.0

See sample below

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Simple application FORM design

form1 Label1

Visible = false Caption = welcome to Visual Basic 6.0

Enable = false

cmdExit

cmdShowHide
Caption =&Show
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Simple application Code write

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Simple Application Run Time

First run: Only Show button available

Click Show button: Exit enable, show Text, Show -> Hide

Click Hide button: Hide Text

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Click Exit button: Exit Program

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Review & Home Work

Review from page 25 -> 47 Drawing the Flowchart for Solving the equation
ax2 +bx + c =0

Redo the simple program Using Visual Basic 6.0 IDE to build the form design from page 48->49 Submit to instructor by email. Pre-View chapters 3 and 4 for next lecture.

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Introduction to Visual Basic programming

Get familiar with Visual Basic Programming Get familiar with fundamental data types Using arithmetic operators Writing simple program in Visual Basic

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Visual Programming & Even Programming

Visual tool of Visual basic for user interface design (GUI) Tool Box components

From Components Component evens Even procedure Button (CmdButton) Frame, Selected box, List box

Some basic components:

Label Text box .

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Visual Basic Tools Box

Icon ActiveX Control
Not a control; enables the mouse pointer Horizontal scrollbar DriveListBox

Label
TextBox CommandButton Timer PictureBox Frame CheckBox OptionButton ComboBox ListBox Vertical scrollbar
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DirListBox
FileListBox Shape Line Data OLE Animation UpDown MonthView DateTimePicker FlatScrollBar

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Even drive programming

Whats Even? Component evens Even Procedure

The sub procedure will be done when an even happened to component Each component has its own evens.

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Writing first program with Visual Basic

Print Line of Text on form

Button Exit : exit program on click Button print: On click, print a line of text Hello, Welcome to Visual Basic on form.
CODE Private Sub Command1_Click() Print " Hello! Welcome to Visual Basic" End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() End End Sub

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Other Application

Accumulate ADD

Dim sum As Integer Private Sub cmdClear_Click() sum = 0 txtInput.Text = " " txtAdd.Text = 0 End Sub Private Sub cmdExit_Click() End End Sub Private Sub cmdAdd_Click() sum = sum + txtInput.Text txtAdd.text = sum txtInput.Text = "" End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() cmdClear_Click() End Sub

Program allow user to enter an integer number and click add button. The numbers will be accumulate and display on form.

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Syntax and statement

Data type Variable declaration

DIM variablename As datatype Ex: Dim Sum As Integer Dim Total As Integer

Keywords and reserved words Statement

Statement end with end of line

Assign statement Variable = Assigned value

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Arithmetic
Visual Basic Operation Arithmetic operator Algebraic expression Visual basic expression

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division (float) Division (Integer) Exponentiation Negation Modulus

+ * / \ ^ Mod

x+y xy ab v/u None Pq -e Q mod R

x+y xy a*b v/u v\u p^q -e Q mod R

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Operators Precedence
Operator () Operation Parentheses

Order of evaluation Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs at he same level nested, they are evaluated left to right. Evaluated second. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right Evaluation first. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right. Evaluation fourth. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right.
Evaluation

^ * and /

Exponentiation Negation Multiplication and floating point division Integer Division Modulus Addition and Subtraction

\ Mod + or -

Firths. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right Evaluation Firths. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right Evaluation Firths. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right

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Comparison Operators
Standard Algebraic equality operator (relational operator) Visual Basic comparison operator Example of Visual Basic condition Meaning of Visual Basic condition

= > <

= <> > < <= >=

d=g S <> R y>i P <M C <= E M >=s

D is equal to g S is not equal to R Y is greater than i P is less than M C is greater than or equal to E M is less than or equal to S

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Example of comparison operator

Write a windows program which allow user input 2 numbers A and B and then compare and show the result.

Private Sub cmdClear_Click() txtInput1.Text = "" txtInput2.Text = " Label3.Caption = Result End Sub Private Sub cmdCompare_Click() Dim input1, input2 As Integer input1 = txtInput1.Text input2 = txtInput2.Text If input1 = input2 Then Label3.Caption = "First number equal second number" Else If input1 < input2 Then Label3.Caption = "First number less than second number" Else Label3.Caption = "First number greater than second number" End If End If End Sub

Private Sub cmdExit_Click() End End Sub

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Visual Basic Control structures

Understanding

control structures of VB Flowchart and control structures Using control structure by samples

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If/Then structure

Syntax

Example

if <condition> then statements end if

If cmdShowHide.Caption = &Show then cmdShowHide.Caption = &Hide Label1.Visible = true end if

Condition

Yes

Statements

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If/Then/Else structure

Syntax

Example

if <condition> then statements else statements end if

Condition
Yes No

If cmdShowHide.Caption = &Show then cmdShowHide.Caption = &Hide Label1.Visible = true else cmdShowHide.Caption = &Show Label1.Visible = false end if

Statements

Statements

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While/Wend structure
Syntax While <condition> statements Wend

Example

Dim product As integer product = 1 While product <= 1000 product = product * 2 print product Wend Whats on form 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

Condition
No

Yes

Statements

Beware of infinite loop

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Do while/Loop structure
Syntax Do while <condition> statements Loop

Example

Dim product As integer product = 1 Do while product <= 1000 product = product * 2 print product Loop

While/Wend ||

Do while/Loop

Whats on form
4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

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Do until/Loop structure
Syntax Do until <condition> statements Loop

Example

Dim product As integer product = 1 Do until product >1000 product = product * 2 print product Loop Whats on form 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

Condition
No Yes

Statements

Beware of infinite loop

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For/Next structure

Syntax

For counter=startValue To endValue Step Stepsize statements Next counter

Example
Counter = StartValue
Counter = Counter + Stepsize statements

For j = 2 to 80 step 5 a= a+2 Next j

** Stepsize = 1 is default value

Counter > endValue

Yes No

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Sample of For/Next

For years = 1 To 10 Step 1 amount = principal * (1 + interestRate) ^ years lstDisplay.AddItem Format$(years, "@@@@") & vbTab & Format$(Format$(amount, "Currency"), _String$(17, "@")) Next years

