ENGINE MALFUCTION DETECTION AND

CONTROL USING IoT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AAKASH.L (411720106001)
ADITYA.C.S (411720106002)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

PRINCE SHRI VENKATESHWARA PADMAVATHY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE [AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION], CHENNAI –127

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ENGINE MALFUNCTION DETECTION AND

CONTROL USING IoT” is the bonafide work of “AAKASH.L (411720106001) ,
ADITYA.C.S (411720106002)”, who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

DR.K.K.SENTHIL KUMAR, M.E., Ph.D., DR.K.K.SENTHIL KUMAR, M.E., Ph.D.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Professor Professor

Department of Electronics and Department of electronics and

Communication Engineering communication engineering
Prince Shri Venkateshwara Prince Shri Venkateshwara
Padmavathy Engineering Padmavathy Engineering
College , Chennai – 127 College , Chennai - 127

Submitted for viva-voce held on:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost we bow our head to the Almighty for being our light and for
his gracious showers of blessing throughout the course of this project.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our founder and Chairman,
Dr.K.Vasudevan, M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D., for his endeavor in educating us in his
premier institution. We are grateful to our Vice Chairman, Dr. V. Vishnu Karthik,
M.D., for his keen interest in our studies and the facilities offered in the premier
institution. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Administrative
Officer Mr. K. Parthasarathy, B.E., for his assistance in all our endeavors.

We thank our Principal, Dr. G. Indira , M.E., Ph.D., for her valuable support
and encouragement in all our efforts throughout this course. We would like to express
our sincere thanks to our Dean Academics, Dr. V. Mahalakshmi, M.E., Ph.D., for
her great support and encouragement and moral support given to us during this course.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our beloved Head of the
Department, Dr. K. K. Senthil Kumar, M.E., Ph.D., for his support and providing
us with ample time to complete our project. We wish to express our great deal of
gratitude to our project Co-ordinator, Dr. A. R. Aravind, M.Tech., Ph.D., and our
Guide Dr. K. SenthamilSelvan, M.E., Ph.D., for their cooperation towards us at all
times of need, for their guidance and valuable suggestions in every aspects for
completion of this project.

We are also thankful to all faculty members and non-teaching staffs of all
Departments for their support. Finally we are grateful to our family and friends for
their help, encouragement and moral support given to us during our project work.
 ABSTRACT

The Vehicle Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL), commonly known as the "Check

Engine Light," is a vital component of today's automotive technology. This abstract

provides an overview of the purpose, functionality, and significance of the Vehicle

Malfunction Indicator Lamp in modern vehicles.The MIL serves as a diagnostic tool,

illuminating when the vehicle's onboard computer system detects irregularities in

various systems.It is a critical feature for both vehicle operators and automotive

technicians, as it aids in identifying potential issues, thereby preventing further damage

and ensuring the safety and efficiency of the vehicle. This abstract explores the

evolution of the MIL, its relationship with onboard diagnostics (OBD), and the

importance of regular maintenance and prompt action when the light is

illuminated.Furthermore, it discusses the role of advanced diagnostic equipment in the

automotive industry and the shift towards more advanced warning systems. The

Vehicle Malfunction Indicator Lamp is an emblem of the ongoing advancement in

vehicle diagnostics and safety, enhancing the overall driving experience and the

longevity of automobiles

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTE TITLE PAGE NO.

RNO.

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS ix

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 OVERVIEW 1
1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM 2
1.3.1 Working 3
1.3.2 Limitation 3
1.4 ORGANISATION OF REPORT 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

3 ENGINE MALFUNCTION DETECTION 21

USING IoT
3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM 21
3.1.1 Advantage of Proposed System 21
3.2 METHODOLOGY 21
3.3 ALGORITHM 22
3.4 FLOWCHART 25

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4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1.1 Node MCU ESP8266 26

4.1.2 DS18b20 Temperuture Sensor 28

4.1.3 MQ135 Air Quality Sensor 28

4.1.4 HC-SR04 Distance Sensor 29

4.1.5 Brake Conductivity Module 30

4.1.6 Relay Module 30

4.1.7 Voltage Regulator LM7805 32

4.1.8 Internet Of Things 33

4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.2.1 Arduino IDE 38
4.2.2 Proteus Simulation Software 40
4.2.3 BLYNK App 41

4.3 CODE DESCRIPTION 41

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 HARDWARE MODEL 44
5.2 BLYNK APP OUTPUT 46

5.3 PORT INTEGRATION AND NETWORK BOND 48

6 CONCLUSION
6.1 CONCLUSION 50
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE 50

REFERENCES 51

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
NO . FIGURE NO.

3.1 System Architecture 23

3.2 Proposed Flow Chart 25
4.1 NODE MCU ESP8266 27
4.2 DS18B20 Temperuture sensor 28
4.3 MQ 135 Air Quality Sensor 29
4.4 HC-SR04 Distance Sensor 30
4.5 Brake Conductivity Module 31
4.6 Relay Module 31
4.7 Voltage Regulator 7805 IC 32
4.8 Basic Concept of Internet of Things 35
4.9 IoT operating Technique 37

4.10 IoT Architecture 38

4.11 Arduino IDE 39
4.12 Proteus Simulation Software 40
4.13 BLYNK WEB Server Working Platform 42

5.1 Final Design Model 44

5.2 Final Output Model 45
5.3 Circuit Design Model 46
5.4 Temperature,Oil Level,Carbon Level,Break Cut 47
off,Ignition Control,SoS & Push Notification

5.5 Temperature,Oil Level,Carbon Level,Break Cut 48

off,Ignition Control,SoS & Push Notification

vii
5.6 BLYNK Integration 49
5.7 Sensor Calibration and Test 49

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

AI Artificial Intelligence

AMQP Advance Messaging Queuing Protocol

ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition
ASC Ammonia Slip Catalyst
CAN Controller area network
CCA Canonical Correlation Analysis

CO Carbon monoxide

COAP Constrained application protocol

CPS Cyber Physical Systems

DC Direct current

DCCB Direct Current Circuit Brake

DOC Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

DS Dallas Semiconductor
DPF Diesel Particulate Filter
ECU Electronic Control Unit
Eco-drive Economical driving

EGA Elitist Genetic Algorithm

EOM Engine Oil Monitoring

ESP Electronic Stability Control

GPIO General purpose Input/Output

GPS Global positioning system

GSM Global System Mobile

HC Hydrocarbons

HC-SR High Conductance Ultrasonic Sensor

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ICT Instantaneous Crankshaft Torque
IoT Internet of Things
IoV Internet of Vehicles
IP Internet Protocol
JDL Joint Directors of Laboratories
KNN K-Nearest Neighbor
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
MAPE Mean Absolute Percentage Error
MCU Microcontroller unit
MIL Malfunction Indicator Lamp
MOV Metal Oxide Varistors
MQ Metal Oxide Semiconductor
MQTT Message queuing telemetry protocol
NFC Near Field Communication
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
OBD Onboard Diagnostics

OCR Optical Character Recognition

RPM Revolutions per Minute

SARIMA Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average

SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction

S0S Save Our Soul
SMAC Social Mobile Analytics Cloud
SVM Support Vector Machines
TPS Throttle Position Sensor
WiFi Wireless Fidelity

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of the project goal is to develop an IoT-based vehicle

monitoring system that integrates sensors to monitor carbon monoxide levels, engine
oil status, and engine temperature. The system should provide real-time alerts through
a dedicated MIL indicator to notify the driver of potential issues, allowing for timely
preventive measures and reducing the risk of vehicle breakdowns and health hazards.
In the fast-evolving landscape of automotive technology, the integration of
Internet of Things (IoT) solutions has become a pivotal aspect of enhancing vehicle
safety and performance.
One such innovation is the implementation of a sophisticated MIL (Malfunction
Indicator Lamp) system that goes beyond conventional diagnostics. This system not
only alerts drivers about potential malfunctions but specifically focuses on monitoring
carbon monoxide levels, engine oil status, and engine heat to ensure a comprehensive
approach to vehicle health.
The traditional MIL indicator primarily serves as a warning light for a variety
of engine-related issues. However, this advanced system leaps forward by incorporating
IoT capabilities to provide real-time data and alerts related to critical factors affecting
both vehicle and occupant safety.
1.2 OVERVIEW

Engine malfunction detection and control using IoT involves employing Internet
of Things (IoT) technology to monitor and manage engine performance in real-time.
IoT integrates various sensors, processors, communication networks, and software
applications to create a network of interconnected devices that can communicate and
share data.

