VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama” Belagavi-590018

A Project Report on
“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE’S SAFETY MEASURES
FOR INDIAN ENVIRONMENT”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted By
Mr. REZINOLD ARAS S 1AY17EE055
Mr. SANDEEP C J 1AY17EE064
Mr. S TEJA 1AY17EE059
Mr. SAIKIRAN B 1AY17EE062

Under the guidance of

Mr. HARSHAVARDHAN V KULKARNI
Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE
AIT, Bengaluru

2020-2021
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru-560107
 ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru-560107

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
2019-2020

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

VEHICLE’S SAFETY MEASURES FOR INDIAN ENVIRONMENT ” is a
bonafide work carried out by Mr. Rezinold Aras S [1AY17EE055], Mr. Sandeep C J
[1AY17EE64], Mr. S Teja [1AY17EE059], Mr. Saikiran B [1AY17EE062] theaward of degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi-590018 during the year 2020-2021. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessments have been incorporated in the Report
deposited in the department library. The report work has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirement in synopsis of project work prescribed by said degree.

_______________ __________________________
Internal Guide HOD Principal
Mr. HARSHAVARDHAN V
KULKARNI Dr. R PRAKASH Dr. M R PRAKASH
Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE HOD, Dept. of EEE Principal
AIT, Bengaluru AIT, Bengaluru AIT, Bengaluru

External Viva
Name of Examiner Signature with Date

1.

2.

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 DECLARATION

We, REZINOLD ARAS S, SANDEEP C J, S TEJA and SAIKIRAN B students of VIII Semester B.E in
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AIT, Bengaluru hereby declare that the Project
entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE’S SAFETY MEASURES FOR
INDIAN ENVIRONMENT” has been carried out under the supervision of Mr. Harshavardhan V
Kulkarni, Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE, AIT, and submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during academic year 2020– 2021.

MR. REZINOLD ARAS S 1AY17EE055

Mr. SANDEEP C J 1AY17EE064

Mr. S TEJA 1AY17EE059

Mr. SAIKIRAN B 1AY17EE062

PLACE: BENGALURU
DATE:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of synopsis work would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible through constant guidance
and encouragement.

I would take this opportunity to express my heart-felt gratitude to our Principal Dr. M R
Prakash for creating an excellent and technically sound academic environment in our institute.

I also express my sincere gratitude to our respected HOD (EEE) Dr. R Prakash, for his
immense support and help in order to carry out the synopsis successfully.

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude and special thanks to our Project Coordinator
Mr. Sunil Kumar, Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE, who in spite of being extraordinarily busy
with their duties, took their time out to hear, guide and keep us on the correct path.

I would like to express my greatest appreciation to my guide Mr. Harshavardhan V

Kulkarni, Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE, for his encouragement and guidance.

Mr. REZINOLD ARAS S 1AY17EE055

Mr. SANDEEP C J 1AY17EE064

Mr. S TEJA 1AY17EE059

Mr. SAIKIRAN B 1AY17EE062

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

TOPIC NAME PAGE NO

FRONT PAGE i
COLLEGE CERTIFICATE ii
DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
LIST OF CONTENT v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
ABSTRACT viii
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2-OBJECTIVE 2
CHAPTER 3-LITERATURE SURVEY 3
CHAPTER 4-BLOCK DIAGRAM 7
CHAPTER 5-METHODOLOGY 9
CHAPTER 6-ARCHITECTURE & COMPUTATION 10
6.1. System Design 10
6.2. System Architecture 11
6.3 Flow Chart 12
6.4. Sequence Diagram 13
6.5. Power 14
6.6. Input & Output 14
6.7. Communication 15
CHAPTER 7-PRGRAMMING & RESULTS 16
7.1. Software Used: ARDUINO IDE 1.8.15 16
7.2. Programming 20
7.3. Automatic (Software) Reset 21

v
7.4. USB Over current Protection 21
CHAPTER 8- COMPONENTS REQUIRED 22
8.1 ARDUINO UNO 24
8.2. AT- mega 328 P 25
8.3. BLUETOOTH MODULE 28
8.4. ACCELEROMETER-ADXL335 33
8.5. Liquid Crystal Display 35

