1.

Terminologies in Networking

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address): A numerical label assigned to devices on a network. It can be
static (manually set) or dynamic (assigned by DHCP).

MAC Address (Media Access Control Address): A hardware address unique to a device's NIC (Network
Interface Card).

Bandwidth: The maximum capacity of a network to transmit data, measured in bits per second (bps).

Latency: The time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination, typically easured in
milliseconds (ms).

Protocol: A set of standardized rules for data transmission. Examples include:

TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol): Used for internet communication.

HTTP/HTTPS(Hyper text transfer Protocol(secured)): Protocol for web browsing.

FTP(File Transfer Protocol): Used for file transfer.

Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls network traffic, protecting against unauthorized
access.

Broadcast: A message sent to all devices on a network.

Multicast: A message sent to few but not all devices on a network.

Unicast: One-to-one communication on s network.

Cluster computing: A network architecture that allows group of computers to work together share
available resources.

Bits: 0s and 1s.

Network admin: An individual who has full control over the network.

2. Types of Network

Based on Architecture:
1. Peer-to-Peer (P2P):

All devices are equal and share resources directly without a central server.

Example: Home file-sharing networks.

2. Client-Server:

Centralized server provides services or resources to clients.

Example: A company email system with a central mail server.

Based on Size:

1. PAN (Personal Area Network):

Small network for personal devices (e.g., connecting a phone to Bluetooth headphones).

2. LAN (Local Area Network):

Covers a limited area, such as a single building or office.

Example: School or office networks.

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

Covers a city or large campus.

Example: City-wide Wi-Fi networks.

4. WAN (Wide Area Network):

Covers a large geographical area, connecting multiple LANs.

Example: The internet.

1. Simplex:

Data flows in one direction only.

Example: TV broadcasting.

2. Half-Duplex:

Data flows in both directions, but only one at a time.

Example: Walkie-talkies.

3. Full-Duplex:

Simultaneous two-way data flow.

Example: Telephone communication.

Internet, Intranet, and Extranet:

1. Internet:

A global network connecting millions of private, public, academic, and governmental networks.

Example: Browsing websites, streaming services.

2. Intranet:

A private network accessible only to an organization’s staff, designed for internal use.

Example: Company internal portals for employees.

3. Extranet:
An extended intranet accessible to authorized external users (e.g., partners or vendors).

Example: Online supply chain management systems.

3. Types of Internet Connection

1. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Internet over telephone lines. Speeds vary based on proximity to the
service provider.

2. Fiber Optic: Uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as light signals. High-speed and reliable.

3. Cable: Internet via coaxial cables used for cable TV. Common in residential areas.

4. Satellite: Internet via satellites, ideal for remote or rural areas but prone to latency.

5. Mobile Network: Internet access through cellular technologies (3G, 4G, 5G).

6. Dial-Up: Older technology using analog phone lines. Very slow and largely obsolete.

4. Network Topology

1. Bus Topology:

All devices connect to a single central cable.

Pros: Simple, cost-effective.

Cons: Single point of failure.

2. Star Topology:
All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

Pros: Easy to manage, isolate faults.

Cons: Failure of the central hub affects the entire network.

3. Ring Topology:

Devices form a closed-loop, with each connected to two others.

Pros: Data flows in one direction, reducing collisions.

Cons: Failure of a single device can break the network.

4. Mesh Topology:

Devices connect directly to multiple others, forming a web-like structure.

Pros: Highly reliable.

Cons: Expensive and complex.

5. Hybrid Topology:

Combination of two or more topologies.

Pros: Flexible, scalable.

5. Network Media

Wired Media:

1. Coaxial Cable: Used for older Ethernet networks and TV connections.

2. Twisted Pair: Common in LANs. Comes in two types:

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Better protection against interference.

3. Fiber Optic: Uses light signals for high-speed, long-distance communication.

Wireless Media:

1. Wi-Fi: Standard wireless LAN technology.

2. Bluetooth: Short-range wireless for personal devices.

3. Infrared: Low-speed, line-of-sight communication (e.g., TV remotes).

6. Network Devices

Router: Connects multiple networks, directs traffic, and manages IP addressing.

Switch: Connects devices in a LAN and forwards data to specific destinations.

Hub: Basic device that broadcasts data to all connected devices.

Bridge: Connects two LAN segments, ensuring traffic flows correctly.

Access Point (AP): Extends Wi-Fi coverage in a network.

7. Ethernet Categories

Cat5: Up to 100 Mbps (obsolete).

Cat5e: Up to 1 Gbps, reduced interference.

Cat6: Up to 10 Gbps for short distances.

Cat6a: Enhanced Cat6 with even less crosstalk.

Cat7: Up to 10 Gbps, fully shielded for noise reduction.

Straight-Through Cable: Connects dissimilar devices (e.g., PC to switch).

Crossover Cable: Connects similar devices (e.g., PC to PC).

Color Coding:

T568A Standard: Green pair first.

T568B Standard: Orange pair first.

9. Wireless Media: 802.11 Standards

802.11a: 5 GHz, 54 Mbps.

802.11b: 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps.

802.11g: 2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps.

802.11n: 2.4/5 GHz, up to 600 Mbps.

802.11ac: 5 GHz, gigabit speeds.

802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6): Higher speeds and capacity, supports more devices.

10. Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Frames, MAC addressing, and error detection.

3. Network Layer (Layer 3): Packet routing and IP addressing (e.g., IP protocol).

4. Transport Layer (Layer 4): Reliable data transfer (e.g., TCP/UDP).

5. Session Layer (Layer 5): Manages sessions and connections between devices.

6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Data formatting, encryption, and compression.

7. Application Layer (Layer 7): End-user services like web browsing and email.