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Select Case structure

Syntax

Select Case mAccessCode Case Is < 1000 message = "Access Denied" Beep Case 1645 To 1689 message = "Technician Personnel" Case 8345 message = "Custodial Services" Case 55875 message = "Special Services" Case 999898, 1000006 To 1000008 message = "Scientific Personnel" Case Else message = "Access Denied" End Select
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Do/loop while structure

Syntax

counter = 1 Do Print counter & Space$(2); counter = counter + 1 Loop While counter <= 10

Result

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Do/Loop Until structure

Syntax
Statements
Do Loop While Condition
No Yes

counter = 1 Do Print counter & Space$(2); counter = counter + 1 Loop Until counter >= 10

Result
Do
Loop Until

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Statements

Condition
Yes

No

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Exit Do / Exit For

counter = 1 Do Print counter & Space$(2); counter = counter + 1 if n = 5 then Exit Do Loop Until counter >= 10

For x=1 to 10 if x=5 then exit for end if print x next x

Result: 12345

Result: 12345
Why do exit do and exit be used.

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Variable & Constant Logical operators

Dim VariableName As DataType Const ConstantName = value As DataType Logical operators

NOT AND OR

Where s Logical operators used

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Visual Basic Data type

Data type Boolean Bytes 2 Range True or False

Byte
Currency Date Double Integer Long

1
8 8 8 2 4

0 to 255
-922337203685477.5808 to 922337203685477.5807 1 Jan 100 to 31 Dec 9999 / 0:00:00 to 23:59:59 (see chapter 8) -1.79769313486232E308 to -4.94065645841247E-324 (Negative) 1.79769313486232E308 to 4.94065645841247E-324 (Positive) -32767 to 32768 -2147483648 to 2147483648

Object
Single String Variant

4
4 10+ 16

Any Object type (See Chapter 16)

-3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45 3.402823E38 to 1.401298E-45 0 to ~2000000000 characters. Any value within the ranges listed above. (See chapter 21)

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LAB Works

All Samples from text book Exercises at end of chapters Assignment Calculator application Your own applications (option)

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SUB & Function procedure

Procedure in VB Sub/Function Recursive

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Module programming

Whats module? Why do we need to write program in module? Modules in Visual Basic

Even procedure Visual basic procedure SUB procedure Function procedure Visual basic procedures Sub/function procedures
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What should be used ?

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SUB procedure

Create new procedure:

In code windows, select menu Tools-> Add Procedure

Public Sub MyProcedure() Your process codes here End Sub

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SUB procedure sample

Public Sub MyProcedure2(textstr As String) Print textstr End Sub Public Sub MyProcedure() Print "welcome to my procedure" End Sub

Private Sub Command1_Click() MyProcedure End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() MyProcedure2 "Hello, this is procedure 2 Call MyProcedure2 (Hello from call method) End Sub

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Function Procedure

Function procedure return a value after called

The process of create a function procedure as the same as SUB procedure.

Sample structure of function Public Function MyFunction(X As Integer) As Integer MyFunction = X ^ 3 End Function Call a function

Private Sub Command3_Click() Dim output As Integer output = MyFunction(3) Print "Return value of MyFunction" Print output End Sub

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Call By Value & Call by reference

Whats call by Value? Whats call by Reference? Call by Value vs. Call by Reference How to write a procedure as call by value / reference?

Private Sub Procedurename ( A as integer , byval b as integer)

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Sample of Call by value and Call by Reference

Private Sub Command1_Click() Dim a As Integer a = 30 Print "Value of a before call callbyVal " & a callbyVal a Print "Value of a after call callbyVal " & a Print End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Dim a As Integer a = 30 Print "Value of a before call callbyRef " & a callbyref a Print "Value of a after call callbyRef " & a Print End Sub Private Sub Command3_Click() Dim a, b As Integer a = 30 b = 20 Print "Value of a,b before ByvalandByref called " & a & " " & b Print "call ByValandByref and tranfer A as byVal and b as Byref" ByValandByRef a, b Print "Value of a,b after ByvalandByref called " & a & " " & b Print End Sub
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Private Sub callbyVal(ByVal x As Integer) x=x^2 Print "Value of x (has been tranfer as a) within procedure " & x End Sub Private Sub callbyref(x As Integer) x=x^2 Print "Value of x (has been tranfer as a) within procedure " & x End Sub Public Sub ByValandByRef(ByVal x As Integer, y As Integer) x=x^2 y=y^2 Print "Value of x ,y (know as a,b) within sub " & x &" "&y End Sub Private Sub Command4_Click() End End Sub

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Sample of Call by value and Call by Reference

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Exit Sub and Exit Function

Why do we need exit sub and exit Function? Statement

Exit SUB Exit Function

Generate random number

Using Rnd function . Rnd return a random number between 0 and 1 (but not 1)

Scope of variable and const in Sub and Function

Local scope (Private scope) Module scope Public scope

Overdrive declaration
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Recursion vs. Iteration

What s recursion?