1
 In IoT devices equipped with sensors are installed on the engine and other
relevant components. These sensors continuously collect data on various parameters
such as temperature, pressure, vibration, fuel consumption, emission levels, and more.
The collected data is then transmitted wirelessly to a central processing unit or cloud-
based platform for analysis.
The IoT system employs advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms
to analyze the data and identify potential malfunctions or deviations from the normal
operating parameters. If an anomaly is detected, the system can trigger alerts, notify
operators, and initiate corrective actions in real-time to prevent further damage or
failures
1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM:

The engine malfunction detection often rely on routine checks and impact
analysis, typically using tools already integrated into the vehicle's system. These
methods, however, have limitations when it comes to providing real-time inspection and
proactive actions before the failure process begins.For instance, analysis is typically
based on error codes reported by the Controller Area Network (CAN) controller, which
is pre-installed in most vehicles. In cases of high impact or severe errors, the Electronic
Control Unit (ECU) may control the ignition relay to put the engine into a state of
permanent sleep, triggered by a signal from the brown-out timer. This shutdown is
intended to prevent further damage, but it can only be reset manually at a service station
to ensure the engine remains protected.
To mitigate these challenges, it is essential to integrate advanced IoT
technology into engine monitoring systems. IoT devices can provide real-time data on
various parameters, allowing for continuous monitoring and timely detection of
anomalies. Machine learning algorithms can then analyze this data to predict potential
failures and take proactive actions to prevent damage before it occur.By leveraging IoT
technology, engine malfunction detection can become more accurate and proactive,

2
reducing the reliance on manual inspection and providing more reliable and timely
information for effective maintenance and repair actions.
1.3.1 WORKING

Existing methods don’t have live inspection, rather they check the routine of
engine and its impact based on the tools they have in the system. This will not help us
to take action before the failure process started. Analysis is predicted based on the error
codes reported by the CAN controller preinstalled in vehicles. In case of high impact
this ECU will control the ignition relay for permanent sleep based on the brown out
timer signal. This can only be manually reset at the service station to avoid damage. In
case of few software failure we might face wrong error codes during recovery based on
engine diagnosis. Only possibility if based on physical inspection to either save huge
damage but this can be done only by the mechanic and professional bikers.
1.3.2 LIMITATION OF EXISTING SYSTEM

The current engine diagnostic and control systems face several issues. They don't
continuously monitor the engine, leading to delayed problem detection and resolution.
Relying on outdated data, these systems occasionally make incorrect assessments.
Moreover, they lack the capability to remotely shut down the engine for preventive
measures, requiring manual intervention. Ineffectiveness in identifying minor issues
before escalation and limited compatibility with modern, complex engines highlight
the need for advanced technology. An improved system should offer continuous real-
time monitoring, predictive capabilities, remote engine shutdown, and seamless
integration with contemporary engine complexities.

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1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapter 1: The describes the generalized introduction about the proposed system.
Existing system explains about the components and its working.
Chapter 2: The constitutesthe literature survey which provides the details about the
existing papers.
Chapter 3: The provides a detailed description about the proposed system.
Chapter 4: The provides the detailed information about hardware and software
requirements.
Chapter 5: The provides the sample results and explanation about the obtained
results.
Chapter 6 : It deals with the conclusion.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE SURVEY

Safaa Najah Saud Al-Humair et al.,proposed a paper titled “Intelligent Monitoring

System for Oil Well Efficiency,” in IEEE International Colloquium on Signal
Processing,Vol.16, pp. 13-17, published in the year February 2020 in Malaysia. The
development of an intelligent monitoring system for oil wells, addressing the challenges
faced by the current manual control systems. It emphasizes the significance of oil in
various applications and the critical role of the oil and gas industry in sustaining
economic progress. The proposed solution introduces a sensor network-based approach
with sensors for temperature, pressure, and gas, connected to an Arduino Uno
microcontroller. The system aims to achieve real-time monitoring and efficient
responses to emergencies. The methodology outlines the project management phases,
including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. A flowchart and
3D design illustrate the steps, and a block diagram breaks down the components into
input, processor, and output units.The sensors used include a MAX6675 temperature
sensor, pneumatic pressure sensor, and a stable gas sensor. The system incorporates a
GSM module for communication and a Wi-Fi transceiver (ESP8266) for data
transmission. The Arduino Uno acts as the central controller. The software tools used
include Arduino IDE, 3D builder, Proteus, and Blynk. A circuit diagram simulated in
Proteus shows the integration of humidity and temperature sensors with the Wi-Fi
module.The assembling of the prototype, testing with gasoline and engine oil, and the
system's output data, including Blynk app analysis and notification alerts.Thus this
paper indicate intelligent monitoring system achieves semi-automated oil well health
monitoring, reducing manual labor and time consumption. The system's ability to send
notifications and call alerts to administrators enhances its effectiveness.The suggests
potential future improvements, such as incorporating multi-chemical sensors for more
comprehensive oil efficiency measurements.

5
Aparajith Srinivasan et al, proposed a paper titled “Arduino based Automated
Viscometer for Oil Health Monitoring”, in Fourth International Conference on
I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Vol.2, pp.1069-
1073, published in the year June 2020, in Palladam, India The innovative approach
to monitor the health of engine oil efficiently, addressing the common practice of
changing oil at regular intervals without assessing its quality. Engine oil plays a
crucial role in vehicle performance, serving as a lubricant to reduce friction and
dissipate heat. However, its viscosity, a key parameter, undergoes changes during
operation. The proposed solution involves a miniaturized viscometer utilizing the
falling ball method, adapted for in situ monitoring. This prototype comprises a hollow
cylindrical tube with slits for oil movement, sensory electrodes,an electromagnet, and
a servo motor controlled by an Arduino Nano. The steel ball's average fall time
through the oil is calculated, applying Stokes Law to determine viscosity.the falling
ball method is a well-established technique for viscosity measurement. Previous
works explored miniaturized viscometers, but lacked automation or faced challenges
in real-time monitoring. Some employed photodiodes for ball detection, limiting
applicability in low-light conditions. The current prototype addresses these limitations
by using electrodes for ball detection, ensuring functionality in various environments.
The study emphasizes the significance of monitoring engine oil viscosity as a reliable
indicator of its health, considering factors like oxidation, impurities, and soot deposits
affecting viscosity over time.The viscosity theory section explains the relevance of
engine oil viscosity and its impact on performance. The prototype design incorporates
a corrosionfree alloy tube, a servo motor, electromagnet, and electrodes, providing a
systematic process for accurate viscosity calculation.Thus this paper indicate
demonstrate the prototype's accuracy in measuring kinematic viscosity, with a
minimal average error of 0.54%. The prototype's potential for broader applications
beyond engine oil, emphasizing its automated and real-time monitoring
capabilities.The Emphasizes the falling ball method's significance and the prototype's
efficiency in addressing oil monitoring challenges.

