Network Architecture

⚪ ISO-OSI reference model

⚪ TCP-IP reference model
ISO-OSI Reference Model
History
ISO-OSI
⚪ ISO - International Standard
Organization
⚪ OSI - Open System Interconnection
⚪ Open System ?
● For systems which is ready (Open) to
communicate with any other system
⚪ It divides the communication system into
7 layers
⚪ Model itself is not a Network Architecture
because it do not specify exact services
and protocols. It just tells what each layer
should do
7 Layers of OSI

⚪ Application Layer
⚪ Presentation Layer
⚪ Session Layer
⚪ Transport Layer
⚪ Network Layer
⚪ Data Link Layer
⚪ Physical Layer
Data Units in Each Layer
⚪ Application Layer – APDU

⚪ Presentation Layer – PPDU

⚪ Session Layer – SPDU

⚪ Transport Layer – TPDU or

Segments or
Message

⚪ Network Layer – Packets

⚪ Data Link Layer – Frame

⚪ Physical Layer - Bits

Physical Layer
⚪ It is concerned with the transmission of raw bits over
communication channel
⚪ Design issues
● If bit ‘1’ is sent then it should be received as bit ‘1’ and
not ‘0’
⚪ How many volts for 1

⚪ How many volts for 0

● Type of transmission – simplex, half duplex, full duplex

● How many pins a network connector may have and
function of each pin
⚪ It deals with electrical and mechanical specifications
of devices like cables, connectors, etc
⚪ Repeaters,Hub,Bridge work in this layer
Repeater
Repeater

⚪ Signal degrades and the voltage

level goes down
⚪ The receiver is unable to identify ‘1’
or ‘0’
⚪ Therefore we connect Repeater
Amplifier
⚪ Signal as well as
the noise is
amplified
Repeater
⚪ Noise is removed
and the original
signal is
reproduced
Data Link Layer

⚪ It deals with node to node delivery

of frames
⚪ Physical Addressing
⚪ Access Control
⚪ Flow Control
⚪ Error Control
Physical Addressing

⚪ The router working in the network

layer decides the best path
⚪ DLL gets the path from the network
layer and adds the physical address
into data unit as a header
Physical addressing
Access Control
⚪ Provides rights to a particular device to
transmit
⚪ At a time, token is given to only 1
system, therefore no collision
Flow Control
● Transmitter is faster than Receiver

● Receiver tells the Transmitter about

how much data has to be transmitted
before waiting for an acknowledgement
Error Control

⚪ DLL also detects the error and if it

occurs then it asks for
retransmission

⚪ Method used for error detection is

CRC
Network Layer

⚪ It deals with source to destination

delivery of packets
⚪ Logical Addressing
⚪ Routing
⚪ Multiplexing
Data Encapsulation
Logical Addressing
Routing

⚪ Router works in the Network layer

⚪ Selection of best path
● Hop count method
● Segment length method
Multiplexing

⚪ When
● size (packets) > MTU (DLL)
⚪ Then we divide the packets or we
fragment the packets. This process
is called Fragmentation
Fragmentation and Multiplexing
Transport Layer

⚪ Deals with end to end delivery of

Message
⚪ Segmentation and Reassembly
⚪ Port Addressing (Service point
Addressing
Segmentation and Reassembly
Port Addressing
⚪ Total 65536 Ports, i.e. 0 to 65535
⚪ 0 to 1024 is used for standard
applications like
● HTTP port 80
● FTP 20,21
● Telnet 23
● SMTP 25
● DNS 53
● Etc.
⚪ Universally Accepted
⚪ Server side
⚪ Above 1024 is for user-defined addressing
⚪ Client side
Socket Address

⚪ (IP add, Port add) Socket Add

⚪ IP Address
● Identifies a machine on a particular
network
⚪ Port Address
● Used to identify a particular application
Session Layer

⚪ Session Management
⚪ Synchronization
⚪ Dialog Control
⚪ Graceful closure
Session Management