8.5.1 LCD PIN Description 35

8.6. I2C IC 36
8.7. BUZZER 37
8.8. GPS Module 38
8.9. GSM Module 39
8.10. Switches 40
8.11. RELAY 41
8.12. INVERTER 41
8.13. Li-ion Battery 42
8.14. Universal Electric Solenoid 42
CHAPTER 9- HARDWARE 43
CONCLUSION 44
REFERENCES 45

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 LIST OF FIGURES
INDEX PAGE NUMBER
Fig 1 Block Diagram 6
Fig 2 Methodology Diagram 8
Fig 3 System Design 9
Fig 4 System Architecture 10
Fig 4.1 Flow Chart 11
Fig 4.2 Sequence Diagram 12
Fig 5 Arduino UNO 21
Fig 6 Atmega 328 25
Fig 7 Bluetooth Module 28
Fig 8 Accelerometer 33
Fig 9 Liquid Crystal Display 35
Fig 10 I2C IC MODULE 36
Fig 11 Buzzer 37
Fig 12 GPS 38
Fig 13 GSM 39
Fig 14 Switches 40
Fig 15 Relay 41
Fig 17 Li-ion Battery 42
Fig 18 Hardware Model 43

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 ABSTRACT

This project presents a “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE’S

SAFETY MEASURES FOR INDIAN ENVIRONMENT”. Transportation System
are trending in Literature and Industries nowadays, and are upgrading the road safety
systems all over the world. Due to increase in Population, the number of vehicles is
increasing drastically. The increase in number of vehicles causes increase in road
accidents. The sensors in the vehicles not only helps us to monitor the situation and also
facilitates the detection of the incidents. These features are availed only in the special cars
for now. We present a novel ARDUINO BASED accident detection and reporting system
for all kinds of low-cost vehicles too. The proposed abstract focuses on designing and
developing low-cost solution for enhanced transportation system, taking advantage of the
technologies available in Industries and Smartphones. On road accident is a major issue of
concern. Even with all modern developments in the field of vehicle design, road lane
design and management, accidents do occur. Timely accident detection and taking
immediate action with respect to emergency health care of victims by informing an
emergency center such as a hospital or a police station about the accident on time plays a
vital role inhuman safety and road traffic management. Accident detection can be done
under various domains. Most of the papers surveyed use application of sensor technology,
besides trying to detect accidents automatically using machine learning and computer
vision from surveillance systems. Any kind of accident detected is automatically sent as an
alert to the required destination. Each of these methods has different percentages of
accuracy and their own limitations. An efficient approach to reduce traffic deaths and
injuries is to alarm the driver about hindrances on the roadway that can be the reason for
mischance, prior and if there is an occurrence of the mishap event, find the mischance spot
and give therapeutic help to them as early as possible.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Accident rates are on a rise across the world and commuters on two-wheelers often
have it worse for them as compared to others. Bike accidents lead to the majority of
deaths in India and often times there is a delay in the victim getting medical attention
which puts his life in danger. In order to prevent this from happening the smart helmet is
devised which automatically intimates the hospitals nearby saving time and reducing the
probability of death.

Approximately 1214 road accidents occurring every day. Major road accidents in
India are caused due to the over speeding and violation of traffic rules. The road accident
rates are increasing day by day due to large numbers of vehicle running on the road. In all
these Vehicles, the speed control needs to be implemented. Here is the new idea of ours
to install an automated speed control system in the vehicles to control the speed mainly in
the restricted areas like school, college zones etc. When the vehicle enters the speed
limiting zone, the color sensor detects the color of the strips which is painted on the road
before entering the speed limiting zone. Then the speed is controlled by the speed
controlling system to restricted limit. The current speed of the vehicle is sensed by the dc
motor and the output is verified with given data and speed is controlled.

By implementing our system in every vehicle, we can drastically reduce the rate of
road accidents happening every day. Another major cause of death due to road accident is
due to delay of medical treatment. So, we came up with an idea of using vibration sensor
to detect the vibrations caused by the accident and sending alert message to the nearby
medical center and to the family members. This can save millions of people who are in
need for medical emergencies. When an accident happens an automatic alert message will
be sent to the family members through the mobile application. In addition to that we are
using touch sensor to prevent the vehicle from theft. A touch sensor is used to detect the
touching of vehicle while it is locked. The alert message is sent to the owner of the
vehicle through the mobile application.