6
V.Kanpur Rani and A.L.Vallikanna , proposed a paper titled “Air Pollution
Monitoring System using Internet of Vehicles and Pollution Sensors”, in 4th
International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace
Technology (ICECA), Coimbatore, India,Vol.13, pp. 249-255, published in the year
May 2020, in Coimbatore, India. The escalating issue of air pollution in urban
environments, primarily driven by the rapid growth of urban societies and the
consequent increase in automobile usage. The surge in vehicular emissions has emerged
as a significant contributor to atmospheric pollution, adversely affecting air quality and
public health. The proposed work introduces an Internet of Things (IoT) based smart
system for monitoring and predicting air pollution levels in a smart city
environment.The system employs a fusion of IoT and the Internet of Vehicles
(IoV),incorporating sensors such as MQ-9, MQ-131, and MQ-135 to measure gases like
Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Hydrocarbons (HC) emitted from
vehicles. The architecture includes a perception layer, network layer, and application
layer to collect, communicate, and analyze data. The learning algorithm within the
application layer predicts pollution levels, generating alerts when thresholds are
exceeded.The research conducted simulated experiments in a smart city environment,
recording the accuracy of alert generation under different scenarios. The results indicate
a high accuracy of 99.23% for cases where the alert was generated and the actual data
exceeded threshold values (True-True). Comparatively, the system performed well in
other scenarios as well, with accuracies of 96.54% (True-False), 94.67% (False-True),
and 92.26% (FalseFalse).Thus this paper indicate effective monitoring and prediction
of air pollution levels, showcasing superior performance. In alert generation accuracy.
Future research could explore extending the system's capabilities to predict specific
pollutant levels emitted by transport vehicles, contributing further to environmental
sustainability and public health.

7
Vishnu Mallikalava et al.,proposed a paper titled “Theft Vehicle Detection Using
Image Processing integrated Digital Signature Based ECU”, in Third International
Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), Vol.17, pp.
913-918, published in the year November 2020, in Tirunelveli, India.The exploration
of existing research and developments in the field of vehicle theft detection. The
identified challenges in detecting stolen vehicles, such as altered number plates,
dismantled parts, and changes in vehicle color, are acknowledged as significant hurdles
in effective identification. The research introduces a novel approach, leveraging a digital
signature-based engine control unit (ECU) and image processing techniques. Modern
vehicles, equipped with various sensors and electronic systems controlled by ECUs, are
recognized as complex entities requiring advanced security measures.The emphasizes
the need for an integrated solution, proposing the incorporation of microcontrollers and
specialized modules, including machine learning, optical character recognition (OCR),
and global positioning system (GPS). A particular focus is given to the digital signature-
based ECU, which aims to address the challenges posed by altered vehicle components.
The introduction of supervised machine learning, specifically in the form of Automatic
Number-Plate Recognition (ANPR), is highlighted as a key component of the proposed
system. The utilization of ANPR technology, employing optical character recognition
on vehicle registration plates, is explored for its potential in law enforcement and toll
collection applications.The establishes a groundwork for comprehending the current
state of vehicle theft detection systems, underscoring the imperative for inventive
solutions. Thus the paper indicate , featuring a digital signature-based Engine Control
Unit (ECU),machine learning elements, and the amalgamation of diverse modules,
emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing theft vehicle detection efficiency and
overall security. The emphasis on the cost-effective nature of the proposed model signal
its viability for broader implementations in the future. sensor array can detect inner and
outer surface cracks for pipes with different diameters, and both circumferential and
axial cracks can be identified . The distance between the Bz peaks and troughs can
measure the crack length. When the crack is offset from the center of the pickup coil,

8
the adjacent pickup coil can compensate for the detection sensitivity.

Sanzad Lumen S M et al., proposed a paper titled“A New Topology for DC Circuit
Breakers with the Regenerative Current Breaking Capability”,in IEEE
International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems
(PEDES), Jaipur, India,Vol.9, pp. 1-6, published in the year May 2020 in Jaipur,
India. The proposed system is designed to interrupt current in a DC network efficiently.
Unlike existing technologies that dissipate stored energy through resistors, the proposed
DCCB incorporates a regenerative mechanism reusing energy stored in the inductor.
This regenerative current breaking scheme resembles regenerative braking in electric
drive systems. Through rigorous simulation results, the paper demonstrates the
effectiveness of the proposed topology in terms of current breaking capability during
faulted conditions. The simulation highlights reduced mechanical switch stress,
characteristics of the current breaking moment, and the nature of current and voltage in
the secondary network.The introduction emphasizes the increasing popularity of DC
systems in various applications, necessitating effective DC circuit breakers for fault
current interruption. Traditional circuit breakers face challenges in rapidly reducing fault
currents in DC systems due to the absence of zero-crossing points. The proposed
topology addresses this challenge by efficiently utilizing the stored energy in the
inductance, introducing a regenerative capability that minimizes energy wastage during
current breaking. The theoretical development of the regenerate current breaking
technique is explained, drawing an analogy to electrical drive systems. The paper also
discusses the design procedure for various components,including the breaker capacitor
and inductance, considering the parameters of a radial DC network.its ability to rapidly
reduce current and regenerate energy, meeting fault clearing time requirements. The
designed parameters, such as switch ratings and capacitance, are presented,
demonstrating the practicality of the proposed approach. Thus the paper indicate
acknowledges certain challenges, including voltage spikes and disturbances in system
voltage, calling for further research to optimize the regenerated current's smoothness

9
and mitigate dependency on protective elements like metal oxide varistors (MOV). In
conclusion, the paper underscores the potential of the proposed DCCB topology for
enhancing the efficiency and overall performance of DC systems.

Preety Pradhan and Sridhar N.,proposed a paper titled “IoT Based IC Engine
Temperature AND Lubricating Oil Condition Monitoring System”, in
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology ,Vol.9,pp
367-375,published in the year July 2022 in Bengalure,India.The development of an
IoT-based system for monitoring engine temperature and lubricating oil conditions in
the automotive sector. The need for such a system arises from the increasing demand
for IoT applications in the industrial and automotive domains, with Industry 4.0 driving
innovations in smart industries and machines. The system's key components include
sensors for engine temperature (LM35), oil quantity (HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor), and
oil quality (TCS230 Color Sensor), all integrated into an Arduino Uno microcontroller.
The data collected by these sensors are then transmitted in real-time to the Blynk IoT
application through a Node MCU connected to the Wi-Fi module.In the traditional
methods, such as dipsticks, are used for measuring engine oil levels, lacking the ability
to assess oil quality. The aims to address this limitation by provide continuous
monitoring of engine temperature, oil quantity, and quality in real-time. The color sensor
assesses oil quality by detecting changes in color as the oil degrades, while the ultrasonic
sensor estimates the quantity of oil in the engine.The working principle involves the
sensors collecting data on engine temperature, oil quantity, and quality. This data is then
processed by the Arduino Uno, which communicates with the Blynk IoT app through
the Node MCU and Wi-Fi module. The advantages of the proposed system include cost-
effectiveness, continuous feedback for optimizing oil-drain intervals, early problem
indication, and real-time monitoring of engine temperature.The system's applications
span across vehicles, industries, and generators. The experimental results indicate
successful monitoring of engine temperature and oil conditions, with data on
temperature, oil quality, and quantity displayed on the 16x2 LCD screen. Additionally,

10
the Blynk IoT app facilitates real-time monitoring, enabling users to take necessary
actions for maintaining engine health.Thus the paper indicate IoT-based engine
temperature and oil condition monitoring system present a costeffective and reliable
solution for detecting and addressing issues related to engine temperature, oil quality,
and quantity.

Khetmalas Sampada et al.,proposed a paper titled “Real Time Data Transfer Of IC

Engine Using IOT ”, in Department of Software Engineering, South China
University of Technology (SCUT),pp 101-120,published in the year May 2021, in
Guangzhou,China. On real-time data transfer from internal combustion (IC) engines
using the Internet of Things (IoT) to overcome limitations of traditional engine
monitoring methods. The existing manual or wired approaches are prone to errors, and
the proposed system aims to collect, convert, and transmit engine data wirelessly. The
three main stages include data collection, data conversion, and sending data to cloud
storage. The system utilizes a wireless input and output terminal connected to the
Electric Control Unit (ECU) and engine sensors.The introduction the need for an
improved engine diagnostics system and emphasizes the utilization of IoT networks,
particularly CyberPhysical Systems (CPS). The wireless platform facilitates data
transmission between the ECU, sensors, and the cloud. The collected data can be
analyzed in real-time for various purposes, such as assessing driving patterns, evaluating
racing car part reliability, and monitoring emission characteristics.The involves three
key platforms: CAN-bus data collection, data conversion, and sending converted data to
cloud storage via IoT. The components used include temperature sensors, infrared
sensors, Arduino Uno microcontroller, float sensors, and ESP-8266 modules. The circuit
diagram illustrates the interfacing of these components with Arduino Uno, and a block
diagram outlines the connection between LM 35 temperature sensors and Arduino
Uno.Results and discussion encompass the output on the Serial Monitor and Thinkspace
website. The system provides indicators and graphs for temperature, fuel level, and
RPM, demonstrating successful data transmission and visualization. The conclusion

11
emphasizes the study of IoT devices and the ESP-8266 module, highlighting the
successful interfacing of sensors and IoT devices for parameter measurement. The
project reflects the limitless possibilities of IoT, with acknowledgments expressing
gratitude to the project guide and department head for their support. Thus the paper
indicate presents a comprehensive approach to real-time IC engine data transfer using
IoT, addressing the limitations of traditional monitoring methods and showcasing
successful implementation through data collection, conversion, and cloud storage.