Recursion part Stop recursion condition Recursion : Iteration : n! = n * (n-1)! 0! =1 n! = 1*2*3*..*n

Sample of recursion: n factorial defined

Benefit of Recursion The weakness of recursion in programming Hanoi tower solution

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Optional arguments
Private Sub FooBar ( y as Boolean, Optional z as long) Calling

Call FooBar Call FooBar (True) Call FooBar (True ,10)

Default Value of Optional arguments Number : 0 Boolean : False Setting default value for Optional argument Private Sub FooBar ( y as boolean, Optional z as long = 8)

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Named Arguments
Public Sub Display (flag As Boolean, number As Long, name As String) Print Print flag Print number Print name Print End Sub

Private Sub Command1_Click() Print "call as normal arguments" Call Display (True, 32000, "String value") Print "call as named arguments" Call Display (name:="String Value", flag:=True, number:=3200) End Sub
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Code modules

Whats code modules Create code module

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Review

Visual programming & Even base programming Control Structure of Visual basic Data type in VB 6.0 Other operators SUB Procedure & Function procedure Recursion LAB

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Array structure
Introduce Array structure Understand using array structure; sort, search,.. Multi dimensions Dynamic array

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Array in Visual Basic

Whats an array structure? What are they used for? 12 24 32 1 87 16 34 5

Declaring an array in Visual Basic Dim ArrayVariable (Index) As Datatype Index= number of Items -1 ( starting index 0) Dim ArrayVariable (Lbound to Ubound) As Datatype
Lbound =0 Ubound = Number of Items -1 Dim myarray(9) As Integer Dim Mysecondarray (1 to 10) As Integer

Default Example :

Access to Item of array :

Arrayname(index)
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Using array - sample

Dim MyArray(9) As Integer Private Sub txtStep_Change() Dim Step As Integer Dim x As Integer Step = txtStep x=1 For x = LBound(MyArray) To UBound(MyArray) MyArray(x) = x * Step Next x End Sub Private Sub cmdPrint_Click() Step = txtinput Print "Index Item Value" x=1 For x = LBound(MyArray) To UBound(MyArray) Print " " & x & " " & MyArray(x) Next x End Sub

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Array index and Option Base

Lbound of array is default set to 0. Changing this default lbound by:

Oversize array by number of item +1 and ignore item(0) Changing base default set by using Option base in general declaration Option Base 1 Option Base is accept 0 or 1 only Using specification declaration of array Dim MyArray(1 to 10) As Integer Dim OtherArray( -10 to 20) As integer
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Using array - sample

Option Base 1 Dim MyArray(10) As Integer Private Sub txtStep_Change() Dim Step As Integer Dim x As Integer Step = txtStep x=1 For x = LBound(MyArray) To UBound(MyArray) MyArray(x) = x * Step Next x End Sub Private Sub cmdPrint_Click() Step = txtinput Print "Index Item Value" x=1 For x = LBound(MyArray) To UBound(MyArray) Print " " & x & " " & MyArray(x) Next x End Sub
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Passing Array to Procedure

Passing array as an argument of an procedure by array name with empty parentheses

Dim Myarray(20) As Integer Private Sub ModifyArray ( a() As Integer) Call ModifyArray ( Myarray() )

Passing one Item of array to procedure

Private Sub PassOneItem ( n As Integer) Call PassOneItem (Myarray(10))

Using array Items : Array Items can be using as single variable of the same datatype
Myarray(5) = x + 3 Myarray(7) = MyArray(3)+ 5*Myarray(7)

By default array is passing by reference. Using Byval option if need

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Passing array sample

Dim mArray(-5 To 5) As Integer Private Sub cmdArray_Click() Dim x As Integer Call Initialize Call ModifyArray(mArray()) Call PrintModified End Sub Private Sub cmdElement_Click() Dim x As Integer Call Initialize For x = LBound(mArray) To UBound(mArray) Call ModifyElement(mArray(x)) Next x Call PrintModified End Sub Private Sub cmdExit_Click() End End Sub Private Sub ModifyArray(a() As Integer) Dim x As Integer For x = LBound(a) To UBound(a) a(x) = a(x) * 2 Next x End Sub Private Sub ModifyElement(element As Integer) element= element * 5 End Sub Private Sub Initialize() Dim x As Integer lstOriginal.Clear lstModified.Clear For x = LBound(mArray) To UBound(mArray) mArray(x) = x lstOriginal.AddItem mArray(x) Next x End Sub Private Sub PrintModified() Dim x As Integer For x = LBound(mArray) To UBound(mArray) lstModified.AddItem mArray(x) Next x End Sub
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Passing array sample

Passing full array

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Passing Item by item

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Sorting array

What is sorted array ? Basic activities on Array

Search: Linear search , binary search Sort : bubble sort , Quick Sort

Why do we have to sort an array? Bubble Sort (Example incremental sort)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Finding the biggest item, put it at end of array Assume that array have one item less Repeat step 1 until the assumed array has only 1 items Array has been sorted
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Bubble Sort in Visual basic

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Bubble Sort Code View

Option Base 1 Dim mArray(10) As Integer Private Sub cmdGenerate_Click() Dim x As Integer Call lstOriginal.Clear Erase mArray For x = LBound(mArray) To UBound(mArray) mArray(x) = 1 + Int(100 * Rnd()) Call lstOriginal.AddItem(mArray(x)) Next x Call lstSorted.Clear ' Clear ListBox cmdSort.Enabled = True cmdSort2.Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub cmdSort_Click() Dim x As Integer Call lstSorted.Clear ' Clear ListBox Call BubbleSort(mArray) ' Sort the array For x = 1 To UBound(mArray) Call lstSorted.AddItem(mArray(x)) Next x cmdSort.Enabled = False End Sub
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' Module modBubble.bas Option Explicit Public Sub BubbleSort(theArray() As Integer) Dim pass As Integer, compare As Integer Dim hold As Integer For pass = 1 To (UBound(theArray) - 1) For compare = 1 To (UBound(theArray) - 1) If theArray(compare) > theArray(compare + 1) Then hold = theArray(compare) theArray(compare) = theArray(compare + 1) theArray(compare + 1) = hold End If Next compare Next pass End Sub