⚪ Introduction of Checkpoints
Graceful Closure
Dialog Control

⚪ If transmission type is Half duplex

then which session (transmitter or
receiver) sends the data and when
Presentation Layer

⚪ Concerned with interoperability

between communicating devices
⚪ Capable of understanding and
converting various codes
⚪ 3 main functions
● Translation
● Encryption
● Compression
ASCII UNICODE
---------------------------------------------------
System A System B
------------------------------------------------------
Application App
Presentation Presentation
Encryption Decryption
(Common code) (Common Code)
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
DLL DLL
Physical Physical
Application Layer

⚪ It provides User Interface

⚪ Various Protocols are used here
● E-mail services
⚪ SMTP
⚪ POP
● File Transfer, access and management
● Virtual Terminal
⚪ Telnet
TYPES OF DATA DELIVERIES
IP addresses versus port numbers
Socket address
Summary of duties
OSI LAYERS Network H/W
Application Gateways

Presentation Gateways

Session Gateways

Transport Gateways

Network Gateways, Routers

Data Link NICs, Switches and Bridges,

Gateways

Physical Cabling, cable connectors,

transmitters, hubs, repeaters,
Gateways
TCP/IP
Application Application

Presentation

Session

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link
Host to Network
Physical

OSI MODEL TCP/IP MODEL

⚪ 4 Layers
● Application Layer
● Transport Layer
● Internet Layer
● Host to Network Layer
 Protocol Structure of TCP/IP

Telnet FTP DNS SMTP

Protocols TCP UDP

IP

SATNE
Networks ARPANET Packet radio LAN
T
ADDRESSES IN TCP/IP
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
POSITION OF PROTOCOL IN TCP/IP
Internet Layer

⚪ It contains following Protocol

● IP
● ARP
● RARP
● ICMP
● IGMP
IPv4 datagram format
Figure 20.16 Format of an IPv6 datagram
Transport Layer

⚪ Function is same as that of OSI

model’s transport layer
⚪ Consist of two protocols
● TCP
● UDP
⚪ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
● It is a CONS (Connection Oriented
Network Services)
CONS

⚪ Modeled on Telephone system

⚪ Data transfer takes place in 3 phase
● Connection establishment phase
● Data transfer phase
● Connection termination phase
⚪ All the packets follow same path
⚪ Reliable delivery of data
⚪ Eg. Telephone, fax,sms,E-mail
TCP segment format
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

⚪ It is a CLNS (Connection-Less
oriented Network Service)
CLNS

⚪ It is modeled on Postal system

⚪ Only one phase
● Data Transfer
⚪ All packets need not follow same
path
⚪ Unreliable delivery of data
⚪ Eg. Streaming media applications
such as movies.
User datagram format
SCTP
Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) is a new
reliable, message-oriented
transport layer protocol. SCTP,
however, is mostly designed for
Internet applications that have
recently been introduced. These
new applications need a more
sophisticated service than TCP
can provide.
Application Layer

⚪ It contains all higher level protocols

● FTP
● SMTP
● TELNET
● DNS
⚪ Telnet
● Client Server application program
● Remote Login
⚪ FTP
● Provides a way to move data efficiently from
one machine to another
⚪ SMTP
● For electronic mail (e-mail)
⚪ DNS
● For mapping host names into their network
address (ip add)
DNS (Domain Name System)

⚪ Each computer on a network has an

unique IP address
⚪ It is difficult for us to remember
these several IP addresses
⚪ For simplicity, we use Domain
Names
⚪ Eg. www.yahoo.com
yahoo
Classification of Domain Names
⚪ Generic
● .com commercial organization
● .edu educational organization
● .net, .gov, .mil, etc
⚪ Country Specific
● .in India
● .uk United Kingdom
● .jp Japan
● etc
TELNET

⚪ Client server application program.

⚪ Remote Login.
⚪ Access any application program
from remote login.
Local and remote log-in
FTP(FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)

⚪ Transfer file from one computer to

another computer.
⚪ Any size of file.
⚪ Two TCP comnnection
⚪ Port 20 for data connection
⚪ Port 21 for control connection
END