Computer Applications 2024-2025

1. Vectors in MATLAB
1.1 What is a Vector?

A vector is a 1-dimensional array that can store numeric or character data. Vectors can be either:

• Row vectors: Elements arranged horizontally (e.g., [1, 2, 3]).

• Column vectors: Elements arranged vertically (e.g., [1; 2; 3]).

1.2 Creating Vectors

(a) Manual Entry

rowVec = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Row vector (comma or space separated)

colVec = [1; 2; 3; 4]; % Column vector (semicolon separated)

(b) Using the Colon Operator (:)

• Creates a sequence with a fixed step size.

• Syntax: start : step : end (default step = 1).

Examples:

v1 = 1:5; % [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
v2 = 1:2:10; % [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] (step=2)
v3 = 10:-1:5; % [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5] (decreasing)

(c) Using linspace and logspace

• linspace(start, end, n) → n linearly spaced points.

• logspace(start, end, n) → n logarithmically spaced points.

Examples:

linVec = linspace(0, 10, 5); % [0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10]

logVec = logspace(0, 2, 3); % [1, 10, 100] (10^0, 10^1, 10^2)

1.3 Accessing and Modifying Vector Elements

• MATLAB uses 1-based indexing (first element is at position 1).

• Use parentheses () to access elements.
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Examples:

v = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

thirdElement = v(3); % Returns 30
subset = v(2:4); % Returns [20, 30, 40]
v(3) = 100; % Changes 30 → 100
v(end) = 0; % Last element → 0

% The syntax v(:) changes v into a column vector (column major):

v(:)

1.4 Common Vector Operations

Operation Example Result

Length length(v) 5

Sum sum(v) 210

Mean mean(v) 42

Max/Min max(v), min(v) 100, 10

Sort sort(v) [10, 20, 40, 50, 100]

Reverse flip(v) [0, 50, 40, 100, 20, 10]

1.5 Logical Indexing with Vectors

• Extract elements based on conditions.

Example:

v = [5, 10, 15, 20];

idx = v > 10; % Logical mask: [0, 0, 1, 1]
selected = v(idx); % Returns [15, 20]

% Replace elements >10 with -1:

v(v > 10) = -1; % v becomes [5, 10, -1, -1]

2. 2D Matrices in MATLAB
2.1 What is a Matrix?
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A matrix is a 2D array with rows and columns.
Example:

A = [1, 2, 3;
4, 5, 6;
7, 8, 9];

This is a 3×3 matrix:

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

2.2 Creating Matrices

(a) Manual Entry

M = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9]; % 3×3 matrix

(b) Using Functions

Function Example Description

zeros(m,n) zeros(2,3) [0,0,0; 0,0,0]

ones(m,n) ones(2,2) [1,1; 1,1]

eye(n) eye(3) Identity matrix

rand(m,n) rand(2,2) Random values (0-1)

magic(n) magic(3) Magic square

Examples:

Z = zeros(2, 3); % 2×3 matrix of zeros

R = rand(3, 2); % 3×2 random matrix
I = eye(4); % 4×4 identity matrix

2.3 Accessing Matrix Elements

• Syntax: matrix(row, column)

• Use : to select entire rows/columns.

Examples:
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A = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9];
A(2, 3) % Returns 6 (row 2, column 3)
A(2, :) % Returns [4, 5, 6] (entire 2nd row)
A(:, 1) % Returns [1; 4; 7] (entire 1st column)
A(1:2, 2:3) % Submatrix: [2,3; 5,6]

2.4 Modifying Matrices

Examples:

A(2,3) = 100; % Changes 6 → 100

A(:,2) = 0; % Sets entire 2nd column to 0
A(3,:) = [10,20,30]; % Replaces 3rd row

2.5 Matrix Operations

Operation Syntax Example

Addition A + B [1,2]+[3,4] = [4,6]

Subtraction A - B [5,6]-[1,2] = [4,4]

Matrix Multiplication A * B [1,2;3,4] * [5;6] = [17;39]

Element-wise Multiplication A .* B [1,2].*[3,4] = [3,8]

Transpose A' [1,2;3,4]' = [1,3;2,4]

Example:

A = [1, 2; 3, 4];
B = [5, 6; 7, 8];
C = A * B; % Matrix multiplication
D = A .* B; % Element-wise multiplication

2.6 Logical Indexing with Matrices

Example:

M = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9];
M(M > 5) = -1; % Replaces all elements >5 with -1

3. Built-in Functions for Vectors & Matrices

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3.1 Summary of Key Functions

Function Example Description

size(A) size([1,2;3,4]) Returns [2,2] (rows, columns)

length(A) length([1,2,3]) Returns 3 (max dimension)

sum(A) sum([1,2,3]) 6 (total sum)

Sum along dimension dim

sum(A,dim) sum([1 2;3 4],1) → [4 6]
(1=columns, 2=rows)

mean(A) mean([1,2,3]) 2 (average)

max(A) max([1,5,3]) 5 (maximum value)

min(A) min([1,5,3]) 1 (minimum value)

sort(A) sort([3,1,2]) [1,2,3] (ascending)

find(cond) find([1,2,3]>1) [2,3] (indices where true)

reshape(A,m,n) reshape(1:6,2,3) Reshapes into 2×3 matrix

diag(A) diag([1,2,3]) Extracts diagonal

Dimension Comparison Table

Function Example Returns When to Use

numel numel(A) 9 When you need total element count

size [r,c]=size(A) r=3, c=3 When you need dimensions separately

length length(A) 3 Largest dimension (avoid with matrices)

ndims ndims(A) 2 Number of dimensions

Data Validation: Check if a matrix is square:

if size(A,1) == size(A,2)
disp('Matrix is square')
end

3.2 Practical Examples

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(a) Finding Even Numbers in a Matrix

A = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6];
evens = A(mod(A,2) == 0); % Returns [2;4;6]

column_sums = sum(A) % [22, 90, 17]

row_means = mean(A, 2) % [28; 2.6667; 12.3333] (along rows)

total_sum = sum(A(:)) % 129 (sum of all elements)

Examples:

A=[1 80 3; 1 2 5; 20 8 9]
n = numel(A)
[r,c]=size(A)
% If X is a matrix, S is a row vector with the sum over each column.
sum(A)
sum(A,"all")
sum(A,2) % Sum along row
[M,I] = max(A,[],1)
[M1,I1] = max(A)
B = sort(A) %sorts in ascending order each column
B1 = sort(A,2,"descend")
B2 = sort(A,2,"ascend")
cc=A(:); % convert to a vector taking values column by column
B2 = sort(cc,"descend")
X = [1 2 3; 3 3 6; 4 6 8; 4 7 7]
mean(X,1) % mean along column
mean(X,2) % mean along each row

(b) Reshaping a Matrix

B = 1:6;
C = reshape(B, 2, 3); % Converts to 2×3 matrix

(c) Extracting Diagonal Elements

D = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9];
diag(D) % Returns [1;5;9]

Syntax for 2D Arrays

Both functions work element-wise on matrices:

mod(A, B) % Element-wise modulus

rem(A, B) % Element-wise remainder

• A and B can be:

o Scalars (e.g., mod(A, 2)).

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o Matrices of the same size (e.g., mod(A, B)).
o One matrix and one scalar (e.g., rem(A, 3)).

Examples with 2D Arrays

Example 1: Basic Usage with Positive Numbers

A = [5, 12; 15, 8];
B = [2, 5; 3, 4];

mod_result = mod(A, B)
rem_result = rem(A, B)

Explanation:

• For positive numbers, mod and rem give identical results.

• 5 mod 2 = 1 (since 5 ÷ 2 = 2 with remainder 1).

• 12 mod 5 = 2 (since 12 ÷ 5 = 2 with remainder 2).

Check Even/Odd Numbers in a Matrix

M = [1, 2; 3, 4];

even_mask = mod(M, 2) == 0 % Logical mask for even numbers

Examples from lab lecture:

a = 5; % Assign the value 5 to the variable 'a'

b = 10; % Assigns the value 10 to the variable 'b'

c = a + b; % Adds 'a' and 'b' and assigns the result to 'c'

d = a * b; % Multiplies 'a' and 'b' and assigns the result to 'd'

vector = [1, 2, 60, 4, 5]; % Defines a row vector

matrix = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9]; % Defines a 3x3 matrix

element = vector(3); % Accesses the third element of 'vector'

element = matrix(2, 3); % Accesses the element in the second row and third column of 'matrix'

% Vector creation
vector = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

% Matrix creation
matrix = [1, 2, 3;
4, 5, 6;
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7, 8, 9];

% Matrix addition
matrix_sum = matrix + matrix;

% Matrix multiplication
matrix_product = matrix * matrix;

% Transpose of a matrix
matrix_transpose = matrix';

% Element-wise multiplication
element_wise_product = matrix .* matrix;

% Slicing
subset_vector = vector(2:4); % Subvector containing elements 2 to 4
subset_matrix = matrix(2:3, 1:2); % Submatrix containing rows 2 and 3, and columns 1 and 2
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
v= [10 20 30 40 50];
v(3:5) = [0 0 0] % Replaces elements 3-5 with zeros
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Logical Indexing

v = [5 10 15 20];
idx = v > 10 % [0 0 1 1] (logical mask)
v(idx)=0 % [15 20] (elements where condition is true)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Finding Elements

find(v > 10) % [3 4] (indices where condition is true)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%builtin functions
v= [10 20 30 40 50];
length(v) % Number of elements (5)
max(v) % Maximum value (50)
min(v) % Minimum value (10)
mean(v) % Average (30)
sum(v) % Sum of elements (150)
sort(v) % Sorts in ascending order

% Create a 5x5 array

a = magic(3)
% Find the factors of 5 using logical indexing
f = a(rem(a, 5) == 0);

% Display the factors of 5

disp('Factors of 5 in the array:');
disp(f);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Define the array A
A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];

% Replace values larger than 2 or less than 6 with 0

A((A > 2) & (A < 6)) = 5;

% Display the modified array

disp(A);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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a = [1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 4.5];
INDICES = find(a >= 2 & a <= 4);
a(INDICES)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
a = [1, 2, 3]; b = [1; 2; 3];
% ERROR
%a * a
a = [1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 4.5];
INDICES = find(max(a(:)));
a(INDICES)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

A = randi([1 8], [3 5])

second_column = A(:, 2);

even_numbers = A(mod(A, 2) == 0);
disp(even_numbers);

v=[50 100 20 25]

% z=find(v>10)
% v(z)=0
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

asc=sort(v)
desc=sort(v,'descend')
matrix = [100, 2, 3; 40, 5, 6; 70, 8, 9]; % Defines a 3x3 matrix
s_col=sort(matrix,'descend') % 2: along each column
s=sort(matrix,2,'descend') % 2: along each row
% Sort all elements in a matrix
s1=sort(matrix(:),'ascend')

A=[1 80 3; 1 2 5; 20 8 9]
n = numel(A)
[r,c]=size(A)
% If X is a matrix, S is a row vector with the sum over each column.
s1=sum(A)
s_All=sum(A,"all")
s_row=sum(A,2) % Sum along row

A=randi([1 100], [3 4])

idx=mod(A, 5) == 0

%div3=A(mod(A, 5) == 0)