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Linear Search

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Linear Search Code View

Private Sub cmdSearch_Click() Dim searchKey As Integer ' Value to search for Dim element As Integer ' Index of Value lblResult.Caption = "" searchKey = txtKey.Text element = LinearSearch(mArray(), searchKey) If element <> -1 Then lblResult.Caption = "Value was found at index: " & element Else lblResult.Caption = "Value was not found. End If End Sub Private Sub lstData_Click() Dim x As Integer Call Randomize Call lstData.Clear lblResult.Caption = "" For x = LBound(mArray) To UBound(mArray) mArray(x) = 1 + Int(10000 * Rnd()) Call lstData.AddItem(mArray(x)) Next x End Sub
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Function LinearSearch(a() As Integer, key As Integer) As Integer Dim x As Integer For x = LBound(a) To UBound(a) If a(x) = key Then LinearSearch = x ' Return index Exit Function End If Next x LinearSearch = -1 found End Function ' Value not

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Binary Search

Binary search algorithms

Array need to be sorted in advance Binary Search (incremental array)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Set startindex= lbound (myarray) Set endindex = ubound (myarray) Get miditem = (startindex + endindex ) /2 If searchkey = myarray(miditem) then FOUND Elseif searchkey >myarray(miditem) then startitem = miditem +1 and goto step 3 else enditem = miditem -1 and goto step 3 If startitem>=enditem then NOT FOUND

Binary search vs. Linear Search

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Binary Search code view

Private Sub BinarySearch() Dim middle As Integer Dim low As Integer, high As Integer Dim searchKey As Integer low = mLowBound high = mUpperBound Call PrintHeader searchKey = txtKey.Text
Do While (low <= high) middle = (low + high) \ 2 Call PrintRow(low, middle, high) if (searchKey = mArray(middle)) Then Print "Found " & searchKey & " in " _ & "index " & middle Exit Sub ElseIf searchKey < mArray(middle) Then high = middle - 1 Else low = middle + 1 End If Loop Print searchKey & " not found." End Sub

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Binary Search sample

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Multidimensional array

Multidimensional array Col 1 Row 1 Row 2

Item(1,1) Item(2,1)

Col 2
Item(1,2) Item(2,2)

Col 2
Item(1,3) Item(2,3)

Row 3

Item(3,1)

Item(3,2)

Item(3,3)

Declare Multidimensional array

Dim myarray (firstDimenIndex , SecondDimenIndex,.) As Datatype

Dim arrayA ( 8 , 12 to 15, 1 to 10) As Integer Dim arrayB ( 8,8,9,10,3) as integer

Access to item : arrayname(index1,index2,)

arrayA( 5, 10, 8) arrayB(3,2,7,0,0)
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Multidimensional Array - Sample

Option Base 1 Dim mArray(2, 3) As Integer Private Sub Form_Load() Dim x As Integer, y As Integer Call Randomize For x = LBound(mArray) To UBound(mArray) For y = LBound(mArray, 2) To UBound(mArray, 2) mArray(x, y) = 10 + Int(89 * Rnd()) Call lstValues.AddItem(mArray(x, y)) Next y Next x End Sub

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Control Array

Whats control array? Creating a control array:

1. 2.

Select a control -> copy, past it to the same form as many control as you need, they will be a control array Using the same name for controls

All controls in a control array have the same name and therefore only need to write one even procedure for all control within a control array. Control array has lbound=0 and ubound (32767 max) Control array count value : number of items in control array.
Controlname.count Controlname.lbound Controlname.ubound

Access to items properties :

controlname.Item(index).propertyname

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Control array sample

Private Sub cmdEnter_Click() Dim message As String mAccessCode = txtDisplay.Text txtDisplay.Text = "" Select Case mAccessCode Case Is < 1000 ' Panic codes message = "Access Denied" Case 1645 To 1689 message = "Technician Personnel" Case 8345 message = "Custodial Services" Case 55875 message = "Special Services" Case 999898, 1000006 To 1000008 message = "Scientific Personnel" Case Else message = "Access Denied" End Select Call lstLogEntry.AddItem(Now & Space$(3) & message) End Sub

Private Sub cmdButton_Click(Index As Integer) txtDisplay.Text = txtDisplay.Text & Index End Sub
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Dynamic array

Dynamic array is array with dynamic size. Dim myDynamicArray() as integer Define array size when using in code by Redim Redim myDynamicArray (20) Preserve keyword using to keep original value of items when Redim array
Redim Preserve myDynamicArray (50)

when Redim is execute, all items is reset.

Multidimensional array also can be dynamic however the number of dimension cannot be.
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Dynamic array sample

Option Base 1 Dim mDynamic() As Integer

Private Sub cmdRedim_Click() Dim arrayLength As Integer, x As Integer

Call lstValues.Clear arrayLength = txtInput.Text

' Determine state of CheckBox If chkPreserve.Value = vbUnchecked Then ReDim mDynamic(arrayLength) ElseIf chkPreserve.Value = vbChecked Then ' Allocate memory and preserve contents ReDim Preserve mDynamic(arrayLength) End If Call Displayarray cmdErase.Enabled = True End Sub

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Dynamic array sample

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Variable Length arguments: ParamArray

Option Explicit Private Sub Form_Load() Call AnyNumberArguments Call AnyNumberArguments(1) Call AnyNumberArguments(2, 3) Call AnyNumberArguments(4, 5, 6) Call AnyNumberArguments(7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) End Sub Private Sub AnyNumberArguments(ParamArray x() As Variant) Dim y As Integer Print "Procedure AnyNumberArguments received " For y = LBound(x) To UBound(x) Print x(y) & Space$(4); Next y Print End Sub
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String , Date & Time

Character & String data structure String processing capabilities Date & Time processing

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Character

Character is stored in computer as a number from 0 to 255.

Example: A is stored as 65 1 is stored as 49

ANSI character set (American National Standard Institute)

including 256 characters from 0 to 255 (one byte in memory)

ASSCII character set (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) includes first 128 characters from ANSI (from 0 to 127).