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CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVE

Objectives of the project are:

 To create a smart helmet which detects accidents and informs specific people via
SMS with location and speed of the bike before the accident occurs with the help
of GPS & GSM based tracking system, thus aiding ambulance to reach the correct
location.

 To provide convenience with directions during the commutation by pushing audio

to the rider’s helmet using speakers.

 To prevent distraction by Calls/SMS while on the ride. In this Project, we have

researched on combining GPS, GSM and a control module to detect car
incidences, and a pressure sensor to sense the pressure of the accident occurred.

 In an accident, an alarm report is triggered and sent to the Transport Management

Centre (TMC) via GSM and GPRS. In manual incident detection, spectators,
CCTV or the conscious driver can report the incident. In automatic detection
method, when the driver is unconscious and no witnesses were around, the auto-
alarm can be triggered by one of the in-vehicle sensor.

 Our research will focus on using nearest police station and hospital as a main
triggering mechanism to indicate that an accident has taken place and it is
somewhat severe. Overall, this project basically is based on saving lives, saving
money, saving vehicles, saving infrastructure and thus the economy.

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CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SURVEY

Sl.No Paper Title Conference Pedagogy Methodology Parameters Results

Measured

01. Intelligent International Vibration Automatically detect Vehicle Detecting

Automatic Journal detection, traffic accidents using reg no. traffic
Vehicle of detecting accelerometers GPS accidents via
Accident Research traffic and immediately coordinates, ARM7
Detection Studies in accidents via notify a emergency vibration controller
System Science, ARM7 dispatch server after an detect
Using Engineering and controller. accident, using ion
Wireless Technology GPS coordinates.
Communication Along with the
data it will send
the number of
the vehicle.

02. A Novel IEEE 2012 10th Accident Five-layer architecture Intelligent Triggering
Internet of International Detection concerning: the transportation auto-dialer
Things- Conference on and perception layer; the system, to call the
Enabled Frontiers of Reporting Network Layer; the speed local
Accident Information System using Middleware layer; the data of authorities
Detection and Technology, 17– IOT. Application Layer; and vehicle,
Reporting 19 December Intelligent the Business or Logic pressure
System for 2012 transportatio Layer.
Smart City n system
Environment

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Sl No: Paper Title Conference Pedagogy Methodology Results

03. A Smart International The detection When the helmet hits the ground, the Detect the speed
Helmet conference on of an accident accelerometer sensors note this data and of the vehicle and
road safety and using an send it to a CMOS 8-bit helped in locating
Indranil measures accelerometer microcontroller. controller then extracts the accident
Nikose et. on,2017 Italy sensor, GPS the longitude and latitude of the
and GSM location using the GPS module
modules, and
prevention of
accidents by
the detection
of alcohol
levels of the
rider using an
alcohol sensor.
04. Smart IEEEE 2016 12TH Proposed a The helmet module consists of the solar RF receiver
accident international smart helmet strips, Bluetooth headphones, receives an alert
detection conference on idea which thermoelectric cooler, ignition control signal from the
device. science and provided a lot switch and an RF Transmitter. The bike helmet module,
Kodanda technology of module on the other hand consists of the the same is sent to
Ramaiah GN functionalities GSM, GPS, vibration sensor, RF the controller to
These include Receiver and a microcontroller. The take necessary
cooling the solar strips are used to power up all the actions. The
inside of a peripherals interfaced into the helmet. vibration sensor
helmet using a along with the
thermoelectric GSM and GPS
cooler working modules work
on solar together with the
energy microcontroller to
send alerts

LITERATURE SURVEY

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LITERATURE SURVEY

SL Paper Title Conference Pedagogy Methodology Results

No:

05. Smart helmet IEEE,6TH Indian Idea focused upon When the rider puts on the helmet, Implementation
Ravi Nandu conference on prevention of his head hinders the LED light would be
and Kuldeep road safety 2018 casualties by falling on the sensor thus causing a completely
Singh based on science ensuring that the disturbance in the proximity infeasible because
and technology rider is wearing sensor. A signal transmitter then of the ignition
the helmet while transmits the signal to a signal system having to
on a trip. The receiver present on the two- be tampered with,
system built is wheeler. At the receiver end, on the in every single
such that in the two-wheeler, a microcontroller model of every
case of the helmet controls the ignition. single two-wheeler
not worn, the manufacturer for
ignition in the this idea to come
combustion to function.
chamber wouldn’t
occur.