Qilan Ran et al.,proposed a paper titled “Fault Detection of Diesel Engine Air and
afterTreatment Systems with High-Dimensional Data: A Novel Fault-Relevant
Feature Selection Method”, in International Research Journal of Modernization in
Engineering Technology and Science, Vol.20,pp 60-75, published in the year January
2021 in India.The challenging task of fault detection in diesel engines, particularly in
the context of complex after-treatment technologies designed to reduce emissions.
Traditional fault detection becomes increasingly difficult due to the intricacies of these
technologies. The proposed approach introduces a data-driven fault detection method
using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) with fault-relevant variables optimized by
an elitist genetic algorithm (EGA). This innovative method aims to enhance fault
detection accuracy in high-dimensional datasets derived from actual diesel engine
operation.The introduction highlights the environmental concerns associated with diesel
engine emissions, leading to the implementation of stringent emission standards. The
integration of after-treatment technologies, such as diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC),
diesel particulate filter (DPF), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and ammonia slip
catalyst (ASC), has become a common approach. However, the complexity introduced
by these technologies necessitates effective fault detection mechanisms to ensure
compliance with emission standards.The emphasizes the limitations of existing fault
identification methods, which often focus on single after-treatment technologies and rely
on benchmark test data. The need for practical, data-driven fault detection models based
on actual operation data is emphasized.The proposed method centers around the

12
application of CCA, an extension of PLS, for fault detection. CCA is chosen for its
ability to describe the correlation between two sets of process variables, making it
suitable for systems with strong coupling. The key innovation lies in the integration of
an elitist genetic algorithm (EGA) to optimize fault-relevant variables, addressing issues
of redundancy and noise interference in the data. The variable subset optimized by EGA
is defined as fault-relevant variables, contributing to the efficiency of the CCA-based
fault detection model.Thus the paper indicate th emphasizes the practicality of the
proposed approach by conducting experiments with actual state data from a diesel
engine.

Konstantinos Tsitsilonis and Gerasimos Theotokatos.,proposed a paper titled

“Engine Malfunctioning Conditions Identification through Instantaneous
Crankshaft Torque Measurement Analysis”, Vol.9,pp 20-30, published in the year
January 2021, in China.The diagnosing malfunctions in large two-stroke diesel
engines,crucial components of the global ocean-going fleet. Traditional diagnostic
approaches often rely on intrusive methods or complex sensor networks, leading to
increased costs and potential failure points. The research introduces the Instantaneous
Crankshaft Torque (ICT) as a non-intrusive diagnostic measurement for identifying
malfunctions. The ICT, obtained through high-sample-rate measurements, is analyzed
under various malfunctioning and healthy operating conditions using a coupled
thermodynamics and crankshaft dynamics model.The literature review underscores the
significance of early diagnosis in maintaining vessel safety and minimizing operational
costs associated with engine breakdowns and inefficiencies. While in-cylinder pressure
is a valuable parameter, its measurement can be intrusive and costly. The study
emphasizes the potential of ICT measurements, which have been applied in automotive
contexts but remain relatively novel in the marine industry. The review identifies gaps
in existing research, highlighting the absence of studies utilizing ICT measurements for
identifying specific engine faults in large two-stroke diesel engines.The introduction of
ICT is positioned as a promising avenue for diagnostics due to its ability to offer detailed

13
insights into cylinder conditions with a single sensor. The study aims to provide a
framework for assessing engine performance by mapping the relationship between
specific malfunctioning conditions and engine ICT. Unlike traditional methods relying
on extensive sensor networks and statistical techniques, this research proposes a novel
combination of less data-intensive first-principles models, coupling thermodynamics
and crankshaft dynamics, to predict ICT under various malfunctioning conditions.The
proposed approach involves a frequency analysis of the flywheel ICT signal, enabling
the identification and mapping of harmonic frequencies affected by specific
malfunctioning conditions. The malfunction mapping process demonstrates its potential
for quick and resource-efficient identification of engine malfunctions.

Tamer Abukhalil et al.,proposed a paper titled“ Fuel Consumption Using OBD-II

and Support Vector Machine Model”,Vol.11,pp 24-72, published in the year January
2021 in UK.The automotive industry's response to emissions and fuel efficiency
concerns, focusing on real-time fuel consumption modeling using Support Vector
Machines (SVM). It recognizes the industry's shift towards energy-efficient vehicles and
the strategies employed by manufacturers. The emphasis is on gasoline-powered
vehicles, and the paper aims to validate a new fuel consumption estimation method
based on On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) parameters using SVM.The literature
review highlights the importance of economical driving (eco-drive) and existing
research on fuel consumption estimation, categorizing it into variable identification and
machine learning approaches. The paper distinguishes itself by proposing an SVM-
based method using RPM and Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) readings. The experiment
demonstrates the impact of engine displacement on fuel consumption, suggesting larger
engines may be more efficient on specific terrains.Thus the paper indicate contributes
by addressing contemporary challenges in fuel consumption using SVM modeling,
providing insights into driving behavior and engine displacement effects. The method
offers a valuable addition to ongoing efforts for energyefficient and low-emission
transportation. Future work includes exploring new On-Board Diagnostics parameters

14
and developing specific scan tools and software for analyzing malfunctions affecting
fuel consumption.

Ali Fattah Dakhil et al.,proposed a paper titled “Predicting Prior Engine Failure with
Classification Algorithms and web-based IoT Sensors ”, Vol.20,pp 94-121,
published in the year December 2020 in Jordan.The machine learning classification
techniques in predicting engine failures and facilitating machinery maintenance.
Leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technology and connected sensors, the study
focuses on real-time data collection and remote engine monitoring. The challenge
addressed is the difficulty in determining when an engine is likely to malfunction,
emphasizing the need for effective predictive maintenance strategies. The proposed
solution involves visualizing the remaining lifetime of an engine and notifying engineers
of the optimal time for maintenance.The methodology includes setting up a mechanism
for data collection using IoT sensors and analyzing the data with three classification
algorithms: Linear Discriminant, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Decision Tree. The
classification results are categorized into sections representing different levels of
urgency for maintenance. Experiments show that KNN performs the best among the
three algorithms, achieving an accuracy of 82.9%. Linear Discriminant and Decision
Tree achieve accuracies of 51.0% and 64.9%, respectively.The study contributes to the
field by offering a web-based cloud platform for handling large-scale data and
implementing machine learning classification algorithms. It follows a supervised
machine learning approach and emphasizes the importance of diverse data conditions
for robust model training. Thus the paper indicate advocates for predictive maintenance
as a cost-effective and efficient strategy, providing insights into the condition of engines
and facilitating timely repairs. The limitations include sensor placement challenges and
the need for purpose-designed IoT accelerometers. Future work is encouraged to explore
self-maintenance technology and ensemble classifiers for improved results