Character data type include A,B,C,, 0,1,2,, as well as others characters like *, &, +, /, *, etc. Character are comparable by its numeric value in memory.
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String data type

A string is a series of characters treated as a single unit. A string may include any character in ANSI character set. (value from 0 to 255) String in Visual basic has data type named string String is written as list of characters within a double quotation. "This is a string !" Declared a string variable/constant in VB:
Dim StringVariable As String Dim StringVariable As String * 20
Variable length - Default Fix length to 20

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String data type

Variable length string are composed up to 2,147,483,648 characters. Fix length String are composed up to 65,568 characters Strings are comparable by its characters numeric values in order.
Example : "ABCDEF" is less than "ABCd" because D < d

If an Fix-length String is assign a shorter string, the rest will take space characters. For larger String assigned to fix-length string, it s automatically truncated to fix size of string.
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String compare example

Function StrComp(FirstStr, SecondStr, Option type) Result

-1 FirstStr < SecondStr

1 FirstStr > SecondStr 0 FirstStr = SecondStr Option Type vbBinaryCompare vbTextCompare vbDatabaseCompare

vbUseCompareOption
Option Compare Type Binary Text Database
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String compare example

Private Sub cmdCompare_Click() If txtInput1.Text > txtInput2.Text Then Call lstOutput.AddItem(txtInput1.Text & " is greater than " & txtInput2.Text) ElseIf txtInput1.Text < txtInput2.Text Then Call lstOutput.AddItem(txtInput1.Text & " is less than " & txtInput2.Text) Else Call lstOutput.AddItem(txtInput1.Text & "equal to " & txtInput2.Text) End If End Sub Private Sub cmdStrComp_Click() Dim result As Integer result = StrComp(txtInput1.Text, txtInput2.Text) If result = -1 Then Call lstOutput.AddItem(txtInput1.Text & " is less than " & txtInput2.Text) ElseIf result = 1 Then Call lstOutput.AddItem(txtInput1.Text & " is greater than " & txtInput2.Text) Else Call lstOutput.AddItem(txtInput1.Text & " is equal to" & txtInput2.Text) End If End Sub

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String concatenation with & and +

Larger string can be conducted by combining small strings together. This process is called string concatenation by using & and/or + operators.
Example: S1=Hello S2 = friends S 3 = S1 + S2 => S3 = Hello friends S4 = S1 & S2 => S4 = Hello friends

If all operands are string, the + and & are similar If an operand are other data type the + operator may have problem.
Example: s1 = Hello + 22 => Error since VB try to change Hello to number and add to 22 => type mismatch

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Operator Like

Operator Like can using to compare 2 patterns of characters or strings. Return value is True/False
Example: ABCDEFGH like ABCD => false

Pattern matching can be used:

* used to represent any character(s)

ABCDEFG like ABC* => true

? used to replace any single character.

ABCDEFG like ABC??FG => true

# used to replace any single numeric character

ABCD5FG like ABCD#FG => true

[ ], [! ] used to replace a single character with a set of characters

ABCD5FG like A[A-C]CD[ !3-7]FG => false

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Like Operator example

Private Sub cmdTest_Click() Dim b As Boolean b = txtString.Text Like txtPattern.Text lstOutput.AddItem (txtString.Text & " Like " & txtPattern.Text & " is " & b) End Sub

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Other String SUBs/Functions

Function Mid$ (string, position, amount)

Return a character/string with amount of characters which copied from string at position. If remaining is fewer than amount the remained of string is return. Mid$ also can used to replace a part of string with a substring. S = Visual Basic 6.0 Mid$(S,2,3) = XXX => S = VXXXal Basic 6.0

Function Len (string) Return length of string. Function Left$ (string, amount) Return amount leftmost characters Function Right$ (string, amount) Return amount rightmost characters Function InsStr (StartPos, String,SubString) Return the position

where the substring exist from startpos of string or return 0 if not exist. Function InsStrRev (String , SubString , Endpos) Return the position where the substring exist from endpos of string or return 0 if not exist.
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Other String SUBs/Functions (cont.)

Functions LTrim$(String) , RTrim$(String) and Trim$(String) return a string which have LEFT , RIGHT or BOTH space characters removed Function Space$ (amount) return a string with amount space characters. Function String$( amount, character) return a string with amount of characters Function Replace(String, OldChrs, Newchrs, start, amount, compareoption) return a string with all sub string OldChrs has been replace with substringNewchrs. Replacements done from start point of string with amount of time and compareoption used to fine the Oldchrs sub string. Function StrReverse (string) return a reversed string of string Function Ucase$ (string) , Lcase$(string) Uppercase and lowercase a string WHAT s ELSE? - See language reference

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Conversion Functions

ASC (character) and Chr$(number) Functions Isnumeric(string) , Val (string) and Str$(number) CBool(string) CByte(string) CCur(string) CDate(string) CDbl(string) CDec(string) CInt(string) CLng(string) CSng(string) CVar(string) Other functions Format string, currency,.. See your text book

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Date & Time processing

Function Now gets the current date and time. Function date gets the current date. Date related functions:

Weekday, WeekDayName, Month, Year IsDate : check if sting can be convert to date format DateSerial , DatePart, DateAdd, Dateiff Time, Hour, Minute, Second Timer , TimeSerial FormatDateTime & Format$

Time related functions:

Date and time format

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Sample of using Date/Time functions