06. Accident Research Journal GSM based helmet Helmet is a Microcontroller (Intel This system
Detection of Science And model is Edison on Arduino Board) assures to Provide
and Engineering introduced by Embedded Inside the helmet along Immediate
Reporting Systems developers With assistance to the
System which the helmet Accelerometer (MPU6050), victim of the
using acts as an Headset (Intex), accident. The
Internet of Intelligent system Camera (Logitech). results give exact
Things Here vibration is locations of the
detected by accident.
Placing Vibration
sensor on the
helmet and gives
to Microcontroller
board
(P89V51RD2).

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LITERATURE SURVEY

Sl No: Paper Title Conference Pedagogy Methodology Reulults

07. Vehicle International The automatic The automatic This system

Tracking Journal Accident detection Accident detection sends an
and of Applied Techniques are to Techniques are to detect the Automated
Accident Engineering detect the accident accident and to send the message message to
Detection Research and to send the Automatically to the Emergency all the preinstall
System ISSN 0973-4562 message Contacts along with the location. numbers in the
using Automatically to device such as the
Accelerome the Emergency Drivers Family
ter Contacts along with members, Police
the location. station,
Ambulances and
the Nearest
hospitals.

08. Intelligent International Vibration Automatically detect traffic Vehicle reg no.
Automatic Journal of detection, detecting accidents using GPS coordinates,
Vehicle Research Studies traffic accidents via accelerometers and immediately vibration detection.
Accident in Science, ARM7 controller. notify a central emergency Detecting traffic
Detection Engineering and dispatch server after an accident, accidents via
Technology using GPS coordinates. Along ARM7 controller
with the data it will send the
number of the vehicle.

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CHAPTER 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER-5
METHODOLOGY

To protect the vehicle and tracking so many advanced technologies are available in recent days.
In olden days the information of accident can be transferred, but the place of accident spot
cannot be identified. In any vehicle airbags are designed, air bags are used for security and safety
travels. The air bag system was introduced in the year of 1968.

ACTUAL METHOD
The system built is such that in the case of the helmet not worn, the ignition in the combustion
chamber wouldn’t occur. The system of the helmet is directly connected to the two-wheeler
ignition system by electronics. The helmet has two main components – a proximity sensor and a
small LED light. The LED light and the sensor are mounted inside the helmet on either side,
exactly opposite to each other so that the light directly falls upon the sensor.
When the rider puts on the helmet, his head hinders the LED light falling on the sensor thus
causing a disturbance in the proximity sensor. A signal transmitter then transmits the signal to a
signal receiver present on the two-wheeler. At the receiver end, on the two-wheeler, a
microcontroller controls the ignition. The ignition system is incorporated with a diode acting as
cut off and on region connector. Upon the reception of the signal from the helmet, the
microcontroller takes care of the ignition starting the vehicle.
This idea which provides a lot of functionalities. These may be included by cooling the inside of
a helmet using a thermoelectric cooler working on solar energy; Bluetooth headset inside the
helmet to handle calls; ensuring that the rider is wearing a helmet while on a trip; GPS and GSM
modules to send the precise location of the rider in case of an accident. The smart helmet idea
here has two modules – helmet and the two-wheeler. The helmet module consists of the solar
strips, Bluetooth headphones, thermoelectric cooler, ignition control switch and an RF
Transmitter. The bike module on the other hand consists of the GSM, GPS, vibration sensor, RF
Receiver and a microcontroller. The solar strips are used to power up all the peripherals
interfaced into the helmet.

