Module 1-NETWORK MODELS
1. Layered Tasks
2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
3. Description of each
layer
4. Layers in the OSI
Model
5. Addressing
Protocol layering
In complex communication
scenarios there is need to divide
the tasks into different layers
which is called as protocol
layering.
Principles of protocol layering:
1.
Layered Model: Sending a Letter
Higher Layer
Middle Layer
Lower Layer
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
5 Application Layer
4 Transport Layer
3 Network Layer
2 Data Layer
1 Physical Layer
Logical Connections between layers
• Layer and in-
terface
Application Peer -to-Peer Protocol Application
7 7
Layer ( 7th Layer) Layer
7-6 interface 7-6 interface
Presentation Peer -to-Peer Protocol Presentation
6 Layer Layer 6
( 6th Layer)
6-5 interface 6-5 interface
Session Layer Peer -to-Peer Protocol Session Layer
5 5
( 5th Layer)
5-4 interface 5-4 interface
Transport Layer Peer -to-Peer Protocol Transport Layer
4 4
( 4th Layer)
4-3 interface 4-3 interface
3r 3r 3r
3 Network Layer d Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer 3
d d
3-2 interface 3-2 interface 3-2 interface 3-2 interface
2n 2n 2n
2 Data Layer Data Layer d Data Layer d Data Layer 2
d
2-1 interface 2-1 interface 2-1 interface 2-1 interface
1 Physical Layer 1s 1s 1s Physical Layer 1
Physical Layer Physical Layer
t t t
Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next
Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures and functions
Hidden layer in the physical layer is transmission medium.
The propagation media may be wired or wireless
Few protocols of the physical layer are USB, ETHERNET, ISDN, DSL, BLUETOOTH
etc..
Physical Layer: Duties
Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
Representation of bits, encoding
Transmission of Data rate and bit duration
Synchronization of bits b/w sender & receiver
Line configuration: Point-to-Point / Multi-Point
Physical topology of n/w connection
Transmission mode: simplex, half-duplex / full-
duplex, analog/digital, FDM/TDM etc..
Few physical layer protocols are
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames
from one hop (node) to the next
Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-free)
link
Bit patterns at the beginning (Header) and the end
(Trailer) of the frame are attached to the data block
Data Link Layer: Duties
Framing (manageable data units) and link
management
Physical addressing to identify
sender/receiver
Flow control mechanism to avoid
flooding of the receiver
Error control mechanism to detect and
retransmit the lost frames
Access control to determine which
device has the control over the link
Hop-to-Hop Delivery
Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of packets from the source host to the
destination host
Duties
Routing of packets from source to final destination
Congestion control during traffic is high
Logical address to be attached to specify the
sender/receiver
NETWORK LAYER
The network layer in the protocol includes
main protocol IP (Internet Protocol) which
defines the format of the packet, structure of
address.
Router forwards the packets to the next
routers.
IP is connectionless protocol which doesn't
perform error control, flow control, congestion
control. To do this it has to depends on TCP
The supporting protocols for IP are
ICMP,IGMP,ARP,DHCP(Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol)
Source-to-destination
delivery
Transport Layer
Thetransport layer is responsible for process-to-
process delivery (message from one process to
another) which is called as end to end.
Transport Layer: Duties
Service-point (port) addressing: to
ensure process-to-process delivery
Data is called as segments / datagram the main
protocol is TCP which is connection oriented
protocol which performs flow control, error
control, congestion control
Another Transport layer protocol is UDP which is
connectionless protocol in this each datagram is
independent unit without depending on any
previous one or next one.
It is simple protocol which helps in small
transmission which doesn't ask for
retransmission.
Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery
of a Message
Application Layer
Application layer is responsible for providing services to
the user like
Network virtual terminal (Remote access)
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory services
HTTP is used to access wwww
SMTP is used in emailing
FTP is used for File Transfer
TELNET is used in terminal network and SSH used in
shell
SNMP is used by administrator for managing the
internet at global level.
DNS is used in finding network layer address
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
At the application layer the data is called as message
it doesn't contain any header or trailer. The message
is passed to Transport layer
The transport layer takes the message as payload
and it adds the header to payload which contains
identifiers of source and destination application
program which wants to communicate and
information required for flow control, error control
and congestion control.
The network layer takes the payload from transport
layer and adds its own header which contains the
address of the source and destination hosts and
some information about routing and sends it to the
data-link layer
The link layer adds the link layer address of the hosts
or next hop.
Decapsulation
The link layer decapsulates the datagram
from the frame and passes it to the network
layer
The network layer only inspects the source
and destination address in the datagram
header and consults its forwarding table find
the next hop to which the datagram is to be
delivered. The contents of the datagram
should not be changed by the network layer
in the router
At each destination host each layer
decapsulates the packet received removes
the payload and delivers the payload to the
next higher layer protocol until the message
reaches the application layer.
Multiplexing & Demultiplexing
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Host-to-network : Physical and data link
layer
◦ No specific protocol
Network layer
◦ IP(Internet Protocol), ARP(Address Resolution
Protocol), RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet
Control Message Protocol), IGMO(Internet
Group Message Protocol)
Transport layer
◦ TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User
Datagram Protocol), SCTP(Stream Control
Transmission Protocol),
Application Layer
Addressing
Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols
Physical (link), Logical (IP, network), Port, and
Specific addresses
Details of TCP/IP Layer
Relationship of Layers and Addresses
Physical Address
A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link
(bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with
physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with
physical address 87 is the receiver.
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Logical (IP) Address
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but
the logical addresses usually remain the same
Port Address
The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the
logical and port addresses usually remain the same
Specific Address
Some application have user-friendly addresses
that are designed for that specific address
Example 1: e-mail address: kchung@kw.ac.kr
◦ Defines the recipient of an e-mail
Example
2: URL (Universal Resource Locator) :
www.google.com
◦ Used to find a document on the WWW
Summary of OSI Layers
TCP/IP and OSI Model
Question & Answer
What are the responsibilities of the
network layers in the network model?
Source –to-destination delivery of the
packets
Implementing the logical Address.
Listthe layers of OSI Model.
Physical Layer
Data Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
What is peer-to peer process?
The process on each machine that communicates
at a given layer are called peer-to-peer process.
What are the responsibilities of the Transport layers
in the network model?
Process-to-Process delivery of the entire message
Name some of the services provided by the
application layer?
• E-mail
• Remote File Access
• File transfer
• Database management etc...
What is the difference between port
address, a logical address and
physical address?
Port Address: Specifies the name of the File or Data
Logical Address: Specifies the Identification of the
Device or Machine
Physical Address: Specifies the name of the Address
of Source & Destination