Private Sub Form_Load() Call lstOutput.AddItem("Current date and time: " & Now) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Date: " & Date) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Day: " & Day(Date)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Weekday: " & Weekday(Date)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("WeekdayName: " & WeekdayName(Weekday(Date))) Call lstOutput.AddItem("WeekdayName abbrieviated: " & WeekdayName(Weekday(Date), True)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Month: " & Month(Date)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("MonthName: " & MonthName(Month(Date))) Call lstOutput.AddItem("MonthName abbrieviated: " & MonthName(Month(Date), True)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Year: " & Year(Date)) Call lstOutput.AddItem(#3/2/1976#) ' Date literal End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Call lstOutput.AddItem("Year: " & DatePart("yyyy", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Quarter: " & DatePart("q", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Month: " & DatePart("m", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Day of year: " & DatePart("y", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Day: " & DatePart("d", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Weekday: " & DatePart("w", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Week: " & DatePart("ww", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Hour: " & DatePart("h", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Minute: " & DatePart("n", Now)) Call lstOutput.AddItem("Second: " & DatePart("s", Now)) End Sub
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Graphic
Coordination system in computer graphic Drawing on window with VB

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Coordinate system

User define coordinate system (0,0) x (0,0) x y

(x,y)

(x,y)

Origin coordinate system The unit that the coordinate is measured in called a scale. Visual basic support difference scales in it system. Scale mode can be define by ScaleMode of properties. User-define coordinate system allow user to change the origin.
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Scale system in Visual basic

Visual basic support 8 (eight) scale systems
Scale
User defines Tswips

Constant
vbUser vbTwips

Value
0 1

Description
Scale defined by programmer. Default for forms and most controls. 1440 twips per inch. 567 twips per cm. 20 twips per point Commonly used for fonts. 72 points per inch. Commontly used with images. Represent a smallest unit of resolution on a screen. 120 twips horizontally, 240 twips vertically (12 points) Physical inch. Physical Millimeters. Physical centimeter.

Points Pixels Characters Inches Millimeters Centimeters

vbPoints vbPixels vbCharacters vbinches vbMillimeter vbCentimeter

2 3 4 5 6 7

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Changing scale systems

Calling scale method to change the coordinate and scale system. Scale (left , top) (right , low) Scale (-500, 250) (500, -250)

The ScaleMode propertie will change to vbUser after call Scale. Scale can also be set by setting ScaleTop, ScaleLeft, ScaleWidth and ScaleHeight properties.
ScaleTop = 250 ScaleLeft = = -500 ScaleWidth = 500 ScaleHeight = -250

ScaleX , ScaleY are used to convert between scales.

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Drawing Methods

Print method used to print a text on screen at (CurrentX, CurrentY) Line method draw lines on a form or control. Can also draw
rectangles. Line (x1,y1) (x2,y2) Line (x1,y1) (x2,y2) , VbColor, B/BF (not-fill/filled)

Circle method draw circles on a form or control. Can also draw

ellipses or ARC. Circle (x1,y1) , radius Circle Circle (x1,y1) , radius, vbColor, startangle , endangle Sector Circle (x1,y1) , radius, vbColor, -startangle , -endangle Arc Circle (x1,y1) , radius, vbColor, startangle , endangle , ratio Ellipse

Pset method set a points color , draw a pixel on form.

Pset (x1,x1) , vbColor

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Draw Method

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Draw Method Sample

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Drawing method : Circle

Private Sub cmdCircle_Click() Dim x As Single, y As Single Dim r As Single Call Randomize ' Randomly pick values to draw at x = Rnd() * Width y = Rnd() * Height r = Rnd() * Height / 10 If Opt1.Value = True Then Circle (x, y), r 'Cirle If Opt2.Value = True Then Circle (x, y), r, vbRed, 0, 3.14 / 1.5 'Sector If Opt3.Value = True Then Circle (x, y), r, vbGreen, -3.14 / 2, -3.14 'Arc If Opt4.Value = True Then Circle (x, y), r, vbGreen, , , 1.5 'Ellipse End Sub

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Draw Method : Line

Private Sub cmdLine2_Click() Dim x1 As Single, y1 As Single Dim x2 As Single, y2 As Single Call Randomize ' Randomly pick values to draw at x1 = Rnd() * Width y1 = Rnd() * Height x2 = Rnd() * Width y2 = Rnd() * Height If chkfilled.Value = vbChecked Then Line (x1, y1)-(x2, y2), vbRed, BF ' Filled Rectangle Else Line (x1, y1)-(x2, y2), vbRed, B ' Rectangle End If End Sub

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Draw Method: Pset

Private Sub DrawShape() Dim x As Single, y As Single Dim totalRadians As Single, r As Single Dim a As Single, theta As Single Call Randomize Scale (3, -3)-(-3, 3) totalRadians = 8 * Atn(1) a = 3 * Rnd() For theta = 0.001 To totalRadians Step 0.01 r = 2 * a / Sin(2 * theta) x = r * Cos(theta) ' y coordinate y = r * Sin(theta) ' x coordinate PSet (x, y) ' Turn pixel on Next theta End Sub
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Drawing Properties
Draw properties used to define how do items be drawn on form.

Property AutoRedraw

Description
A Boolean value that determones whether or not copy all graphic element drawn is store in memory

DrawMode
DrawStyle

An Integer value that specifies how new points generated from Line, Circle and Pset are draw (see DrawMode slide)
An Integer value that specifies how new points generated from Line, Circle and Pset are draw (see DrawStyle slide) An Integer value in range 1 to 32767 that specifies the drawing width in pixels. An Integer value that specifies how new points generated from Line, Circle and Pset are drawn.(see FillStyle slide)

Drawwidth
FillStyle
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DrawMode Values Fig 9.12 page 383

Constant vbBlackness Value 1 Description Blackness Drawing is done in black.

vbNotMergePen
vbMaskNotpen vbNotCopyPen vbMaskNotPen vbInvert vbXorPen

2
3 4 5 6 7

Not Merge Pen Inverse of vbMergePen (15)

Mask Not Pen combines colors common to the inverse pens background color. Not Copy Pen Inverse of vbCopyPen (13). Mask Not Pen combines the color common to both the pen and the inverse of the display. Inverse Inverse of the display color. Xor Pen combines the colors in the pen and in the display color , but not in both.

vbNotMaskPen
vnMaskPen vnNotXorPen

8
9 10

Not Mask Pen inverse of MaskPen (9)

Mask Pen combine the colors common to both the pen and the display. N ot xor Pen inverse of vbXorPen (7)

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DrawMode Values Fig 9.12 page 383 (cont.)