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The RF Transmitter sends the trigger signals about the status of switches to the bike module.
When the RF receiver receives an alert signal from the helmet module, the same is sent to the
controller
to take necessary actions. The vibration sensor along with the GSM and GPS modules work
together with the microcontroller to send alerts regarding an accident to the specified contacts
and emergency vehicles/hospitals. While this helmet provides a lot of important functionalities
about these information.

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CHAPTER -6
ARCHITECTURE AND COMPUTATION

6.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

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6.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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6.3 FLOW CHART

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6.4 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

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6.5 POWER:
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm centre-
positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to
20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and
the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the
board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or
another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.

6.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins
are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using
the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

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The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library. There are
a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.

6.7 COMMUNICATION
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library.

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CHAPTER -7
PROGRAMMING

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PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details,
see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer.
It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). You can also
bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

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Automatic (software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of
the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the
ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that
the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with
the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac
OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the
following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to
ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first
few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board
receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with
which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the
trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to
disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum
thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts
and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

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CHAPTER -8

REQUIRED COMPONENTS

 AT – mega 328 P
 Bluetooth Module
 Accelerometer-ADXL335
 Liquid Crystal Display
 I2C IC
 Buzzer
 GPS Module
 GSM Module
 Switches
 Relays
 Inverter
 Li-ion Battery
 Universal Electric Solenoid

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Arduino IDE 1.8.5

 Bluetooth Application

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GPS Module and its Working:

GPS stands for Global Positioning System and used to detect the Latitude and
Longitude of any location on the Earth, with exact UTC time (Universal Time
Coordinated). GPS module is used to track the location of accident in our project. This
device receives the coordinates from the satellite for each and every second, with time
and date. We have previously extracted $GPGGA string in Vehicle Tracking
System to find the Latitude and Longitude Coordinates.

GPS module sends the data related to tracking position in real time, and it sends so
many data in NMEA format (see the screenshot below). NMEA format consists several
sentences, in which we only need one sentence. This sentence starts from $GPGGA and
contains the coordinates, time and other useful information. This GPGGA is referred
to Global Positioning System Fix Data.

GSM MODULE

The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS Module which can be embedded

easily used by customer or hobbyist. SIM900 GSM Module provides an industry-
standard interface. SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance
for voice, SMS, Data with low power consumption. It is easily available in the market.

 SIM900 designed by using single-chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S core

 Quad - band GSM/GPRS module in small size.
 GPRS Enabled

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ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from
all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Arduino is selected because it is an open-source platform, inexpensive and provides sufficient
analog/digital I/O pins for customizable applications. It operates at 5V and is powered with
Atmel’s ATmega328 micro-controller with a clock speed of 16 MHz’s It has a flash memory of
32kB and Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) of 2kB. It has 6 analog pins and serial ports.
One of the serial ports is connected internally to Universal Serial Bus (USB) port

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AT-Mega 328P MICROCONTROLLER

Features:
 The ATmega328P is a high-performance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller

combines 32KB flash memory with read-while-write capabilities.

 It has 1024B EEPROM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers.

 It has three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts.

 It has serial programmable, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, serial port.

 It has 6-channel 10-bit A/D, programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator.

 It has five software selectable power saving modes.

 The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock

cycle, the device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power

consumption and processing speed.

 Memory: It has 8 Kb of Flash program memory (10,000 Write/Erase cycles durability), 512
Bytes of EEPROM (100,000 Write/Erase Cycles). 1Kbyte Internal SRAM

 I/O Ports: 23 I/ line can be obtained from three ports; namely Port B, Port C and Port D.

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 Interrupts: Two External Interrupt source, located at port D. 19 different interrupt

vectors supporting 19 events generated by internal peripherals.

 Timer/Counter: Three Internal Timers are available, two 8 bit, one 16 bit, offering
various operating modes and supporting internal or external clocking.

 SPI (Serial Peripheral interface): ATmega8 holds three communication devices

integrated. One of them is Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins are assigned to Atmega8
to implement this scheme of communication.

 USART: One of the most powerful communication solutions is USART and ATmega8
supports both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer schemes. It has three pins
assigned for that. In many projects, this module is extensively used for PC-Micro
controller communication.

 TWI (Two Wire Interface): Another communication device that is present in ATmega8
is Two Wire Interface. It allows designers to set up a commutation between two devices
using just two wires along with a common ground connection, As the TWI output is
made by means of open collector outputs, thus external pull up resistors are required to
make the circuit.