15
Er Keshav Kumar Jha ,proposed a paper titled “A Real Time Engine Oil Monitoring
System for Diagnosis of Lubricant using IoT Network”, in Emerging Technology
in Computing, Communication and Electronics (ETCCE),pp.1-6, published in the
year June 2020 in Bangladesh .As Internet of Things (IoT) based real-time Engine Oil
Monitoring (EOM) system for the diagnosis of engine lubricant in the automobile
industry. The focus of the study is to address the challenges associated with manual and
conventional methods of engine lubricant supervision, particularly prevalent in
developing countries like India.The Internet of Things (IoT) is acknowledged as a
transformative technology, connecting computational devices to the Internet for
information exchange and communication. The authors emphasize that IoT facilitates
intelligent monitoring, identification, location tracking, and management of various
parameters, extending communication between humans, humans and things, and things
to things.The key issue addressed in the research is the quality measurement of engine
oil in real-time, identified as a significant challenge in the automobile industry. The
absence of an automatic monitoring system for continuous engine use is attributed to the
reliance on conventional methods.To address this, the authors propose an EOM system
based on IoT technology, consisting of three main phases: Data Sensing, IoT-based
Transmission, and Monitoring.The provide an architecture illustration of the proposed
IoT-based EOM system, highlighting the deployment of electronic sensor devices in the
first phase. The system aims to improve the efficiency of engine oil monitoring, offering
real-time insights into lubricant conditions.The research also includes a comparative
analysis between the proposed EOM system and conventional engine oil monitoring
systems. The comparison encompasses factors such as oil quantity measurement, oil test
time, quantity estimation, oil health, costs, and power consumption. The proposed EOM
system demonstrates advantages in terms of automation, reduced test time, and lower
costs.Thus the paper indicate proposing an EOM system that leverages IoT technology
for real-time engine oil monitoring in the automobile industry. The system is designed
to enhance efficiency, reduce human effort, and provide intelligent insights into
lubricant conditions.

16
Madhana Mohan et al.,proposed a paper titled“Engine Oil Condition Monitoring
using IoT and Predictive Analysis”, in International Journal of Innovative
Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE),pp 665-720, published in the year
March 2020 in Bangladesh.The focus on addressing the critical issue of engine
lubrication in vehicles. They emphasize the importance of maintaining engine oil
properly to reduce wear and tear, manage heat generation, and minimize vibrations,
ultimately improving the overall efficiency of the engine. The key objective is to assess
the condition of engine oil using Internet of Things (IoT) techniques, providing a
detailed analysis of the oil's status in real time.The proposed system employs various
sensors, including a conductivity sensor, pH sensor, and turbidity sensor, to monitor.the
condition of the engine oil. Three differently colored LEDs are used to visually indicate
the oil condition based on the sensor readings. The system aims to assist vehicle owners
in changing the engine oil promptly when its condition degrades, enhancing overall
engine health and efficiency.The significance of lubrication oil in reducing friction
between rotating parts of the engine and preventing wear and tear. They argue that the
accumulation of dirt and sludge within the engine, due to irregular oil changes, can lead
to poor lubrication and decreased efficiency. The IoT-based approach presented in the
project is intended to address these issues.The authors propose the use of conductivity,
pH, and turbidity sensors to monitor key parameters of the engine oil. The system's
ability to provide a trend analysis of oil parameters such as temperature, viscosity, pH,
and water level is emphasized. By monitoring these parameters in real time, the system
can schedule maintenance more efficiently, helping prevent failures before they
occur.The limitations, such as the inability to assess the quality or condition of the oil.
The proposed system's advantages include real-time monitoring of the engine oil
condition, allowing for the analysis of oil deterioration based on sensor data. This
analysis can assist in identifying inherent mechanical shortcomings, conducting quality
analysis of the oil, and estimating the remaining lifetime of the oil.Thus the paper
indicate the comparative study of sensor values at different stages of oil use provides

17
valuable insights into the system's potential for identifying normal, intermediate, or bad
engine oil conditions. The importance of such condition monitoring in preventing engine
issues and scams is emphasized, suggesting the need for mandatory implementation in
the near future.

Yang Meng et al.,proposed a paper titled “Predicting CO2 Emission Footprint Using
AI through Machine Learning”,Vol.7,pp 2394-5125, published in the year November
2020 in Chennai,India .The issue of CO2 emissions and their impact on the
environment, particularly in the context of global warming and climate change. The
authors highlight the importance of accurate forecasting of CO2 emissions for making
informed decisions about reducing them effectively. They emphasize the role of
industrial chimneys, land vehicles, space vehicles, and oceanic vehicles as major
contributors to excessive CO2 levels.The unique aspect of this study is its consideration
of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on CO2 emissions. The authors note that during
2020, CO2 emissions reached their lowest levels in decades due to lockdowns and
reduced industrial activities. However, uncertainties remain about how long it will take
to reach a tolerable level of CO2 emissions and the potential future changes.The research
employs four prediction models based on Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving
Average (SARIMA) with exogenous variables (SARIMAX). These models are
developed for different time periods related to the COVID-19 pandemic: pre-COVID,
start-COVID, trans-COVID, and post-COVID. The primary goal is to compare these
models and determine the most effective one for predicting global total CO2 emissions
for the future.The study forecasts CO2 emissions for three different time frames: near
future (2022-2027), future (20222054), and far future (2022-2072). Mean Absolute
Percentage Error (MAPE) is chosen as the accuracy measure for model comparison.In
the existing works on CO2 emission modeling but highlight the limitations, such as
focusing on specific regions, using outdated data, or lacking inclusivity for global
predictions. The study positions itself as an original work in predicting COVID-19-
affected CO2 emissions using AI through ML methodology.Thus the paper indicate the

18
emphasizes the significance of accurately forecasting CO2 emissions for addressing
global challenges related to climate change. The post-COVID model is identified as
particularly effective in predicting future emissions, and the study suggests that future
research could consider additional external variables influencing CO2 emissions for
more refined forecasts.

Min Huang et al.,proposed a paper titled“Mechanical fault diagnosis and prediction

in IoT based on multisource sensing data fusion”,Vol.7,pp 11-18,published in the
year July 2020 in Beijing, China. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), artificial
intelligence (AI), and big data processing technology has become a crucial focus in
achieving predictive maintenance for mechanical equipment. This research explores
multi-source sensing data fusion models and algorithms to enhance fault diagnosis and
prediction in mechanical systems. Two fusion models, namely the Joint Directors of
Laboratories (JDL) and the Hierarchical fusion model, are compared, with the latter
being more widely adopted in mechanical fault diagnosis. Various fusion algorithms
based on Neural Networks and Deep Learning, including Dempster-Shafer (D-S)
evidence theory, are studied for their applications in mechanical fault diagnosis and
prediction.The advent of 5G communication infrastructure and the widespread
application of IoT, cloud computing, and big data processing technologies have
propelled the field of predictive maintenance for mechanical equipment. Utilizing
multiple sensors such as vibration, acceleration, temperature, and air pressure in an IoT
environment can efficiently collect realtime operational data. This data is then processed
through multi-source sensing data fusion technology, contributing to accurate fault
prediction. The development of artificial intelligence, coupled with 5G, has enabled the
prediction of mechanical faults based on IoT-generated data.Thus the paper indicate
various fusion models that have been over the years, highlighting the maturity of the
JDL fusion model but emphasizing the widespread use of hierarchical fusion models in
mechanical fault diagnosis. In terms of fusion algorithms, neural network-based
algorithms have seen broad application, requiring integration with data preprocessing

19
algorithms for enhanced accuracy. Deep learning algorithms, while not requiring data
preprocessing, demand longer training times and higher machine performance
standards.Overall, the paper emphasizes the importance of rational fusion algorithm
selection, especially in the context of multi-source sensing data from IoT and cloud
servers, for intelligent big data analysis in mechanical fault diagnosis and prediction.