Constant vbNop Value 11 Description No Operation Turn off drawing.

vbMergeNotPen
vbCopyPen vbMergePenNot vbMerPen vbWhiteness

12
13 14 15 16

Merge Not Pen combines the display color and the inverse of the pen color.
Copy Pen Default. Drawing is done in the ForeColor. Merge Pen Not Combines the pen color and the inverse of the display color. Merge Pen Combines the pen color and the display color. Whiteness Draw is done in white.

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DrawMode Sample

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DrawStype values - Fig 9.13 page 384

Constant vbSolid vbDash vbDot Value 0 1 2 Description Solid Default. Drawing is done as a solid. Dash Drawing is done as a series of dashes. Dot - Drawing is done as a series of dots.

vbDashDot
vbDashDotDot vbInvisible vbInsideSoloid

3
4 5 6

Dash Dot - Drawing is done as a series of dash and dot combinations.

Dash Dot Dot - Drawing is done as a series of dash, dot, dot combinations. Invisible - Drawing is invisible (i.e, transparent) Inside Solid Drawing is done inside the solid.

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DrawStyle Sample

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FillStype values - Fig 9.14 page 384

Constant vbFSSolid vbFSTransparent vbFSHorizontalLine Value 0 1 2 Description Solid the fill is solid Transparent Default. The fill is not visible. Horizontal Line The fill is a series of horizontal lines.

vbVerticalLine
vbUpwardDiagonal vbDownwardDiagonal vbCross

3
4 5 6

Vertical Line The fill is a series of vertical lines.

Upward Diagonal The fill is a series of diagonal lines. Downward Diagonal The fill is a series of diagonal lines. Crossing Line The fill is a series of crossing horizontal and vertical lines

vbDiagonalCross

Diagonal Crossing Lines The fill is a series of upward and downward diagonal crossing lines.

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FillStyle sample

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Line Control & Shape Control

Line and Shape control provide another way to drawing graphics. Lines Color is specified by using Line Controls BorderColor property Lines Style is specifies by using Line Controls BorderStyle property Lines width is specifies by using Line Controls BorderWidth property

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Line Control Sample

Private Sub cmdButton_Click() Dim v As Integer v = txtStyle.Text If v >= 0 And v <= 6 Then linLine.BorderStyle = v Else linLine.BorderStyle = 1 txtStyle.Text = 1 End If
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Line Control & Shape Control

Shape Control can be using to draw rectangles, ellipse, Circle, Some properties of Shape control: BorderStyle ,BorderColor, borderWidth FillStyle, BackStyle, FillColor, BackColor BorderStyles value is identifies as Lines BorderStyles. FillStyle , Drawmode have value as mention before.

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Colors

Colors on visual basic is created from RGB values (Red, Green, Blue). Each has value from 0 to 255. RGB(Red,Green,Blue) return a value of a color as long data style. pinkColor = RGB(255,175,175) Some Visual Basic color constants

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Colors Sample
ForeColor = RGB(Rnd() * 256, Rnd() * 256, Rnd() * 256) a = 3 * Rnd() ' Offset used in equation For theta = 0.001 To totalRadians Step 0.01 r = Sqr(a ^ 2 / theta) x = r * Cos(theta) ' y coordinate y = r * Sin(theta) ' x coordinate x1 = -r * Cos(theta) ' y coordinate y1 = -r * Sin(theta) ' x coordinate PSet (x, y) ' Turn pixel on PSet (x1, y1) ' Turn pixel on Next theta End Sub
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Image & PictureBox

Image can be displayed in form by Image control or PictureBox control. PictureBox control give more properties and method than image control

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PictureBox Sample
Private Sub Form_Load() picPicture.Picture = LoadPicture("d:\images\ch09\cool.bmp") End Sub Private Sub cmdInvert_Click() Call picPicture.PaintPicture(picPicture.Picture, 0, 0, , , , , , , vbDstInvert) Call SavePicture(picPicture, "images\" & "cool_inverse.bmp") End Sub

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Printer Object

Printer Object allow user sent text / graphic to printer. By default printer object s properties correspond to default printer in windows setup.

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Printer object

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Graphic User Interface (GUI)

Basic

control and ActiveX control Advance GUI design MDI & SDI interface

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Controls

User graphic interface in VB is designed by using controls Standard Control: building with VB ActiveX control
Developed by others Need to add to VB by select Projects>Components menu

Menu design

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Standard Controls

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Standard Controls

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Standard Controls

Standard control is ready to use by VB Controls have difference Properties and Methods Some standard controls are not available in standard version of Visual Basic. Its only available in professional or enterprise versions.

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TextBox

Text box is used to display / input text to application.

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TextBox

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MaskEdit Control (ActiveX)

Used to define how/format/structure of data that user input to application Using by add Microsoft MaskEdit control

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MaskEdit Control Properties

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MaskEdit Mask Define

Telephone

6290

(091) 391137

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Menu design

Menu is a common GUI componen in most windwos applications. Menu in VB Applications can be implement by design it with Menu Edit Tool. Select Tools -> <Menu Edit to open Menu editor.