 Analog Comparator: A comparator module is integrated in the IC that provides

comparison facility between two voltages connected to the two inputs of the Analog
comparator via External pins attached to the micro controller.

 Analog to Digital Converter: Inbuilt analog to digital converter can convert an analog
input signal into digital data of 10bit resolution. For most of the low end application, this
much resolution is enough.

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BLUETOOTH MODULE

HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for
transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified
Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio
transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04-External single chip Bluetooth system
with CMOS technology and with AFH(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the
footprint as small as 12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall design/development
cycle.

Specifications

Hardware features

 Typical -80dBm sensitivity

 Up to +4dBm RF transmit power
 Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V I/O
 PIO control
 UART interface with programmable baud rate
 With integrated antenna
 With edge connector

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Software features

 Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity, Data control:
has.Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
 Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected.
 Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-connected;
 PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When
master and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while
disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s.
 Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.
 Permit pairing device to connect as default.
 Auto-pairing PINCODE:”0000” as default
 Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of
connection.

HARDWARE

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ACCELEROMETER-ADXL335

The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal
conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-
scale range of ±3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing
applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.
The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ capacitors
at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the
application.

Specifications

Main IC ADXL335
PCB size 17.8mm X 12.7mm X 1.6mm
Power supply 3.3V DC
RoHS Yes

Electrical Characteristics

Specification Min Type Max Unit

Input voltage 3 3.3 3.6 VDC
Current Consumption - 350 - uA

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Hardware

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

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• The LCD stands for liquid crystal display, that works on the light
modulation features of liquid crystals. It is available in electronic
visible display, video display and flat panel display
• In a 20x4 LCD module, there are four rows in display and in one
row twenty character can be displayed and in one display eighty
characters can be shown.
• This liquid crystal module uses HDD44780 (It is a controller used to
display monochrome text displays) parallel interfacing.
• The liquid crystal display interfacing code is easily accessible. We just required
eleven input and output pinouts for the interfacing of the LCD screen.
• The input supply for this module is three volts or five volts, with that module other
components like PIC, Raspberry PI, Arduino.
• This electronic device can be used in different embedded systems, industries,
medical devices, and portable devices like mobile, watches, laptops.
• Liquid crystal display works on two types of the signal first one is data and the
second one is for control.
• The existence of these signals can be identified through the on and off condition of
RS pinout. Data can be read by pushing the Read/write pinout.

I2C IC MODULE

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The I2C peripheral has the following features: •

• Compliance with the Philips Semiconductors I2C-bus specification (version 2.1):
– Support for byte format transfer
– 7-bit and 10-bit addressing modes
– General call
– START byte mode
– Support for multiple master- transmitters and slave-receivers mode
– Support for multiple slave-tranmitters and master-receivers mode
– Combined master transmit/receive and receive/transmit mode
– I2C data transfer rate of from 10 kbps up to 400 kbps (Philips I2C rate)
• 2 to 7 bit format transfer
• Free data format mode
• One read EDMA event and one write EDMA event that the EDMA can use
• Seven interrupts that the CPU can use
• Interface to VBUSP(32-bit synchronous slave bus)
• EDMA event enable/disable capability
• Peripheral enable/disable capability
• Operate with module frequency

BUZZER
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• A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.
• This piezo buzzer is 23mm in diameter and has 30mm spaced mount holes. Supplied with
a 100mm lead it is designed for 3 - 20V,it produces a 3kHz tone at an 85dB level at
30cm.
Specifications:
 Operation Voltage: 3-24V DC
 Current: <15mA
 SPL: 85dBA/10cm
 Frequency: 3,300Hz
 Color: Black
Operating Temperature: - 20° to +60°C

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GPS MODULE

• GPS modules contain tiny processors and antennas that directly receive data sent by
satellites through dedicated RF frequencies. From there, it'll receive timestamp from each
visible satellites, along with other pieces of data.
• GPS modules NEO-6M, 3V-5V power supply Universal; Module with ceramic destined
antenna, super signal
• EEPROM power down to save the configuration parameters data; LED signal indicator
• With data backup battery; The default baud rate: 9600
• Mounting Hole 3mm; Module size 23mm*30mm.
• Antenna size 12*12mm; Cable:20mm.