20
 CHAPTER 3

ENGINE MALFUNCTION DETECTION USING IOT

3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system aims to enhance vehicle security and monitoring through IoT technology,
ensuring comprehensive control and real-time feedback. The primary feature involves ignition
control remotely via IoT to prevent unauthorized vehicle usage during theft attempts.
Additionally, the system monitors critical parameters such as engine heat levels, oil levels, and
brake quality, providing essential data for preventive maintenance and ensuring optimal
performance. Using the Blynk web server platform, the system offers a user-friendly interface
for seamless monitoring. Through Blynk, users can receive alerts and updates about the
vehicle's status, making it convenient to track oil levels and address potential issues promptly.
The integration of side stand mount error detection adds an extra layer of safety, preventing
accidents due to overlooked safety measures. The comprehensive nature of this proposed
system not only enhances security but also contributes to the overall health and longevity of
the vehicle. By leveraging IoT connectivity and Blynk's capabilities, users gain greater control
and awareness over their vehicle's condition, fostering a safer and more efficient efficient
driving .
3.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Finding the problems early, before they become big problems. It can turn off the
engine if something is wrong, and we can do it from far away. It's better than the old way,
where we had to wait for something to break and then fix it. This new way also works with
modern engines, which have a lot of parts. Overall, it's a smarter and easier way to keep
engines working well.

3.2 METHODOLOGY

Our proposed model is completely a real-time data collection from the sensor sector. We
process the signals received from the sensors depending on the environment. In further we
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deploy the data over the server to take live monitoring and push alert to avoid emergency
situations.

The MQ135 sensor is employed for carbon level testing, with signals processed based on
environmental conditions, and the data is swiftly deployed to a server for live monitoring. In
the case of live oil level monitoring, the HC-SR04 sensor continuously monitors oil levels,
with real-time signal processing and immediate transmission of the data to the server, enabling
timely alerts for critical oil level situations.

The use of a limit switch contributes to safety by detecting incorrect side stand mounting,
and alerts are generated for such instances through the server. The DS18b20 sensor predicts
potential engine malfunctions or overheating by analyzing real-time temperature data, ensuring
proactive measures can be taken.

Additionally, an IoT interfaced relay provides ignition control, acting as an anti-theft

mechanism, and conductivity sensors are utilized to ensure the quality of brakes and clutch
cables, with continuous monitoring and data transmission for quality assurance. This
methodology ensures a holistic approach to real-time monitoring and predictive alerts,
enhancing overall vehicle safety and performance as figure 3.1

3.3 ALGORITHM

Step 1: The initialization phase, set up and initialize sensors such as the MQ135, HC-SR04,
DS18b20, limit switch, and conductivity sensors. Additionally, configure the IoT
relay for ignition control and establish communication with the server.

Step 2: We have BLYNK as our sole platform for live monitoring and automation. Here
we planned to add technical data from the live environments like oil level, Heat
level, Carbon emission level, Conductivity test, Limit switch State and Ignition
control.

Step 3: For temperature analysis, read real-time temperature data from the DS18b20 sensor
and analyze it for potential engine issues. Take proactive measures based on the

22
Figure 3.1 System Architecture

23
 analysis to ensure optimal performance.

Step4: Continuously monitor brake and clutch cables using conductivity sensors and transmit
data to ensure cable quality. Develop an alert mechanism for critical sensor data and
send timely alerts for necessary actions.

Step 5: All kind of testing and automation can be viewed and controlled mobile application
and web platform via BLYNK web servers.

Step 6: Final phase of our project is integrating the environment with the real-time sensor
acquired data and uplink with the signed account of BLYNK webserver.

REQUIREMENTS:

Hardware requirements are given below

1. Ignition Relay 5V/10ah

2. Ds18b20 Sealed Waterproof Heat Sensor Module

3. MQ135 Air Quality Sensor Module

4. Limit Switch Model

5. SR-HC05 Ultrasonic Module {Distance Sensor}

6. ESP8277 CP2102 AI Thinker Original Development Board

7. Arduino IDE on ESP8266 JSON file with BLYNK IoT Application

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3.4 FLOW CHART

The flowchart of our proposed model is shown in the below fig 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Proposed Flow Chart

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 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

This are the following Hardware compounds used in our proposed model

 Node MCU ESP8266

 DS18B20 Temperuture sensor
 MQ135 Air Quality sensor
 HC-SR04 Distance sensor
 Brake connectivty module
 Relay Module
 Voltage Regulator LM7805
 Internet of things

4.1.1 Node MCU ESP8266

The NodeMCU ESP8266 works as a versatile Wi-Fi module, featuring a Tensilica

microcontroller running at 80 MHz. It can connect to Wi-Fi networks, allowing devices to
communicate over the internet or local networks. The module can operate in different modes:
as a Wi-Fi client (Station mode), creating its Wi-Fi network (SoftAP mode), or combining
both (Station + SoftAP mode). Developers can program the ESP8266 using the Arduino IDE
or other compatible platforms. Its GPIO pins enable interfacing with various sensors,
actuators, and other peripherals, making it suitable for a wide range of Internet of Things
(IoT) applications. The flash memory stores the program code, and its low power
consumption makes Node MCU ESP8266 CP2102 is a versatile and compact development
board widely used in IoT projects. It integrates the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module with the CP2102

26
USB-to-serial as figrure 4.1 given below
The chip, enabling easy connectivity and programming via micro USB. Its small size
and low cost make it popular for prototyping and DIY electronics. With a powerful 32-bit
microcontroller, onboard Wi-Fi capabilities, and support for the Arduino IDE, it's ideal for
creating connected devices, home automation systems, and remote sensing applications with
minimal hassle.

Figure 4.1 Node MCU ESP8266

27
4.1.2 DS18B20 Temperuture sensor

Della’s Instrument has designed this model with LM35 IC with sealed packing which
can able to determine the engine heat emission in our project. Here we have interface this
DS18B20 industrial temperature calibration gadget over GPIO D2 of our microcontroller unit.
This will produce the temperature change in the engine and transmit the output via the D2 pin.
Our microcontroller setup will fetch the data, process it and create a alert message over the
mobile network.Since over heating of engine is the primary indication of malfunction present
inside the functional system as figure 4.2 given below.

Figure 4.2 DS18B20 Temperuture sensor

4.1.3 MQ135 Air Quality sensor

It is based on the Lead content present in fuel our engine will emit the Carbon level as
figure 4.3 given below. This has a list of parameters to emit carbon monoxide at the exhaust.
Improper vehicle service is one of the primary factor that cause this issue. This CO emission
not only affect the vehicle but also the environment. We have use to air quality gas sensor to
sense the CO level over the exhaust outline of the vehicle. Once it crosses the set point we will
get an alert message as SOS over the mobile display with the help of BLYNK web server. It

28
operates on 5V as logic voltage in our circuit and we got interfaced to ADC channel to attain
digital data.as figure 4.3 given below.

Figure 4.3 MQ135 Air Quality Sensor

4.1.4 HC-SR04 Distance sensor

For proper working of engine we need to monitor the most functional parameter which
is the oil level. We know that there are lots of system got invented to measure the fuel level,
reserve levels as indicator or kind of alert. Only in high model of vehicles oil level will be taken
as a functional parameter. In case of low oil level engine lubrication will fail and high chances
for engine cease. To avoid those accidental damage we have proposed a model via SR04
ultrasonic sensor to measure the oil level. In case of low oil level the distance will be high in
the empty oil tank our master controller will create a push alert and recovery message to the
owners. It works on the principle to sense the distance via the Transmitter and Receiver time
period of sonar waves as figure 4.4 figure given below.

29
 Figure 4.4 HC-SR04 Distance Sensor

4.1.5 Brake Conductivity Module

We consider this as our very important phase of our project model. In case of brake or
clutch failure we can create SOS alert to mobile application and sudden Ignition cut-off via the
ignition relay setup as figure 4.5 given below. This works like a limit switch or a conductivity
wire loop which will continuously monitor the brake or cable lines. We have used this model
only for the detection of brake wire in our project model. It will produce HIGH signal to the
input receiver pin when brake wire is not connected or damaged.as figure 4.5 shown.