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Using Edited Menu

Private Sub cmdExit_Click() End End Sub Private Sub mnuExit_Click() Call cmdExit_Click End Sub
How to assign function to menu Items?
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SDI & MDI interface

Single Document Interface (SDI) : NotePad, Paint Multiple Document Interface (MDI): Word, Excel

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Create and manipulate MDIChild form

Private Sub MDIForm_Load() Call Load(frmForm3) ' Load child frmForm3 Call Load(frmForm2) ' Load child frmForm2 Call Load(frmForm1) ' Load child frmForm1 End Sub Private Sub mnuC_Click() Call frmForm1.Show ' Show child frmForm1 End Sub Private Sub mnuExit_Click() Call Unload(frmForm1) ' Unload child frmForm1 Call Unload(frmForm2) ' Unload child frmForm2 Call Unload(frmForm3) ' Unload child frmForm3 End ' Terminate execution End Sub

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Arrange MDIChild Windows

Private Sub mnuItem_Click(Index As Integer) Call mdiParent.Arrange(Index) ' Arrange children End Sub
Arranged Constant

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Records and Files Access

DirListBox,

FileListBox & DriveListBox Sequential File Processing Record data structure Random access file Using Common Dialog control

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DirListBox , FileListBox & DriveListBox

FileListBox visually list the files in a directory

filFileListBox.Path

DirListBox visually represents the directory structure of a drive

dirDirListBox.Path

DriveListBox visually lists the drive structure of a system

drvDrivelistbox.Drive

FileSystemObject, File,Filder,Drive &TextStream Objects See pages 586 for detail method
Dim mfileSysObj As New fileSystemObject

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Random Access file

Why do we have to access file?

Long term data storage. Exchange data between users.

Sequences access vs. Random access Record as user-defined datatype

Private Type ClientRecord AccountNumber As Integer Fullname As String * 30 Balance As Currency End Type
Dim CurrentItem, AccountTable(99) As ClientRecord

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Manipulating Fields of Record Type

A variables of Record datatype can be assigned record value as normal datatype.

AccountTable(5) = CurrentItem

Record datatype can not do compare. However, its fields can. Fields of record can be used as a variable of its datatype. Filed indicated by RecordName.FieldName

AccountTable(1).FullName = Bill Clinton AccountTable(2).FullName = Monica Record of record: field is a record

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Creating a Random Access file

Sub cmdInitialize_Click() Dim recordLength As Long, x As Integer Dim udtBlankClient As ClientRecord ' user defined type Dim filename As String ' Determine number of bytes in a ClientRecord object recordLength = LenB(udtBlankClient)
For x = 1 To 100 Put #1, x, udtBlankClient ' Write empty records Next Close #1 ' Close file cmdInitialize.Enabled = False MsgBox ("File initialized. Click Exit to terminate.") Else MsgBox ("You must specify a file name") End If End Sub

dlgOpen.ShowOpen filename = dlgOpen.filename

If dlgOpen.FileTitle <> "" Then ' Open clients.rnd for writing Open filename For Random Access Write As #1 -- Len = recordLength

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File Open

dlgOpen.ShowOpen

File open dialog

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Writing Data to File

dlgOpen.ShowOpen filename = dlgOpen.filename

Common Dialog

If dlgOpen.FileTitle <> "" Then Open filename For Random Access Write As #1 Len = recordLength
cmdOpenFile.Enabled = False cmdEnter.Enabled = True cmdDone.Enabled = True Else MsgBox ("You must specify a file name") End If

' Write record to file Put #1, mUdtClient.accountNumber, mUdtClient

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Random and Sequentially Reading data from file

Open file for reading

dlgOpen.ShowOpen filename = dlgOpen.filename If dlgOpen.FileTitle <> "" Then ' Open file for writing Open filename For Random Access Read As #1 Len = recordLength cmdOpenFile.Enabled = False ' Disable button

Random File READ

Get #1, ItemIndex, Variable

Manipulating thought items

Seek openedfile, index (index started from 1)

Sequentially File Read

Do Get #1, , mUdtClient Loop Until EOF(1) Or mUdtClient.accountNumber <> 0

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Database applications
Database management system (DBMS) Structured query Language (SQL) Using database with VB

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Database Management System (DBMS)

What is database system?

Data stored Data management Data query Data relationship maintenance File vs. Database: Stored data, query, structured data Data management

Why does database used?

Relationship database Database Management System (DBMS) Visual basic, relationship database and SQL
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Benefit of using database and DBMS

Redundancy can be reduced. Inconsistency can be avoided. The data can be shared. Standard can be enforced. Security restrictions can be applied. Integrity can be maintained. Conflicting requirement can be balanced. Exchangeable between applications Upgradeable Distributed database
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Relational Database model

Records and Data Tables Relational database

Logical representation of the data that allow relationship between data to be considered. Composes of tables and their relationship all in once.

Advantage of relational database

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Microsoft ADO Data Control & DataGrid Control

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Microsoft ADO Data Control & DataGrid Control

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ADO Controls common properties

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Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQL is a standard language for query, management difference database systems. Some of SQL language keywords

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SQL Command

SELECT query: Select data from table(s)

SELECT * From Tablename Select Au_ID, Author From Authortable

WHERE Clause : Locate record(s) in a database that satisfy

certain Selection criteria SELECT * From TableName WHERE Criteria Select * From Authortable WHERE YearBorn >=1990 Select * From Authortable Where Like d[a-f]* Note: if fields name has blank please using [ ] to specify filed name. LIKE operator also can be using as well as >, <, <=, >=, <>, =.

ORDER BY Clause: Arrange the result of query

Select * From tablename Order Fieldname ASC Select * From tablename Order Fieldname DESC Select * From AuthorTable Order by Author ASC

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SQL Command

INNER JOIN : merge data from multiple tables

Select * From Table1 Inner Join Tabbe2 On Table1.field = Table2.field SELECT Authors, ISBN FROM Authors INNER JOIN TitleAuthor ON Authors.Au_ID = TitleAuthor.Au_ID ORDER BY Author ASC Add More ActiveX Designers -> Data environmont . The Data Environment Designer appears See document on Using Data Environment to connect to database (Page 797 TextBook)

Using Data Environment Designer

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