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GSM MODULE

• A GSM modem or GSM module is a hardware device that uses GSM mobile telephone
technology to provide a data link to a remote network. From the view of the mobile
phone network, they are essentially identical to an ordinary mobile phone, including the
need for a SIM to identify themselves to the network.
SPECIFICATIONS:

Operating Temperature -40 to +85 Degree C

Usage/Application Network Connectivity

Bandwidth 900/ 1800 MHz
Input Voltage 3.2 to 4.8V

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SWITCHES

• Switches open and close circuits and play an important role in an electronic device by
(among other things) turning the device on or off.
Specification:
• Power Supply Voltage : 3-12V
• 4 Buttons 1 Analog Output(AD Pin)
• PCB Size : 30x12mm
• Weight : 1.8g

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RELAY

• This is 1 Channel 5V Relay Board Module For Arduino PIC AVR DSP ARM. A wide
range of microcontrollers such as Arduino, AVR, PIC, ARM and so on can control it.
• Each one needs 15mA - 20mA driver current and Equipped with high current relay: DC
5V / 10A, AC 250V / 10A
• Standard interface that can be compatible with microcontroller.
Specification and Features :-
• 1 channel relay board
• Operating Voltage 5V
• Max Current : 20mA
• Relay Contact Current Capacity at AC250V: 10A
• Relay Contact Current Capacity at DC5V: 10A
• One normally closed contact and one normally open contact
• Triode drive, increasing relay coil
• High impedance controller pin
• Pull-down circuit for avoidance of malfunction
• Power supply indicator lamp
• Control indicator lamp
• Indicator for Relay output status
• Can Be controlled various appliances & other Equipment With Large current.
• Standard TTL Level logic controlled (AVR, Arduino, 8051, PIC, ARM)
• The module is compliant with international safety standards, control and load areas
isolation trenches;

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LI-ION BATTERY

• This is 1200 mAh Li-Ion Rechargeable cell is good quality Product. We are providing
good Rechargeable Li-ion 18650 Cell at the best price in the market for our retail and
bulk customers.
• Li-Ion 18650 Rechargeable Battery 1200MAH
Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery Nominal Specifications :
• Standard discharge capacity : Min. 1200mAh
• Nominal voltage : 3.63 V
• Maximum charge voltage : 4.20 V
• Standard charge current : CCCV, 1.3A, 4.20V, 20mA or 3hr cut-off
• Rapid charge : CCCV, 2.6A, 4.20V, 2.5hr cut-off
• Charging time Standard charge : 180min (@ RT) Rapid charge : 150min (@ RT)
• Max. continuous discharge : 5.2A (@ RT)
• Discharge cut-off voltage : 2.75V (End of discharge)
• Cell weight : 38.0g max (Approx)
• Cell dimension
• Height : Max. 65.00 mm
• Diameter : Max. 18.4 mm
• Operating temperature (Cell Surface temperature)
• Charge : 0 to 45℃
• Discharge: -10 to 60℃

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CHAPTER -9

HARDWARE MODEL

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CHAPTER - 10

CONCLUSION

The proposed Smart Helmet system strikes a perfect balance between usability, usefulness and
cost. The system was not designed to serve as a fancy add-on peripheral. It was designed instead
to fit into the user’s daily routine in such a way that it is almost not noticeable – yet makes a
world of difference to the rider using it. The system was designed to seamlessly provide
significantly more data to the user with minimal additional cost. The proposed system deals with the
accident alerting and detection. IOT is the heart of the system which helps in transferring the message to
different devices in the system. Vibration sensor will be activated when the accident occurs and the
information is transferred to the registered number through GSM module. Using GPS the location can be
sent through tracking system to cover the geographical coordinates over the area. The accident can be
detected by a vibration sensor which is used as major module in the system. The proposed system deals
with the detection of the accidents. But this can be extended by providing medication to the victims at the
accident spot. By increasing the technology, we can also avoid accidents by providing alerts systems that
can stop the vehicle to overcome the accidents.

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