4.1.6 Relay Module

We have relay to activate or deactivate our self-motor and ignition coil through battery
cut-off. It is kind of magnetic switch that helps to control the ON and OFF automation in our
project.This relay will get automatic cut-off signal when there is brake failure.We have also
interfaced this model with IoT web socket to turn off the ignition in case of bike theft This
relay module is controlled via NPN transistor (B547 on HIGH Logic) via GPIO pin of our
master controller as figure 4.6 given below.

30
Figure 4.5 Brake Conductivity Module

Figure 4.6 5V Relay Module

31
4.1.7 Voltage Regulator 7805

The 7805 voltage regulator is a popular linear regulator capable of providing

a stable 5 volts DC output from a higher input voltage. Widely used in electronic
circuits, it ensures consistent voltage regardless of fluctuations in the input. With its
simple three-terminal design, it's easy to integrate into various projects, making it a
staple for hobbyists and professionals alike. The "78" series regulators are renowned
for their reliability and efficiency, often employed in powering microcontrollers,
sensors, and other low-power devices. However, they dissipate excess voltage as
heat, necessitating proper heat sinking in high current applications to prevent
overheating and ensure optimal performance as figure 4.7 given below.

Figure 4.7 Voltage Regulator 7805 IC

Proposal Benefits:

1. Preventive Maintenance: Early detection of issues allows for preventive

maintenance, reducing the risk of major engine failures and costly repairs.
2. Safety: Timely alerts for high carbon monoxide levels contribute to occupant
safety by avoiding exposure to harmful emissions.

32
 3. Extended Engine Lifespan: Monitoring engine oil levels and temperature
helps in maintaining optimal engine conditions, prolonging the engine's
lifespan.
4. Remote Monitoring: IoT connectivity enables remote monitoring by vehicle
owners and service centers, facilitating timely interventions.
5. Target Audience: Automobile manufacturers, service centers, and vehicle
owners looking to enhance the safety and performance monitoring capabilities
of their vehicles.

4.1.8 Internet Of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of interconnected devices,

mechanical and digital machines, vehicles, home appliances and other objects
embedded with sensors, software, switches and connectivity which enable these
things to connect to a network and collect and exchange data. The system creates
the scope of connecting the non- internet enabled physical devices and machines
to be connected over the internet and remotely monitored and controlled. A thing
in the Internet of Things can also be a personwith a heart monitoring implant or
an automobile with obstacle sensor or home appliances connected to an
application platform. This is also applicable to industrial machines like drill of an
oil rig or a jet engine of an airplane. These things are assigned to an IP address
and are able to transfer data over internet.Basically, this is the concept of
connecting any devices or machines can think of today with the internet.
Previously, home-mechanized gadgets were somewhat essential and basic, with
choices running fromlight clocks to programmable indoor regulators. Presently,
these frameworks are consolidating information from home exercises,
neighbourhood climate frameworks andthen some; to acclimate to optimal way
of life and help for better deal with home. Even better, they can interface with one
another to shape a firm unit to enable to work entire house.This research intends
to propose architecture for home automation using near field and mobile . The
communication along with a mobile application. The basic architecture or

33
framework consists of connecting devices which will use protocol (MQTT or
Zigbee) toconnect Edge gateway; and cloud stores the data information using
backend storage system. Along with smart control of the appliances, this project
will be focusing on energy consumption management system through which
consumers can reduce excess energy consumption by remotely controlling the
devices. This can save excessive use of any appliance energy, time and
simultaneously abate extra wealth expenditure.

4.1.8.1Basic Concept Of Internet Of Things (IoT)

The intercommunication between device to device or machine learning

connected through the internet with embedded technology systems using wireless
sensors, actuatorswhich is remotely controlled, monitor and optimized by the user for
automation is referred as Internet of things (IoT). Here the term “Things” means
physical devices suchas chips, cameras, sensors and other such devices.

These physical devices are responsible to communicate, collect information

and exchange data by connecting a network. The embedded technology of these
physical devices makes this exchange of information each other possible. There
are an assortmentof home robotization includes that can help making life at home
increasingly advantageous and simpler to oversee, particularly for occupied, huge
families. Suppose you could consequently manage and control the gadgets that
you ordinarily turn on and off each day. With a home computerization
framework, you can manage appliances when you’re out of the house and
wondering if you remembered to turn off light or not, smart system will to be
there.The developing nearness of the Internet of Things in individual's lives has
made development and advancement in the savvy home space, enabling clients
to associate their gadgets through the web to their phones and tablets, and make
better than ever benefits for family units. In addition, as house owner are adjusting
their gadgets to one focal application, gadget or centre, they further understand

34
the worth these home robotization items can bring to a family. It is the connectivity
apart from the conventional devices using internet such as desktop, laptops,
Smartphone, tablets etc. Figure 4.8 represents the IoT Basic Concept.

Figure 4.8 IoT Basic Concept

4.1.8.2 IoT CHARACTERISTICS

IoT is one of the most popular terms in this modern era of the world. Internet
of things (IoT) explains the network of different devices like home appliances or
office works that contains software, electronics, sensor and connectivity to allow
them to exchange data with connections. Several sensors and actuators are used to
connect those devices and give a feedback to them according self-operations.The

35
characteristic of IoT includes the synthesis of hardware and software abiding by
complex algorithm and computation technique which intelligence authorizes them
to behave and act accordingly to the situations. The connectivity of IoT devices
allows connecting various objects by creating network and comprehensive
intelligence system. The dynamic nature of IoT devices tells the state of device
whether it is on or off. An IoT device also collects dynamic change of data
information from its neighbouring environment. The essence of IoT is diversity and
heterogeneity because of using distinct platform and network.Figure 4.9 represents
IoT Operating Technique.
4.1.8.3 IoT Architecture

The basic architecture of IoT consists of some stages including device, gateway
connectivity, data processing and cloud or user interface. Firstly, physical devices
such as sensors, appliances, devices and actuators assemble raw data from
neighbouring environment and convert it into useful data. Actuator and sensors
work as a transducer which converts energy into one form to another form are
used in IoT architecture. Actuators convert energy into motion besides sensor
which is a device that receives and respond to signal. system besides data
aggregation. The internet gateway received aggregated data as an example pre-
processing and provides routing detaining connectivity to cloud using system for
instance web sockets, the event hub, edge analytics, advance messaging queuing
protocol (AMQP), Message queuing telemetry protocol (MQTT), Constrained
application protocol (COAP) or fog computing. Further, details analysing of data
and processing byIT systems onsite or offsite. Finally, data stored in the database
or cloud. The cloud application handles the communication which transpires in
all stages. Fig 4.10 represents the IoT architecture. In the meantime, there comes
internet-gateway. Sensors use specific protocol like Modbus, Zig Bee, Bluetooth,
near field communication (NFC), Wi-Fi or along with that proprietary protocol
to connect Edge gateway. Edge gateway converts raw data from analogue to

36
digital using data acquisition

Figure 4.9 IoT Operating Technique

37
4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
This are the Software application used in our proposed model
• Arduino IDE
• Embedded C
• Blynk app

Figure 4.10 IoT Architecture

4.2.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is used to write and

upload code to the Arduino boards. The IDE application is suitable for different
operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It supports the
programming languages C and C++. Here, IDE stands for Integrated Development
Environment. The program or code written in the Arduino IDE is often called as
sketching as figure 4.11 given below . We need to connect the Genuine and Arduino
board with the IDE to upload the sketch written in the Arduino IDE software. The

38
sketch is saved with the extension '.ino.

JSONFileLink

- https://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
This helps us to acquire ESP8266 Community Version board for our usage

The Arduino IDE will appear as:

Figure 4.11 Arduino IDE

39
4.2.2 Proteus Simulation Software

Proteus is used to simulate, design and drawing of electronic circuits. It was

invented by the Labcenter electronic. By using proteus you can make two
dimensional circuits designs as well. With the use of this engineering software, you
can construct and simulate different electrical and electronic circuits on your personal
computers or laptops. There are numerous benefits to simulate circuits on proteus
before make them practically. Designing of circuits on the proteus takes less time
than practical construction of the circuit. The possibility of error is less in software
simulation such as loose connection that takes a lot of time to find out connections
problems in a practical circuit. Circuit simulations provide the main feature that some
components of circuits are not practical then you can construct your circuit on proteus
as figure given below.

Figure 4.12 Proteus Simulation Software

40
4.3.3 BLYNK Web Server

The BLYNK application was designed for the primary purpose of the Internet of
Things. BLYNK is a platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, and the likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where a graphic
interface for a prototype can be built by simply dragging and dropping widgets as
figure 4.13 given below. It can control hardware remotely, it can display sensor data,
can store and visualize data, and possessed a lot more functionality. There are three
major components in the platform:

1.BLYNK Application: allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects
using various widgets we provide.
2.BLYNK Server: responsible for all the communications between the smartphone
and hardware. You can use our BLYNK Cloud or run your private BLYNK server
locally. Its opensource, could easily handle thousands of devices, and can even be
launched on a Raspberry Pi.

3.BLYNK Libraries: for all the popular hardware platforms – enable

communication with the server and process all the incoming and outgoing
commands. Every time a radio button is accessed in the BLYNK application, the
message travels to the BLYNK Cloud, where it finds the specific hardware by the
unique generated authentication token. It works in the same way in the opposite

4.3 Code Description

In the fast-evolving landscape of automotive technology,

the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions has become a pivotal aspect of
enhancing vehicle safety and performance One such innovation is the
implementation of a sophisticated MIL(Malfunction Indicator Lamp) system that
goes beyond conventional diagnostics.This system not only alerts drivers about

41
potential malfunctions but specifically focuses on monitoring carbon monoxide
levels, engine oil status, and engine heat to ensure a comprehensive approach to
vehicle health.The traditional MIL indicator primarily serves as a warning light for a
variety of engine-related issues. However, this advanced system leaps forward by
incorporating IoT capabilities to provide real-time data and alerts related to critical
factors affecting both vehicle and occupant safety.

Figure 4.13 BLYNK WEB Server Working Platform

Key Features:

1. Carbon Monoxide Monitoring: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless,

odorless gas that can pose serious health risks when present in high
concentrations. The IoT-based system continuously monitors CO levels in the
vehicle's exhaust, ensuring timely detection of any abnormal concentrations.
Immediate alerts are sent to the driver, enabling quick response and preventive
measures to mitigate potential health hazards.

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2. Engine Oil Status Indicator: Maintaining proper engine oil levels is crucial

for the smooth operation and longevity of the vehicle's engine. The system
utilizes sensors to monitor the engine oil level and quality in real-time. Drivers
receive alerts when the engine oil is below optimal levels or when the quality
deteriorates, prompting timely maintenance and reducing the risk of engine
damage.

3. High Engine Heat Alert: Excessive engine heat can lead to performance

issues, breakdowns, and potential safety hazards. The IoT system constantly
monitors the engine temperature, providing instant alerts if temperatures
surpass safe operating limits. Drivers can take proactive measures cooling
down the engine or seeking assistance to prevent severe damage and ensure a
safer driving experience.

4. Brake Failure SOS Alert: Lifesaving is the most important rule of any

inventions here most of the vehicle with top model has these kind of
malfunction indication feature. Here we used simple cut-off logic based on
the limit switch to monitor the flow of conductivity on rear braking system

5. Vehicle Ignition Relay Control: In case of any misuse of mishandling of

vehicle this feature will help to take recovery of spot through ignition control
unit via IoT servers. This will be the most secured feature which we access
this over a fire wall protected source using BLYNK Web server.

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 CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 HARDWARE MODEL

The goal is to create an IoT-driven vehicle monitoring framework that

incorporates sensors to supervise carbon monoxide levels, engine oil condition, and
engine temperature. This system should deliver immediate notifications through a
dedicated malfunction indicator lamp to inform the driver of potential problems,
enabling timely precautionary actions and mitigating the risk of vehicle malfunctions
and health dangers as figure 5.1 given below.

Figure5.1 Final Design Model

The system should accurately monitor carbon monoxide levels, engine oil status,
and engine temperature. The MIL should promptly alert the driver when any of the
monitored parameters exceed safe limits. The IoT connectivity should enable real-
time data transmission and remote monitoring. The system should be reliable,
durable, and easily integrated into existing vehicle systems.The fusion of an IoT-
driven MIL indicator framework for monitoring carbon monoxide levels, engine oil
condition, and engine heat signifies a substantial leap forward in vehicle safety

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Technology as figure 5.2 given below

.
Figure5.2 Final Output Model

By furnishing real-time information and warnings, this system enables drivers to

take prompt measures, boosting overall safety, reducing the likelihood of
malfunctions, and supporting the durability of the vehicle.The final phase of our
project involves integrating the environment with real-time sensor-acquired data and
linking it with the authenticated account of BLYNK webservers. All testing and
automation can be observed and managed through the mobile application and web
platform via BLYNK web servers. The BLYNK platform enables users to remotely
monitor and control various vehicle parameters, ensuring efficient operation and
minimizing the risk of malfunctions.

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 Figure 5.3 circuit Design Model

5.2 BLYNK APP OUTPUT

In the rapidly advancing automotive technology realm, the integration of

Internet of Things (IoT) solutions has emerged as a crucial aspect for improving
vehicle safety and performance. An exemplary illustration of this is the
incorporation of a sophisticated MIL (Malfunction Indicator Lamp) system that
transcends conventional diagnostic methods. This system not only alerts drivers
about potential malfunctions but also focuses on meticulously monitoring carbon
monoxide levels, engine oil status, and engine heat to ensure a holistic approach to
vehicle health. Traditionally, the MIL indicator primarily functions as a warning
light for a variety of engine-related issues. However, this state-of-the-art system
takes a quantum leap forward by integrating IoT capabilities to offer real-time data

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and alerts related to critical factors influencing both vehicle and occupant safety.
Leveraging the BYLNK application, users can remotely access, monitor, and
control these vital parameters, thereby enhancing their driving experience and
ensuring a safer journey the output as mentioned in figure 5.3 and 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Temperature,Oil Level , Carbon Level,Break Cut-off,Ignition

control,SoS&Push Notification

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Figure 5.5 Temperature,Oil Level,Carbon Level,Break Cut-off,Ignition Control,SoS
& Push Notification

5.3 Port Integration and Network Bond

This part will help us to understand our workflow with each stage of work
done throughout our proposed model and process mentioned in figure 5.5 and 5.6.

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Stage - 1 [Web Server Integration with MQTT on BLYNK]

Figure 5.6 BLYNK Integration

Stage - 2 [Live Calibration of Sensor on Serial Monitor

Figure 5.7 Sensor Calibration and

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION

The integration of an IoT-based MIL indicator system for monitoring carbon

monoxide levels, engine oil status, and engine heat represents a significant
advancement in vehicle safety technology. By providing real-time data and alerts,
this system empowers drivers to take immediate action, enhancing overall safety,
minimizing the risk of malfunctions, and contributing to the longevity of the vehicle.
As automotive technology continues to evolve, such innovations play a vital role in
creating a safer and more efficient driving experience for users worldwide.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope for the Vehicle MIL (Malfunction Indicator Light) Indicator
project extends towards enhancing its capabilities and connectivity through IoT
(Internet of Things) technology. Integration with advanced sensor systems can enable
real-time monitoring of critical vehicle parameters like brake performance, oil levels,
carbon emissions, and engine temperature. Future iterations may incorporate
machine learning algorithms for predictive maintenance, pre-emptively identifying
potential issues before they escalate. Additionally, leveraging IoT connectivity, the
system could enable remote diagnostics and automatic relay cut-off in case of
detected malfunctions, enhancing vehicle safety and efficiency. Collaboration with
automotive manufacturers for standardized implementation could lead to widespread
adoption and improved road safety standards globally.By providing real-time data
and alerts, this system empowers drivers to take immediate action, enhancing overall
safety, minimizing the risk of malfunctions, and contributing to the longevity of the
vehicle. As automotive technology continues to evolve, such innovations play a vital
role in creating a safer and more efficient driving experience for users worldwide.

50
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